Multi-informant evaluation of Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (formerly Slow Cognitive Tempo). Children's self-reported measures in relation to parents / Evaluación multi-informante del Síndrome de Desconexión Cognitiva (anteriormente Tempo Cognitivo Lento). Medidas autoinformadas de los niños con relación a padres

El objetivo fue examinar, desde una aproximación multi-informante, las medidas del Síndrome de Desconexión Cognitiva (SDC) de padres/madres e hijos/as y su relación con síntomas internalizantes y externalizantes. 279 niños/as (9-13 años), y sus padres/madres completaron las evaluaciones sobre SDC, la inatención del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) y otras medidas internalizadas y externalizadas. Los ítems de las tres medidas de SDC convergieron razonablemente bien en el factor SDC. Se aportaron pruebas discriminantes de la validez de las relaciones entre las puntuaciones de las pruebas y las medidas de los tres constructos diferentes (SDC, soledad y preferencia por la soledad). La asociación más estrecha estuvo entre la evaluación parental de las medidas de SDC con ansiedad y depresión, y entre inatención con hiperactividad/impulsividad y trastorno negativista desafiante. Se observó capacidad predictiva de la medida de SDC sobre la soledad y preferencia por estar solo autoinformadas. Se encontró una posible asociación entre la medida del SDC evaluado por padres/madres y sexo y edad de los niños. En conclusión, los datos apoyan la inclusión de medidas autoinformadas en la evaluación del SDC. Las medidas del SDC en niños se vinculan con medidas internalizantes y, la inatención con las externalizantes.(AU)

Impacts of digital technologies on child and adolescent health: recommendations for safer screen use in educational settings.

The use of screen-based digital technologies (such as computers and digital devices) is increasing for children and adolescents, worldwide. Digital technologies offer benefits, including educational opportunities, social connection and access to health information. Digital fluency has been recognised as an essential skill for future prosperity. However, along with these opportunities, digital technologies also present a risk of harm to young people. This issue may be particularly important for young New Zealanders, who have among the highest rates of screen use in the world. Our recently published review examined the impacts of digital technologies on the health and wellbeing of children and adolescents. Key findings revealed some positive impacts from moderate use of digital technologies; however, frequent and extended use of screen-based digital tools were associated with negative impacts on child and adolescent health in some areas, such as eye health, noise-induced hearing loss and pain syndromes. Conversely, in areas such as mental health, wellbeing and cognition, quality of screen media content and additional factors such as age may be more important than duration of use. These challenges gave us the impetus to develop pragmatic recommendations for the use of digital technologies in schools, kura kaupapa and early childhood education. Recommendations include interventions to lower risk across different ages and stages of development. Supporting young people to mitigate risk and develop safer screen behaviours will allow them to gain essential digital skills and access opportunities that will enable them to thrive.

Early detection of pediatric health risks using maternal and child health data.

Machine learning (ML)-driven diagnosis systems are particularly relevant in pediatrics given the well-documented impact of early-life health conditions on later-life outcomes. Yet, early identification of diseases and their subsequent impact on length of hospital stay for this age group has so far remained uncharacterized, likely because access to relevant health data is severely limited. Thanks to a confidential data use agreement with the California Department of Health Care Access and Information, we introduce Ped-BERT: a state-of-the-art deep learning model that accurately predicts the likelihood of 100+ conditions and the length of stay in a pediatric patient's next medical visit. We link mother-specific pre- and postnatal period health information to pediatric patient hospital discharge and emergency room visits. Our data set comprises 513.9K mother-baby pairs and contains medical diagnosis codes, length of stay, as well as temporal and spatial pediatric patient characteristics, such as age and residency zip code at the time of visit. Following the popular bidirectional encoder representations from the transformers (BERT) approach, we pre-train Ped-BERT via the masked language modeling objective to learn embedding features for the diagnosis codes contained in our data. We then continue to fine-tune our model to accurately predict primary diagnosis outcomes and length of stay for a pediatric patient's next visit, given the history of previous visits and, optionally, the mother's pre- and postnatal health information. We find that Ped-BERT generally outperforms contemporary and state-of-the-art classifiers when trained with minimum features. We also find that incorporating mother health attributes leads to significant improvements in model performance overall and across all patient subgroups in our data. Our most successful Ped-BERT model configuration achieves an area under the receiver operator curve (ROC AUC) of 0.927 and an average precision score (APS) of 0.408 for the diagnosis prediction task, and a ROC AUC of 0.855 and APS of 0.815 for the length of hospital stay task. Further, we examine Ped-BERT's fairness by determining whether prediction errors are evenly distributed across various subgroups of mother-baby demographics and health characteristics, or if certain subgroups exhibit a higher susceptibility to prediction errors.

