Flow rates of double-lumen over-the-wire catheters for high-volume fluid resuscitation in large animal species.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the maximum in vitro flow rate of 6 types of polyurethane over-the-wire double lumen catheters using both ports, for high volume fluid resuscitation in large animal species. SETTINGS: University teaching hospital. DESIGN: Prospective in vitro experimental study. INTERVENTIONS: The flow rate of both ports of 6 polyurethane double lumen over-the-wire catheters (11 and 13-Fr, 15 and 20 cm long, elliptical and tapered tip designs) and 2 types of infusion (with or without pressure bags) were tested on a factorial scheme (6 × 2) in triplicate, using commercial isotonic crystalloid (0.9% NaCl) and synthetic colloid (6% Hydroxyethyl starch, 130/0.4). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Flow rates were influenced by catheter diameter, length, tip design and presence or absence of pressure bags (P < 0.05). Mean flow rates during non-pressurized 0.9% NaCl infusion ranged from 584 mL/min (35 L/h; 11-Fr x 15 cm x tapered tip catheter) to 905 mL/min (54 L/h; 13-Fr x 15 cm x elliptical tip catheter). Mean flow rates during non-pressurized synthetic colloid infusion varied from 404 mL/min (24 L/h; 11-Fr x 15 cm x tapered tip catheter) to 724 mL/min (43 L/h; 13-Fr x 15 cm x elliptical tip catheter). Mean flow rates during pressurized infusion were 1.72 and 2.02 times greater than those obtained by gravity alone for 0.9% NaCl and synthetic colloid, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Highest in vitro flow rates were achieved when larger diameter, shorter and elliptical tip catheters were used during 0.9% NaCl infusion. Catheter diameter, tip design but not length influenced the flow rate during synthetic colloid infusion. The use of pressure bags significantly increased the flow rate of all catheters, for both solutions.

Perspectives of intrauterine artificial insemination applicability in gilts / Perspectivas de aplicabilidade da inseminação artificial intrauterina em leitoas

The application of the intrauterine artificial insemination (IUAI) technique allows optimization of a swine production system due to the reductions in volume and number of sperm cells in the insemination dose, and by reducing the time taken to perform the insemination. However, IUAI is not recommended for gilts due to the difficulty of intrauterine cannula passage through the cervix. This difficulty is associated mainly with the fact that the reproductive tract is smaller in gilts than in pluriparous females. However, few studies have evaluated the application of IUAI in gilts. In these studies, there are variations in approach concerning the definition of the success rate for cannula passage through the cervix, the type of cannula and the body characteristics of the gilts used, making it difficult to extrapolate the recommendation for the use of IUAI in gilts. Considering the evidence that such characteristics influence or even determine the success of the application of IUAI, there is a necessity for an understanding of the influence of these factors in the improvement and later application of the technique. Gilts represent about 15-20% of the breeding group, and the use of IUAI could optimize the processes of insemination on farms. The approach used in this review highlights the aspects that could aid in structuring further studies for improving IUAI in gilts, allowing its use on commercial farms.(AU)

A aplicação da técnica de inseminação artificial intrauterina (IAU) permitiu uma otimização do sistema de produção de suínos por possibilitar a redução do volume e número de células espermáticas na dose inseminante e, também, por diminuir o tempo de execução da inseminação. Porém, a IAU não tem sido recomendada para leitoas devido à dificuldade de passagem do cateter intrauterino através da cérvix. Essa dificuldade é associada principalmente ao menor tamanho do trato reprodutivo de leitoas se comparado ao das fêmeas pluríparas. Entretanto, ainda são poucos os estudos que avaliaram a aplicação de IAU em leitoas. Nesses estudos, existem variações quanto à definição da taxa de sucesso na inserção do cateter através da cérvix, ao tipo de cateter e, também, quanto às características corporais das matrizes utilizadas, dificultando extrapolações de recomendação do uso da IAU em leitoas. Considerando os indícios de que tais características podem influenciar ou, até mesmo, determinar o sucesso de aplicação da técnica, ainda há necessidade de compreender a influência desses fatores para que a técnica possa ser aprimorada e posteriormente aplicada. Leitoas representam cerca de 15 a 20% do grupo de cobertura e viabilizar a IAU nessa categoria pode otimizar os processos de inseminação nas granjas. A abordagem realizada nessa revisão traz aspectos que podem auxiliar na estruturação de futuros estudos para aprimorar a IAU em leitoas e permitir seu emprego em granjas comerciais.(AU)

Treatment of canine multicentric lymphoma through vascular access port vs. peripheral venous catheter

Background: Vascular access port (VAP) was developed for the administration of chemotherapeutic agents, minimizinglocal drug reactions and complications associated with migration of peripheral venous catheter (PVC) in humans. Thedevice is widely used in human oncology and has gained importance in veterinary oncology, especially in long treatmentregimens, as in the case of canine lymphoma. VAP favors therapy and the animals life quality. The aim of this study wasto describe the use of VAP in dogs, comparing to PVC access, during canine lymphoma chemotherapeutic treatment.Materials, Methods & Results: Eleven dogs with multicentric lymphoma which required chemotherapy were selectedfor the study. The dogs were randomly allocated to two groups with five and six animals, and each group received thechemotherapy protocol through the PVC (n= 5) or VAP (n= 6). For the sake of standardization, assessments were madewhenever the dogs received vincristine sulfate, despite the use of the infusion system in all sessions of the MadisonWisconsin protocol. A VAP was implanted into the right external jugular vein of six dogs under inhalational anesthesia,using the Seldinger technique. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels and handling time during chemotherapy sessions werecompared in both groups in three time periods during the procedures: 10 min after arrival to each chemotherapy (P1);immediately after placement of the PVC or puncture of the VAP reservoir (P2); and at the end of chemotherapy (P3). Thearithmetic mean of five consecutive assessments was used in each time period. In the chemotherapy sessions, the mean ofSBP variation decreased statistically significant in the VAP group compared to PVC group. SBP decreased from P1 to P2and from P1 to P3 in all sessions (S1, S2, and S3) in the VAP group, and increased in the PVC...(AU)