Saberes de enfermeiras de uma maternidade pública do Paraná sobre icterícia neonatal: pesquisa-ação / Knowledge of nurses in a public maternity hospital in Paraná sobre la ictericia neonatal: investicación-acción / Conocimientos de enfermeras de una maternidad pública de Paraná sobre la ictericia neonatal: investigación-acción

Objetivo:identificar os saberes de enfermeiras sobre icterícia neonatal. Método:pesquisa-ação, qualitativa, realizada em uma maternidade pública no Paraná. Nove enfermeiras participaram na etapa de diagnóstico, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise de conteúdo. Nas etapas de ação e avaliação, participaram 49 profissionais, ocorreu observação participante, entrevista em grupo e análise de conteúdo. Resultados: emergiram três categorias: saberes de enfermeiras para identificação da icterícia neonatal; saberes para manejo adequado; saberes sobre as consequências da icterícia não tratada. Foi identificado pouco conhecimento sobre a fisiopatologia da doença, cuidados específicos e consequências da icterícia inadequadamente tratada. Foi desenvolvida uma capacitação sobre o tema em conjunto com a instituição. Conclusões: na primeira etapa, as enfermeiras demonstraram saber avaliar e identificar precocemente a icterícia, mas tinham pouco conhecimento sobre cuidados com a fototerapia e consequências do tratamento inadequado. São necessárias ações de educação permanente para qualificar a assistência aos recém-nascidos com icterícia

Objective: to identify the knowledge of nurses about neonatal jaundice. Method: qualitative action research conducted in a public maternity hospital in Paraná. Nine nurses participated in the diagnostic stage, semi-structured interviews and content analysis were performed. In the action and evaluation stages, 49 professionals participated, and participant observation, group interviews, and content analysis were conducted. Results: three categories emerged: knowledge of nurses for the identification of neonatal jaundice; knowledge for proper management; knowledge about the consequences of untreated jaundice. Limited knowledge was identified regarding the pathophysiology of the disease, specific care, and consequences of inadequately treated jaundice. Training on the subject was developed in collaboration with the institution. Conclusions: in the first stage, nurses demonstrated the ability to evaluate and identify jaundice early, but had limited knowledge about care with phototherapy and the consequences of inadequate treatment. Continuous education actions are necessary to improve the care for newborns with jaundice.

Objetivo: identificar los conocimientos de las enfermeras sobre la ictericia neonatal. Método: investigación-acción cualitativa, en una maternidad pública en Paraná. Participaron nueve enfermeras en el diagnóstico, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y análisis de contenido. En las etapas de acción y evaluación, participaron 49 profesionales, con observación participante, entrevistas grupales y análisis de contenido. Resultados: surgieron tres categorías: conocimientos sobre la identificación, manejo adecuado y consecuencias de la ictericia neonatal no tratada. Se identificó poco conocimiento sobre la fisiopatología, cuidados específicos y consecuencias de la ictericia no tratada adecuadamente. Se desarrolló una capacitación en conjunto con la institución. Conclusiones: en la primera etapa, las enfermeras demostraron saber evaluar e identificar precozmente la ictericia,pero tenían poco conocimiento sobre los cuidados con la fototerapia y las consecuencias del tratamiento inadecuado. Se necesitan acciones de educación continua para mejorar la atención a los recién nacidos con ictericia

Developments in the Design, Conduct, and Reporting of Child Health Trials.