Treatment of canine multicentric lymphoma through vascular access port vs. peripheral venous catheter

Background: Vascular access port (VAP) was developed for the administration of chemotherapeutic agents, minimizinglocal drug reactions and complications associated with migration of peripheral venous catheter (PVC) in humans. Thedevice is widely used in human oncology and has gained importance in veterinary oncology, especially in long treatmentregimens, as in the case of canine lymphoma. VAP favors therapy and the animals life quality. The aim of this study wasto describe the use of VAP in dogs, comparing to PVC access, during canine lymphoma chemotherapeutic treatment.Materials, Methods & Results: Eleven dogs with multicentric lymphoma which required chemotherapy were selectedfor the study. The dogs were randomly allocated to two groups with five and six animals, and each group received thechemotherapy protocol through the PVC (n= 5) or VAP (n= 6). For the sake of standardization, assessments were madewhenever the dogs received vincristine sulfate, despite the use of the infusion system in all sessions of the MadisonWisconsin protocol. A VAP was implanted into the right external jugular vein of six dogs under inhalational anesthesia,using the Seldinger technique. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels and handling time during chemotherapy sessions werecompared in both groups in three time periods during the procedures: 10 min after arrival to each chemotherapy (P1);immediately after placement of the PVC or puncture of the VAP reservoir (P2); and at the end of chemotherapy (P3). Thearithmetic mean of five consecutive assessments was used in each time period. In the chemotherapy sessions, the mean ofSBP variation decreased statistically significant in the VAP group compared to PVC group. SBP decreased from P1 to P2and from P1 to P3 in all sessions (S1, S2, and S3) in the VAP group, and increased in the PVC...

Insertion of an intrauterine catheter for post-cervical artificial insemination in gilts: a case report / Introdução do cateter intrauterino para inseminação artificial pós-cervical em leitoas: um relato de caso

The aim of this case report was to characterize the insertion of an intrauterine catheter (IC) in gilts to perform post-cervical artificial insemination (PCAI). Attempts to insert ICs through the cervixes of gilts were performed using either a standard sow foam tip catheter (SFC; n = 25) or a standard gilt foam tip catheter (GFC; n = 25). The percentage of passage, depth and degree of difficulty for insertion were evaluated. The average depth of IC insertion was 10.1 ± 1.3 cm for SFC and 10.0 ± 1.2 cm for GFC. For both catheters, insertion depths of greater than 10 cm were achieved in the first insemination in 44% of gilts. Insertion depths of greater than 6 cm were observed in 72% and 60% of attempts using SFC and GFC, respectively. A high level of difficulty for IC insertion was observed, mainly while using GFC. In conclusion, the routine application of PCAI in gilts on swine farms remains limited by the low success rate for intrauterine catheter insertion. In further studies, we suggest evaluating reproductive performance using low insertion depths for PCAI in gilts, and assessing the use of sow foam tip catheter as a guide to introduce the IC.(AU)

O objetivo deste relato de caso foi caracterizar a inserção de um cateter intrauterino (IC) em leitoas para realização da inseminação pós-cervical (PCAI). Tentativas de inserir o IC através da cérvix em leitoas foram realizadas usando um cateter de ponta de espuma padrão utilizado para porcas (SFC; n=25) e um cateter de ponta de espuma padrão utilizado para leitoas (GFC; n=25). O percentual de passagem, profundidade e grau de dificuldade para a inserção do IC através da cérvix foram avaliados. A profundidade média de inserção do IC foi 10,1 ± 1,3 cm para SFC e 10,0 ± 1,2 cm para GFC. Para ambos cateteres, profundidades maiores que 10 cm para a inserção do IC na primeira inseminação foram possíveis em 44% das leitoas. Inserções maiores que 6 cm foram observadas em 72% e 60% das tentativas utilizando SFC e GFC, respectivamente. Alto nível de dificuldade para a inserção do IC foi observada, principalmente para GFC. A aplicação da PCAI em leitoas, na rotina prática em granjas de suínos, permanece limitada pela baixa taxa de sucesso para a inserção do IC. Em estudos futuros, sugerimos o uso de menor profundidade de inserção para realizar a PCAI em leitoas e o uso de cateteres de porcas como guia para introduzir o cateter intrauterino.(AU)

Indicações, complicações e cuidados no uso de cateteres periféricos em pequenos animais / Indications, complications and care in the use of peripheral catheters in small animals

Na medicina veterinária, o acesso venoso tem diversas finalidades e é amplamente utilizado devido à facilidade de manuseio, tolerância da maioria dos pacientes e baixo custo. O mais frequente é se empregar os cateter periféricos venosos e para sua utilização deve-se considerar o tipo e calibre do cateter, tempo de permanência e tipo de fluido a ser administrado. Realizada a antissepsia, deve-se fazer o garroteamento para facilitar a localização do vaso. Ao penetrar no lúmen vascular, o cateter deve ser avançado em direção à veia. Por fim, retira-se a agulha, conecta-se o equipo e fixa-se o cateter para mantê-lo estável e viável por até 72 horas. A falha na colocação do cateter pode prolongar o período de internação hospitalar. Dentre as complicações estão o extravasamento de fluidos, impedimento do fluxo sanguíneo, dores, hematomas, hemorragias, flebites, infecções, trombos, endocardite bacteriana e septicemia. Sendo assim, apesar ser amplamente utilizado, o acesso venoso necessita de cuidados inerentes ao seu uso e manutenção, que são fundamentais para diminuir a incidência de complicações imediatas e tardias. Desde que a implantação e manutenção dos cateteres sejam objetos de atenção do clínico responsável, não haverá prejuízos ao bem-estar do paciente.

In veterinary medicine, venous access has several purposes and is widely used because of it’s practical handling, tolerance of most patients and low cost. The most frequent is to use the venous peripheral catheters and for their use it should be considered the type and caliber of the catheter, period of catheterization and type of fluid to be administered. After the antisepsis is done, the tourniquet should be made to facilitate the location of the vessel. When penetrating the vascular lumen, the catheter should be advanced toward the vein. Finally, the needle is withdrawn, the equipment is connected and the catheter is fixed to keep it stable and viable for up to 72 hours Failure to insert the catheter may prolong the period of hospitalization. Complications include fluid leakage, impaired blood flow, pain, hematoma, hemorrhage, phlebitis, infections, thrombi, bacterial endocarditis, and septicemia. Therefore, although it is widely used, venous access requires care that is inherent in its use and maintenance, which are fundamental for reducing the incidence of immediate and late complications. Provided that the implantation and maintenance of the catheters are objects of attention of a responsible clinician, there will be no damages to the health of the patient.

Indicações, complicações e cuidados no uso de cateteres periféricos em pequenos animais / Indications, complications and care in the use of peripheral catheters in small animals

Na medicina veterinária, o acesso venoso tem diversas finalidades e é amplamente utilizado devido à facilidade de manuseio, tolerância da maioria dos pacientes e baixo custo. O mais frequente é se empregar os cateter periféricos venosos e para sua utilização deve-se considerar o tipo e calibre do cateter, tempo de permanência e tipo de fluido a ser administrado. Realizada a antissepsia, deve-se fazer o garroteamento para facilitar a localização do vaso. Ao penetrar no lúmen vascular, o cateter deve ser avançado em direção à veia. Por fim, retira-se a agulha, conecta-se o equipo e fixa-se o cateter para mantê-lo estável e viável por até 72 horas. A falha na colocação do cateter pode prolongar o período de internação hospitalar. Dentre as complicações estão o extravasamento de fluidos, impedimento do fluxo sanguíneo, dores, hematomas, hemorragias, flebites, infecções, trombos, endocardite bacteriana e septicemia. Sendo assim, apesar ser amplamente utilizado, o acesso venoso necessita de cuidados inerentes ao seu uso e manutenção, que são fundamentais para diminuir a incidência de complicações imediatas e tardias. Desde que a implantação e manutenção dos cateteres sejam objetos de atenção do clínico responsável, não haverá prejuízos ao bem-estar do paciente.(AU)

In veterinary medicine, venous access has several purposes and is widely used because of its practical handling, tolerance of most patients and low cost. The most frequent is to use the venous peripheral catheters and for their use it should be considered the type and caliber of the catheter, period of catheterization and type of fluid to be administered. After the antisepsis is done, the tourniquet should be made to facilitate the location of the vessel. When penetrating the vascular lumen, the catheter should be advanced toward the vein. Finally, the needle is withdrawn, the equipment is connected and the catheter is fixed to keep it stable and viable for up to 72 hours Failure to insert the catheter may prolong the period of hospitalization. Complications include fluid leakage, impaired blood flow, pain, hematoma, hemorrhage, phlebitis, infections, thrombi, bacterial endocarditis, and septicemia. Therefore, although it is widely used, venous access requires care that is inherent in its use and maintenance, which are fundamental for reducing the incidence of immediate and late complications. Provided that the implantation and maintenance of the catheters are objects of attention of a responsible clinician, there will be no damages to the health of the patient.(AU)

Evaluation of the cardiopulmonary and antinociceptive effects of bupivacaine administered epidurally at the first lumbar vertebra in awake dogs / Estudo dos efeitos cardiopulmonares e antinociceptivos da administração epidural de bupivacaína à altura da primeira vértebra lombar em cães acordados