To identify priority areas to improve the design, conduct, and reporting of pediatric clinical trials, the international expert network, Standards for Research (StaR) in Child Health, was assembled and published the first 6 Standards in Pediatrics in 2012. After a recent review summarizing the 247 publications by StaR Child Health authors that highlight research practices that add value and reduce research "waste," the current review assesses the progress in key child health trial methods areas: consent and recruitment, containing risk of bias, roles of data monitoring committees, appropriate sample size calculations, outcome selection and measurement, and age groups for pediatric trials. Although meaningful change has occurred within the child health research ecosystem, measurable progress is still disappointingly slow. In this context, we identify and review emerging trends that will advance the agenda of increased clinical usefulness of pediatric trials, including patient and public engagement, Bayesian statistical approaches, adaptive designs, and platform trials. We explore how implementation science approaches could be applied to effect measurable improvements in the design, conducted, and reporting of child health research.

Well-being approaches targeted to improve child and youth health post-COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Our previous work synthesized published studies on well-being interventions during COVID-19. As we move into a post-COVID-19 pandemic period there is a need to comprehensively review published strategies, approaches, and interventions to improve child and youth well-being beyond deleterious impacts experienced during COVID-19. METHODS: Seven databases were searched from inception to January 2023. Studies were included if they: (1) presented original data on an approach (i.e., approach applied) or (2) provided recommendations to inform development of a future approach (i.e., approach suggested), (3) targeted to mitigate negative impacts of COVID-19 on child and youth (≤18 year) well-being, and (4) published on or after December 2019. RESULTS: 39 studies (n = 4/39, 10.3% randomized controlled trials) from 2021 to 2023 were included. Twenty-two studies applied an approach (n = 22/39, 56.4%) whereas seventeen studies (n = 17/39, 43.6%) suggested an approach; youth aged 13-18 year (n = 27/39, 69.2%) were most frequently studied. Approach applied records most frequently adopted an experimental design (n = 11/22, 50.0%), whereas approach suggested records most frequently adopted a cross-sectional design (n = 13/22, 59.1%). The most frequently reported outcomes related to good health and optimum nutrition (n = 28/39, 71.8%), followed by connectedness (n = 22/39, 56.4%), learning, competence, education, skills, and employability (n = 18/39, 46.1%), and agency and resilience (n = 16/39, 41.0%). CONCLUSIONS: The rapid onset and unpredictability of COVID-19 precluded meaningful engagement of children and youth in strategy development despite widespread recognition that early engagement can enhance usefulness and acceptability of interventions. Published or recommended strategies were most frequently targeted to improve connectedness, belonging, and socialization among children and youth.

Guidance on messages about how to care for children with dengue fever at home

This document is addressed to communicators from the ministries of health of PAHO Member States so that, together with their national teams, they adapt the information according to the specific needs of each country and the public to which it will be addressed. The information presented concerns general aspects of home care for children with dengue.

Guía de mensajes sobre cómo cuidar en casa a niños con dengue

El dengue se transmite por la picadura de un mosquito infectado con uno de los cuatro serotipos del virus del dengue. Es una enfermedad febril que afecta a lactantes, niños y adultos y puede evolucionar a un dengue grave, caracterizado por choque, dificultad para respirar, sangrado grave y/o complicaciones graves de los órganos. La prevención y el control del dengue debe ser intersectorial e involucrar a la familia y la comunidad. Ante la sospecha de síntomas de dengue en el niño, llevarlo al médico o a la unidad de salud más cercana. Si el médico considera que puede ser cuidado en casa, se deben seguir las recomendaciones establecidas en este documento. En el caso de niños pequeños no pueden hablar o expresar cómo se sienten. Por eso, es importante observar al niño y si aparece alguno de los signos de alarma, llevarlo inmediatamente a la unidad de salud más cercana, ya que su vida corre peligro. La información presentada a continuación es sobre aspectos generales del cuidado en casa de niños con dengue. El presente documento está dirigido a los comunicadores de los ministerios de Salud de los Estados Miembros de la OPS, para que, junto a sus equipos nacionales adapten la información según las necesidades propias de cada país y el público al cual se dirigirá.

Changes in reproductive, maternal, and child health in Haiti during the pre- and peri-COVID-19 pandemic / Cambios en materia de salud reproductiva, materna e infantil en los periodos pre y peripandémico de la COVID-19 en Haití / Mudanças na saúde reprodutiva, materna e infantil no Haiti antes e durante a pandemia de COVID-19

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To assess changes in reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health (RMNCAH) in Haiti from August 2018 to September 2021, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. A retrospective study using surveillance data from the Haitian Unique Health Information System, examining two periods: pre- and peri-COVID-19 pandemic. Health indicators at the national level in the two periods were compared using two-sample t-tests for proportions, and average absolute monthly changes were calculated using variance-weighted regression. Results. There was a statistically significant decline in the proportion of most of the indicators assessed from the pre- to the peri-COVID-19 pandemic period. However, the most affected indicators were the proportions of pregnant women with four antenatal care visits, with five antenatal care visits or more, and those who received a second dose of tetanus vaccine, which decreased by over 4 percentage points during the two periods. Likewise, the proportions of children who received diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP), BCG, polio, pentavalent, and rotavirus vaccines also all declined by over 8 percentage points. In contrast, pneu- mococcal conjugate vaccine increased by over 4 percentage points. A statistically significant decrease was also observed in the average absolute monthly changes of several reproductive and child health indicators assessed. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to the decline observed in several RMNCAH indicators in Haiti. However, the role played by the sociopolitical crisis and control exercised by armed groups over the population in the last three years cannot be ruled out.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar los cambios en materia de salud reproductiva, materna, neonatal, infantil y adolescente que se produjeron en Haití desde agosto del 2018 hasta septiembre del 2021, antes de la pandemia de COVID-19 y durante ella. Metodología. Estudio retrospectivo basado en datos de vigilancia del sistema único de información de salud de Haití para estudiar los periodos pre y peripandémico. La comparación de los indicadores de salud a nivel nacional de estos dos periodos se realizó mediante pruebas de t de dos muestras para comparar proporciones, y se calculó el promedio de la variación mensual absoluta mediante una regresión ponderada por la varianza. Resultados. Al comparar el periodo prepandémico con el peripandémico, se observó un descenso estadísticamente significativo de la mayoría de los indicadores porcentuales evaluados. Sin embargo, los indicadores porcentuales más afectados fueron los de mujeres embarazadas con cuatro visitas de atención prenatal, con cinco visitas de atención prenatal o más, o que recibieron una segunda dosis de la vacuna contra el tétanos; estos indicadores disminuyeron en más de cuatro puntos porcentuales en el segundo periodo en comparación con el primero. Asimismo, las proporciones de niños y niñas que recibieron las vacunas contra la difteria, el tétanos y la tosferina (DTPa), contra la poliomielitis, antirrotavírica, BCG, y pentavalente también disminuyeron en más de ocho puntos porcentuales. En cambio, la proporción de niños y niñas que recibieron la vacuna antineumocócica conjugada aumentó en más de cuatro puntos porcentuales. También se observó un descenso estadísticamente significativo en el promedio de la variación mensual absoluta de varios indicadores de salud reproductiva e infantil. Conclusiones. La pandemia de COVID-19 puede haber contribuido al descenso observado en varios indica- dores relacionados con la salud reproductiva, materna, neonatal, infantil y adolescente en Haití. Sin embargo, no se puede descartar el papel que ha desempeñado en dicho descenso la crisis sociopolítica y el control ejercido por los grupos armados sobre la población en los últimos tres años.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar mudanças na saúde reprodutiva, materna, neonatal, da criança e do adolescente no Haiti entre agosto de 2018 e setembro de 2021, antes e durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Estudo retrospectivo usando dados de vigilância do Sistema Único de Informações de Saúde do Haiti, examinando dois períodos, antes e durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Os indicadores de saúde do país nos dois períodos foram comparados por meio de testes t de duas amostras para proporções, e as variações mensais absolutas médias foram calculadas por meio de regressão linear ponderada. Resultados. Entre o período anterior e o período durante a pandemia de COVID-19, houve uma queda estatisticamente significante na proporção da maioria dos indicadores avaliados. Os indicadores mais afetados, porém, foram as proporções de gestantes com quatro consultas de pré-natal, gestantes com cinco ou mais consultas de pré-natal e gestantes que receberam uma segunda dose de vacina antitetânica, que sofreram uma diminuição de mais de 4 pontos percentuais na comparação entre os dois períodos. Similarmente, as proporções de crianças que receberam vacinas contra difteria, tétano e pertússis (DTPa), BCG, poliomielite, pentavalente e rotavírus também diminuíram em mais de 8 pontos percentuais. Por outro lado, no caso da vacina pneumocócica conjugada houve um aumento de mais de 4 pontos percentuais. Além disso, foi observada uma redução estatisticamente significante nas variações mensais absolutas médias de vários indicadores de saúde reprodutiva e infantil avaliados. Conclusões. A pandemia de COVID-19 pode ter contribuído para a piora observada em vários indicadores de saúde reprodutiva, materna, neonatal, da criança e do adolescente no Haiti. No entanto, não se pode descartar o papel desempenhado pela crise sociopolítica e pelo controle exercido por grupos armados sobre a população nos últimos três anos.