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of epidural bupivacaine administration at the first lumbar vertebra on cardiopulmonary variables, arterial blood gases and anti-nociception. Sixteen healthy female dogs were randomly assigned into two groups based on bupivacaine dose: G1 group, 1mg kg-1 or G2 group, 2mg kg-1, diluted in the same final volume (1mL4kg-1). Cardiopulmonary variables were measured and arterial blood gas was collected (T0), it was repeated 10 minutes after intravenous administration of butorphanol 0.4mg kg -1 (T1). Anesthesia was induced with intravenous etomidate at 2mg kg-1 and the epidural catheter was introduced and placed at the first lumbar vertebra. Thirty minutes later, bupivacaine was administered epidurally. Cardiopulmonary measurements and arterial blood gas analysis were recorded at 10 minute intervals (T2 to T6). Evaluation of pre surgical anti-nociception was performed at 5 minute intervals for 30 minutes by clamping the hind limbs, anus, vulva, and tail with the dogs awake. Subsequently, ovariohysterectomy was performed and adequacy of surgical anti-nociception was evaluated at 5 time points. Parametric data were analyzed using the F test with a <0.05 significance. After bupivacaine administration, there were differences between groups just for bicarbonate means (HCO3-) on T6 (P=0.0198), with 18.7±1.3 and 20.4±0.8 for G1 and G2, respectively. After T1, before bupivacaine administration, both groups presented a slightly lower pH, base excess (BE), the end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PECO2), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), suggesting mild metabolic acidosis. G2 showed better antinociceptive effect both before and during surgery. It was possible to perform ovariohysterectomy in 87.5% of the G2 bitches and 25% of the G1 bitches. The two doses of bupivacaine evaluated do not cause important alterations in the studied parameters and the dose of 2mg kg-1 results in a better antinociceptive effect.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da administração epidural de bupivacaína à altura da primeira vértebra lombar sobre variáveis cardiopulmonares, hemogasometria arterial e antinocicepção. Dezesseis cadelas foram separadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos que se diferenciaram pela dose de bupivacaína, 1mg/kg (G1) ou 2mg/kg (G2), diluídas no mesmo volume final (1mL/4kg). As variáveis cardiopulmonares e hemogasometria arterial foram coletadas antes (T0) e após 10 minutos da administração intravenosa de 0,4mg/kg de butorfanol (T1). A anestesia foi induzida com 2mg/kg de etomidato intravenoso para introdução do cateter epidural. Após 30 minutos, a bupivacaína foi administrada e, passados 10 minutos, nova coleta de parâmetros foi feita, sendo repetida a cada 10 minutos (T2 a T6). Após cinco minutos da administração de bupivacaína, iniciou-se a avaliação da antinocicepção pré-cirúrgica, repetida a cada cinco minutos durante 30 minutos. Então, iniciou-se a cirurgia de ovário-histerectomia, na qual se avaliou a antinocicepção transcirúrgica em cinco momentos. Os resultados paramétricos foram analisados pelo software SAS 9.4 (2010), utilizando-se o teste F com significância menor que 0,05. Houve diferença entre as médias dos grupos após administração de bupivacaína apenas para bicarbonato em T6 (P=0.0198), sendo 18,7±1,3 e 20,4±0,8 as médias do G1 e G2, respectivamente. Desde T1, os grupos apresentaram valores de pH, excesso de bases, pressão parcial de gás carbônico no sangue arterial e tensão de dióxido de carbono ao final da expiração pouco abaixo do fisiológico, sugerindo acidose metabólica discreta. O G2 apresentou efeito antinociceptivo pré e transcirúrgico superior ao G1. [...](AU)

Evaluation of the cardiopulmonary and antinociceptive effects of bupivacaine administered epidurally at the first lumbar vertebra in awake dogs / Estudo dos efeitos cardiopulmonares e antinociceptivos da administração epidural de bupivacaína à altura da primeira vértebra lombar em cães acordados

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of epidural bupivacaine administration at the first lumbar vertebra on cardiopulmonary variables, arterial blood gases and anti-nociception. Sixteen healthy female dogs were randomly assigned into two groups based on bupivacaine dose: G1 group, 1mg kg-1 or G2 group, 2mg kg-1, diluted in the same final volume (1mL4kg-1). Cardiopulmonary variables were measured and arterial blood gas was collected (T0), it was repeated 10 minutes after intravenous administration of butorphanol 0.4mg kg -1 (T1). Anesthesia was induced with intravenous etomidate at 2mg kg-1 and the epidural catheter was introduced and placed at the first lumbar vertebra. Thirty minutes later, bupivacaine was administered epidurally. Cardiopulmonary measurements and arterial blood gas analysis were recorded at 10 minute intervals (T2 to T6). Evaluation of pre surgical anti-nociception was performed at 5 minute intervals for 30 minutes by clamping the hind limbs, anus, vulva, and tail with the dogs awake. Subsequently, ovariohysterectomy was performed and adequacy of surgical anti-nociception was evaluated at 5 time points. Parametric data were analyzed using the F test with a <0.05 significance. After bupivacaine administration, there were differences between groups just for bicarbonate means (HCO3-) on T6 (P=0.0198), with 18.7±1.3 and 20.4±0.8 for G1 and G2, respectively. After T1, before bupivacaine administration, both groups presented a slightly lower pH, base excess (BE), the end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PECO2), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), suggesting mild metabolic acidosis. G2 showed better antinociceptive effect both before and during surgery. It was possible to perform ovariohysterectomy in 87.5% of the G2 bitches and 25% of the G1 bitches. The two doses of bupivacaine evaluated do not cause important alterations in the studied parameters and the dose of 2mg kg-1 results in a better antinociceptive effect.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da administração epidural de bupivacaína à altura da primeira vértebra lombar sobre variáveis cardiopulmonares, hemogasometria arterial e antinocicepção. Dezesseis cadelas foram separadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos que se diferenciaram pela dose de bupivacaína, 1mg/kg (G1) ou 2mg/kg (G2), diluídas no mesmo volume final (1mL/4kg). As variáveis cardiopulmonares e hemogasometria arterial foram coletadas antes (T0) e após 10 minutos da administração intravenosa de 0,4mg/kg de butorfanol (T1). A anestesia foi induzida com 2mg/kg de etomidato intravenoso para introdução do cateter epidural. Após 30 minutos, a bupivacaína foi administrada e, passados 10 minutos, nova coleta de parâmetros foi feita, sendo repetida a cada 10 minutos (T2 a T6). Após cinco minutos da administração de bupivacaína, iniciou-se a avaliação da antinocicepção pré-cirúrgica, repetida a cada cinco minutos durante 30 minutos. Então, iniciou-se a cirurgia de ovário-histerectomia, na qual se avaliou a antinocicepção transcirúrgica em cinco momentos. Os resultados paramétricos foram analisados pelo software SAS 9.4 (2010), utilizando-se o teste F com significância menor que 0,05. Houve diferença entre as médias dos grupos após administração de bupivacaína apenas para bicarbonato em T6 (P=0.0198), sendo 18,7±1,3 e 20,4±0,8 as médias do G1 e G2, respectivamente. Desde T1, os grupos apresentaram valores de pH, excesso de bases, pressão parcial de gás carbônico no sangue arterial e tensão de dióxido de carbono ao final da expiração pouco abaixo do fisiológico, sugerindo acidose metabólica discreta. O G2 apresentou efeito antinociceptivo pré e transcirúrgico superior ao G1. Foi possível realizar a cirurgia em 87,5% das cadelas do G2 e em 25% das cadelas do G1. Concluiu-se que as duas doses de bupivacaína avaliadas não acarretam alterações importantes nos parâmetros fisiológicos estudados e a dose de 2mg/kg determina melhor efeito antinociceptivo que a dose de 1mg/kg.(AU)

Thromboelastometric evaluation of horses submitted to experimental thrombosis and jugular thrombectomy / Avaliação tromboelastométrica de equinos submetidos a trombose e trombectomia jugular experimental

Jugular thrombosis in horses occurs commonly in iatrogenic situations, secondary to endotoxemic clinical condition and disseminated vascular coagulation, potentially leading to death. Thus, hemostatic evaluation becomes necessary and extremely important for monitoring the risks of systemic hypercoagulability and for the efficiency of allopathic and surgical treatment. This paper describes the hemostatic behavior in experimental jugular thrombosis of ten healthy equines, subsequently submitted to two thrombectomy techniques and receiving heparin sodium as anti-rethrombosis therapy. These animals were evaluated for 20 days by thromboelastometry (TEM), platelet count, hematocrit and fibrinogen, at four moments: pre-induction to phlebitis (D0-MPF); three days after thrombophlebitis induction (D3-MFM); 6 days after, - moment of thrombophlebitis - (D9-MT); and 54 (D16) and 126 (D19) hours after thrombectomies (PTM). Thrombectomy was performed via a Vollmar Ring (group 1, n=5) and Fogarty catheter (group 2, n=5). All the animals received heparin (150 UI/kg, SC) every 12 hours, for ten days after the respective thrombectomies. Through the blood samples were evaluated TEM, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT), dosing of fibrinogen, hematocrit and platelet count at the abovementioned moments. For comparison between groups and moments the t test was applied at 5% significance level. No significant difference was verified between treatment groups at any of the moments. There were reductions in clotting time (CT) and clot formation time (CFT), with increase in maximum lysis (ML) until the moment D9-MT. [...] (AU)

A trombose jugular nos equinos ocorre comumente em situações iatrogênicas, secundárias a quadros endotoxêmicos e a coagulação vascular disseminada, podendo levar ao óbito. Por isso, avaliação hemostática se faz necessária e de extrema importância para monitorar os riscos de hipercoagulabilidade sistêmica e também a eficiência do tratamento alopático e cirúrgico. Este trabalho descreve o comportamento hemostático na trombose jugular experimental de dez equinos hígidos, submetidos posteriormente a duas técnicas de trombectomia e recebendo heparina sódica como terapia anti retrombosante. Estes animais foram avaliados durante 20 dias por tromboelastometria (TEM), contagem de plaquetas, hematócrito e fibrinogênio, em quatro momentos: pré-indução à flebite (D0-MPF); três dias após a indução da tromboflebite (D3-MFM); 6 dias após, - momento de tromboflebite - (D9-MT); e 54 (D16) e 126 (D19) horas após as trombectomias (MPT). A trombectomia foi realizada com Anel de Vollmar (grupo 1, n=5) e cateter de Fogarty (grupo 2, n=5). Todos os animais receberam heparina (150 UI/Kg, SC) a cada 12 horas, durante dez dias após as respectivas trombectomias. Através de amostras de sangue, foram avaliadas a TEM, o tempo de tromboplastia parcial ativada (TTPa) e tempo de protrombina (TP), a dosagem de fibrinogênio, hematócrito e contagem de plaquetas nos momentos descritos acima. Para a comparação entre os grupos e momentos foi aplicado teste t, com nível de significância de 5%. Não foi verificada diferença significativa entre os grupos de tratamento em nenhum dos momentos. Houve redução do tempo de coagulação (CT) e do tempo de formação do coágulo (CFT), com aumento da lise máxima (LM) até o momento D9-MT. A avaliação com o reagente intem apresentou prolongamento do CT e do CFT e redução do ângulo α e da LM a partir do D16 e D19. Da mesma forma, o TTPa apresentou diferenças significativas entre os momentos pré (D0, 3 e 9) e pós (D16 e 19) tratamento cirúrgico e anticoagulante.[...] (AU)

Thromboelastometric evaluation of horses submitted to experimental thrombosis and jugular thrombectomy / Avaliação tromboelastométrica de equinos submetidos a trombose e trombectomia jugular experimental