Interventions to maintain essential services for maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had challenged health systems worldwide, including those in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Aside from measures to control the pandemic, efforts were made to continue the provision and use of essential services. At that time, information was not organised and readily available to guide country-level decision-making. This review aims to summarise evaluated interventions to maintain essential services for maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health in response to COVID-19 in LMICs, in order to learn from the interventions and facilitate their use in the next disruption. Methods: We conducted a scoping review by Embase, MEDLINE, and Global Health for literature published between 1 January 2020 and 26 December 2022, without restrictions for language. We extracted information about the setting, population targeted, service type, intervention, and evaluation from the included studies and summarised it both quantitatively and narratively. Results: We retrieved 11 395 unique references and included 30 studies describing 32 evaluated interventions. Most interventions (84%) were implemented in 2020, with a median duration of five months (interquartile range (IQR) = 3-8), and were conducted in Africa (34%) or Southeast Asia (31%). Interventions focussed on maintaining services for maternal and newborn health (56%) or children and adolescents (56%) were most common. Interventions aimed to address problems related to access (94%), fear (31%), health workers shortage (25%), and vulnerability (22%). Types of interventions included telehealth (69%), protocols/guidelines to adapt care provision (56%), and health education (40%); a few entailed health worker training (16%). The described interventions were mostly led by the public (56%) or non-profit (34%) sectors. Methodologies of their evaluations were heterogeneous; the majority used quantitative methods, had a prospective research design, and used output- and outcome-based indicators. Conclusions: In this review, we identified an important and growing body of evidence of evaluated interventions to maintain essential services for maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health during COVID-19 in LMICs. To improve preparedness and responsiveness for future disruptions, managers for decision-makers in LMICs could benefit from up-to-date inventories describing implemented interventions and evaluations to facilitate evidence-based implementation of strategies, as well as tools for conducting optimal quality operational and implementation research during disruptions (e.g. rapid ethical approvals, access to routine data).

Child health prioritisation in national adaptation policies on climate change: a policy document analysis across 160 countries.

Integration of child-specific adaptation measures into health policies is imperative given children's heightened susceptibility to the health impacts of climate change. Using a document analysis method, we examined 160 national adaptation policies for inclusion of child-relevant measures and identified 19 child health-related adaptation domains. 44 (28%) of 160 countries' policies that were analysed failed to include any domains, 49 (31%) included at least one child-related domain, 62 (39%) included between two and six domains, and five (3%) included at least seven domains. Predominant domains among child-specific adaptation measures included education and awareness raising, followed by community engagement and nutrition. No country addressed children's direct needs in the domain of mental health. National adaptation policies tend towards overly simple conceptualisations of children across four major lenses: age, social role, gender, and agency. Limited inclusion of child-specific measures in national adaptation policies suggests insufficient recognition of and action on children's susceptibility to climate change effects.