Jugular thrombosis in horses occurs commonly in iatrogenic situations, secondary to endotoxemic clinical condition and disseminated vascular coagulation, potentially leading to death. Thus, hemostatic evaluation becomes necessary and extremely important for monitoring the risks of systemic hypercoagulability and for the efficiency of allopathic and surgical treatment. This paper describes the hemostatic behavior in experimental jugular thrombosis of ten healthy equines, subsequently submitted to two thrombectomy techniques and receiving heparin sodium as anti-rethrombosis therapy. These animals were evaluated for 20 days by thromboelastometry (TEM), platelet count, hematocrit and fibrinogen, at four moments: pre-induction to phlebitis (D0-MPF); three days after thrombophlebitis induction (D3-MFM); 6 days after, - moment of thrombophlebitis - (D9-MT); and 54 (D16) and 126 (D19) hours after thrombectomies (PTM). Thrombectomy was performed via a Vollmar Ring (group 1, n=5) and Fogarty catheter (group 2, n=5). All the animals received heparin (150 UI/kg, SC) every 12 hours, for ten days after the respective thrombectomies. Through the blood samples were evaluated TEM, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT), dosing of fibrinogen, hematocrit and platelet count at the abovementioned moments. For comparison between groups and moments the t test was applied at 5% significance level. No significant difference was verified between treatment groups at any of the moments. There were reductions in clotting time (CT) and clot formation time (CFT), with increase in maximum lysis (ML) until the moment D9-MT. Evaluation through INTEM® reagent presented prolongations of CT and CFT with reduction of α angle and ML starting from D16 and D19. Similarly, aPTT presented significant differences between moments pre- (D0, 3 and 9) and post- (D16 and 19) anticoagulant and surgical treatment. The platelet numbers were diminished at moments D16 and D19. In evaluation with EXTEM® reagent, prolongation of CT and CFT occurred only between the moments D0 vs. D3 and vs. D9. O PT did not present significant differences. The results obtained demonstrate that experimental jugular thrombophlebitis leads to local clinical alterations, with impairment of tissue and of the extrinsic coagulation pathway (EXTEM® ), but without evidence of systemic hypercoagulability status, since there was no increase of the alpha angle or maximum clot firmness (MCF). Furthermore, TEM was shown useful and more sensitive than conventional coagulation tests (PT, aPTT and fibrinogen) for the monitoring of anticoagulant therapy, as demonstrated in other works.(AU)

A trombose jugular nos equinos ocorre comumente em situações iatrogênicas, secundárias a quadros endotoxêmicos e a coagulação vascular disseminada, podendo levar ao óbito. Por isso, avaliação hemostática se faz necessária e de extrema importância para monitorar os riscos de hipercoagulabilidade sistêmica e também a eficiência do tratamento alopático e cirúrgico. Este trabalho descreve o comportamento hemostático na trombose jugular experimental de dez equinos hígidos, submetidos posteriormente a duas técnicas de trombectomia e recebendo heparina sódica como terapia anti retrombosante. Estes animais foram avaliados durante 20 dias por tromboelastometria (TEM), contagem de plaquetas, hematócrito e fibrinogênio, em quatro momentos: pré-indução à flebite (D0-MPF); três dias após a indução da tromboflebite (D3-MFM); 6 dias após, - momento de tromboflebite - (D9-MT); e 54 (D16) e 126 (D19) horas após as trombectomias (MPT). A trombectomia foi realizada com Anel de Vollmar (grupo 1, n=5) e cateter de Fogarty (grupo 2, n=5). Todos os animais receberam heparina (150 UI/Kg, SC) a cada 12 horas, durante dez dias após as respectivas trombectomias. Através de amostras de sangue, foram avaliadas a TEM, o tempo de tromboplastia parcial ativada (TTPa) e tempo de protrombina (TP), a dosagem de fibrinogênio, hematócrito e contagem de plaquetas nos momentos descritos acima. Para a comparação entre os grupos e momentos foi aplicado teste t, com nível de significância de 5%. Não foi verificada diferença significativa entre os grupos de tratamento em nenhum dos momentos. Houve redução do tempo de coagulação (CT) e do tempo de formação do coágulo (CFT), com aumento da lise máxima (LM) até o momento D9-MT. A avaliação com o reagente intem apresentou prolongamento do CT e do CFT e redução do ângulo α e da LM a partir do D16 e D19. Da mesma forma, o TTPa apresentou diferenças significativas entre os momentos pré (D0, 3 e 9) e pós (D16 e 19) tratamento cirúrgico e anticoagulante. Houve diminuição do número de plaquetas nos momentos D16 e D19. Na avaliação com reagente extem ocorreu apenas o prolongamento do CT e CFT entre os momentos D0 e o D3 e D9. O TP não apresentou diferenças significativas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a tromboflebite jugular experimental leva a alterações clínicas locais, com comprometimento tecidual e da via extrínseca da coagulação (extem), porém sem evidências de um estado sistêmico de hipercoagulabilidade, pois não houve aumento do ângulo alfa e da firmeza máxima do coágulo (MCF). Além disso, a TEM se mostrou útil e mais sensível que os testes convencionais de coagulação (TP, TTPa e fibrinogênio) para o acompanhamento da terapia anticoagulante, conforme demonstrado em outros trabalhos.(AU)

Horner-s Syndrome following common carotid artery translocation in a horse: case report / Síndrome de Horner após transposição de carótida em equino: relato de caso

Horner's syndrome (HS) is a sympathetic dysfunction caused by injuries to the sympathetic pathway. A clinical case of HS following common carotid artery transposition and catheterization in a horse is described. The animal presented head and neck sweating with focal skin temperature elevation, facial paralysis and ptosis. Most clinical signs were transient and persisted for two hours following percutaneous catheter removal. Recurrence of clinical signs was observed at subsequent catheterizations. Ptosis endured for 10 months as a consequence of the first catheter placement which demonstrates the importance of careful manipulation of the anatomical structures of the neck when performing any surgical manipulation in this area.(AU)

A síndrome de Horner é uma disfunção do sistema nervoso autônomo simpático, decorrente de qualquer injúria a essa via de transmissão nervosa. Este artigo descreve um caso da síndrome após cirurgia para a transposição da artéria carótida comum. Os sinais clínicos observados foram sudorese de face e pescoço, com hipertermia localizada, paralisia facial e ptose palpebral. A maioria dos sinais foi transitória e se manifestou por até duas horas após a remoção do cateter percutâneo, introduzido na artéria transposta. Como essa manifestação foi recorrente nas venóclises subsequentes e a ptose palpebral perdurou por 10 meses, desde a primeira punção arterial, ressalta-se a importância e o critério quando da necessidade de manipulação cirúrgica dessa região anatômica.(AU)

Horner-s Syndrome following common carotid artery translocation in a horse: case report / Síndrome de Horner após transposição de carótida em equino: relato de caso

Horner's syndrome (HS) is a sympathetic dysfunction caused by injuries to the sympathetic pathway. A clinical case of HS following common carotid artery transposition and catheterization in a horse is described. The animal presented head and neck sweating with focal skin temperature elevation, facial paralysis and ptosis. Most clinical signs were transient and persisted for two hours following percutaneous catheter removal. Recurrence of clinical signs was observed at subsequent catheterizations. Ptosis endured for 10 months as a consequence of the first catheter placement which demonstrates the importance of careful manipulation of the anatomical structures of the neck when performing any surgical manipulation in this area...

A síndrome de Horner é uma disfunção do sistema nervoso autônomo simpático, decorrente de qualquer injúria a essa via de transmissão nervosa. Este artigo descreve um caso da síndrome após cirurgia para a transposição da artéria carótida comum. Os sinais clínicos observados foram sudorese de face e pescoço, com hipertermia localizada, paralisia facial e ptose palpebral. A maioria dos sinais foi transitória e se manifestou por até duas horas após a remoção do cateter percutâneo, introduzido na artéria transposta. Como essa manifestação foi recorrente nas venóclises subsequentes e a ptose palpebral perdurou por 10 meses, desde a primeira punção arterial, ressalta-se a importância e o critério quando da necessidade de manipulação cirúrgica dessa região anatômica...

Substituição da agulha isolada para eletroneuroestimulação pela agulha metálica de cateter intravenoso, na verificação da punção epidural, em cães / Replacement of an insulated electric neurostimulation spinal needle with an intravenous catheter metal needle to confirm correct epidural puncture in dogs

Utilizou-se o eletroneuroestimulador como um meio adequado para confirmação do posicionamento da ponta de agulhas isoladas no espaço epidural lombossal, por meio de pequenas estimulações elétricas que provocam contrações dos músculos inervados, empregando-se agulha de cateter intravenoso em vez de agulha isolada para a eletroneuroestimulação. Foram utilizados 40 cães para procedimentos cirúrgicos ortopédicos, abdominais ou retroumbilicais que necessitassem de bloqueio epidural. Durante a introdução gradativa da agulha no canal vertebral lombossacral, estímulos elétricos de 1,5 a 0,5mA foram aplicados. Diante de contrações musculares em membros pélvicos, cauda e/ou ânus, as quais foram consideradas respostas condizentes com o correto posicionamento da agulha no espaço epidural, estimulando raízes da cauda equina, procedeu-se à administração da associação de lidocaína, bupivacaína e tramadol. Constatou-se a adequada anestesia epidural mediante relaxamento do esfíncter anal, ausência dos reflexos patelares e flexor e a analgesia na área cirúrgica abdominal. Conclui-se que o método foi eficaz para a confirmação do correto posicionamento da agulha no espaço epidural durante a realização dessa anestesia regional em cães.

The electric neurostimulator was used as an adequate mean for the confirmation of the correct placement of the tip of the insulated needles in the lumbosacral epidural space through small electric stimulations causing muscle contractions by using an intravenous catheter needle instead of an electric neurostimulation insulated needle. Forty dogs were selected based on the need for an epidural block for orthopedic, abdominal or retroumbilical surgical procedures. Electrical stimuli were applied from 1.5 to 0.5mA during a gradual introduction of the needle into the lumbosacral vertebral canal. Responses that were considered as indicative of the correct placement of the needle and stimulation of the cauda equina were muscle contractions in the pelvic limbs, tail or anus. An association of lidocaine, bupivacaine and tramadol was then administered. Adequate epidural anesthesia was confirmed through relaxation of the anal sphincter, absence of patellar and flexor reflexes and analgesia of the abdominal surgical area. The authors were able to conclude that the method used was effective to confirm the correct needle placement in the epidural space during regional anesthesia in dogs.

Substituição da agulha isolada para eletroneuroestimulação pela agulha metálica de cateter intravenoso, na verificação da punção epidural, em cães / Replacement of an insulated electric neurostimulation spinal needle with an intravenous catheter metal needle to confirm correct epidural puncture in dogs

Utilizou-se o eletroneuroestimulador como um meio adequado para confirmação do posicionamento da ponta de agulhas isoladas no espaço epidural lombossal, por meio de pequenas estimulações elétricas que provocam contrações dos músculos inervados, empregando-se agulha de cateter intravenoso em vez de agulha isolada para a eletroneuroestimulação. Foram utilizados 40 cães para procedimentos cirúrgicos ortopédicos, abdominais ou retroumbilicais que necessitassem de bloqueio epidural. Durante a introdução gradativa da agulha no canal vertebral lombossacral, estímulos elétricos de 1,5 a 0,5mA foram aplicados. Diante de contrações musculares em membros pélvicos, cauda e/ou ânus, as quais foram consideradas respostas condizentes com o correto posicionamento da agulha no espaço epidural, estimulando raízes da cauda equina, procedeu-se à administração da associação de lidocaína, bupivacaína e tramadol. Constatou-se a adequada anestesia epidural mediante relaxamento do esfíncter anal, ausência dos reflexos patelares e flexor e a analgesia na área cirúrgica abdominal. Conclui-se que o método foi eficaz para a confirmação do correto posicionamento da agulha no espaço epidural durante a realização dessa anestesia regional em cães.(AU)

The electric neurostimulator was used as an adequate mean for the confirmation of the correct placement of the tip of the insulated needles in the lumbosacral epidural space through small electric stimulations causing muscle contractions by using an intravenous catheter needle instead of an electric neurostimulation insulated needle. Forty dogs were selected based on the need for an epidural block for orthopedic, abdominal or retroumbilical surgical procedures. Electrical stimuli were applied from 1.5 to 0.5mA during a gradual introduction of the needle into the lumbosacral vertebral canal. Responses that were considered as indicative of the correct placement of the needle and stimulation of the cauda equina were muscle contractions in the pelvic limbs, tail or anus. An association of lidocaine, bupivacaine and tramadol was then administered. Adequate epidural anesthesia was confirmed through relaxation of the anal sphincter, absence of patellar and flexor reflexes and analgesia of the abdominal surgical area. The authors were able to conclude that the method used was effective to confirm the correct needle placement in the epidural space during regional anesthesia in dogs.(AU)

Ambulatory esophageal pHmetry in healthy dogs with and without the influence of general anesthesia.

This research aimed to determine the value of esophageal pH in awake and anesthetized dogs, to evaluate the esophageal pH value in awake dogs, in different body positions, as well as to study the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux episodes in these positions. Thus, 40 healthy male and female adult dogs with mean body weight of 15.5 ± 4.6 kg were used. Esophageal pHmetry was conducted by inserting a catheter through the oropharynx in 30 dogs (stage 1) anesthetized with acepromazine, propofol and isoflurane, submitted to elective ovariosalpingohysterectomy. In addition, 8-h esophageal pHmetry was carried out transnasally in 10 awake dogs (stage 2), allowed to move and change body positions (lateral and sternal decubitus, and standing position), which were recorded. The mean esophageal pH value was lower (p < 0.01) in the anesthetized dogs (7.3 ± 0.82) than in the awake dogs (8.2 ± 0.3). Only four anesthetized dogs (13.33%) suffered reflux episodes. Reflux was not observed in the awake dogs and no esophageal pH differences were found between the body positions studied. Compared to the alert state, general anesthesia in dogs submitted to the previously mentioned anesthesia protocol causes esophageal pH reduction and predisposes to the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux episodes. Transnasal pHmetry of 8 h in healthy awake dogs reveals that the esophageal pH value is alkaline and does not vary according to body position. In these animals, decubitus position is not a determining factor for reflux episodes to occur.

Segmental dorsolumbar epidural analgesia via the caudal approach using multiple port catheters with ketamine or lidocaine or in combination in cattle.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the analgesic and systemic effects of epidural administration of ketamine, lidocaine or a combination of ketamine/lidocaine in standing cattle. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, experimental trial. ANIMALS: Six healthy male cattle weighing between 335 and 373 kg. METHODS: The animals received 0.5 mg kg(-1) of ketamine (K), 0.2 mg kg(-1) of 2% lidocaine (L) or 0.25 mg kg(-1) ketamine plus 0.1 mg kg(-1) lidocaine (KL). All the drugs were injected into the dorsolumbar epidural space via a caudal approach through a non-styletted multiple-port catheter. Each animal received each treatment at random. Evaluations of analgesia, sedation, ataxia, heart rate, arterial pressure, respiratory rate, skin temperature and rectal temperature were obtained at 0 (basal), 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 minutes after epidural injection, and then at 30-minute intervals until loss of analgesia occurred. Skin temperature was taken at these intervals up to 60 minutes. All the animals received a standard noxious stimulus; a 4-point scale was used to score the response. A second scale was used to score ataxia and a third for sedation. RESULTS: The duration of analgesia in the upper and lower flanks in cattle was 140 +/- 15, 50 +/- 14 and 80 +/- 22 minutes (mean +/- SD) after dorsolumbar epidural KL, K or L, respectively. The cardiovascular changes were within acceptable limits in these clinically healthy cattle. CONCLUSIONS: Dorsolumbar epidural administration of KL to cattle resulted in longer duration of analgesia of the upper and lower flanks in standing conscious cattle, than the administration of K or L alone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Further research is necessary to determine whether this combination using this technique provides sufficient analgesia for flank surgery in standing cattle.