Maternal Depression and Physical Health of Under-Five Children in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Maternal depression is the most prevalent mental health problem worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries. It impairs the cognitive, physical, and social abilities of mothers and disturbs effective parenting practices. Therefore, the consequences of mental, physical, and social suffering are not limited to the mother herself but are transmitted to future generations by negatively affecting the child's health. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aims to analyse the relationship between maternal depression and child's physical health in Turkey, a middle-income, developing country. METHODS: By using the 2019 round of the "Turkish Health Survey" dataset prepared by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat), we focus on the general health status, anaemia prevalence, morbidity of acute respiratory infections (ARI) and diarrhoea along with other common short-term childhood illnesses among under-five children. Maternal depression is assessed by the standardised eight-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8). We employ a linear probability model to examine the relationship between maternal depression and the physical health of under-five children. In addition, we investigate the potential protective role of maternal education against the detrimental effects of maternal depression on child health. Since we are simultaneously analysing several outcome measures, in order to avoid any Type I error, we use the novel Romano-Wolf multiple hypothesis testing method. RESULTS: We find that children whose mothers suffer from mild to severe depression are at a 12 percentage points higher risk of contracting infectious diseases. Similarly, the total number of non-chronic illnesses a child falls victim to increases by one-third if the mother portrays depressive symptoms. In addition, our results suggest that completing at least high school reduces the burdens of maternal depression on children's physical health by 8 percentage points. DISCUSSION: Considering both the individual and societal burden of infectious disease prevalence, we conclude that the development of worldwide policies and initiatives aimed at decreasing maternal depression as much as increasing maternal education is essential for safeguarding the rights of both women and children, especially in developing countries. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The findings of this research provide a linear association between maternal mental health and under-five child's physical health, rather than a causal effect.

Reproductive and child health transition among selected empowered action groups states of India: A district-level analysis.

BACKGROUND: Health is an inseparable part of life and central to all life supporting systems. The reproductive and child health shares a major portion of public health cases that is crucial for socio-economic development. Studies on reproductive and child health have traditionally been focused on demographic aspects using socio-economic parameters. Given the emphasis of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)-3 on health and well-being, it is imperative to understand the geo-spatial dimension with the visible transition of key health indicators of fertility, maternal and infant/child health in the high burdened districts within these high focus Empowered Action Group (EAG) states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar that make up nearly 40% of India's population with relatively laggard health status. METHODOLOGY: This paper aims to understand the status and trend of key reproductive and child health indicators and vital statistics based on the recent representative demographic surveys. We intend to undertake a district level spatio-temporal analysis by developing District Composite Health Profile (DCHP) using Composite Index Method on selected 13 equally weighted key reproductive and child health indicators. The study has been carried out using data from National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16) and National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21) survey rounds. We employed geo-spatial techniques i.e. Moran's-I, and univariate LISA to comprehend the geographical clustering of high and low health burden districts and their heterogeneities at the district level. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights emerging inter-districts, and inter-state disparities over survey periods. With consistent improvement in the selected EAG states over time, the overall reproductive and child health status through DCHP along with each indicator was relatively better in the states of Rajasthan and worse in Bihar. Districts along the Terai belt in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar consistently performed sluggish during survey rounds. The geo-spatial clustering follows the political boundary of states, albeit with intra-state variations. Monitoring of key health indicators using composite index method provides a useful leverage for identifying priority districts/regions for universal health access that should also consider geographical space as an important policy dimension.

Poor housing quality and the health of newborns and young children.

This study uses linked administrative data on live births, hospital stays, and census records for children born in Hungary between 2006 and 2011 to examine the relationship between poor housing quality and the health of newborns and children aged 1-2 years. We show that poor housing quality, defined as lack of access to basic sanitation and exposure to polluting heating, is not a negligible problem even in a high-income EU country like Hungary. This is particularly the case for disadvantaged children, 20-25% of whom live in extremely poor-quality homes. Next, we provide evidence that poor housing quality is strongly associated with lower health at birth and a higher number of days spent in inpatient care at the age of 1-2 years. These results indicate that lack of access to basic sanitation, hygiene, and non-polluting heating and their health impacts cannot be considered as the exclusive problem for low- and middle-income countries. In high-income countries, there is also a need for public policy programs that identify those affected by poor housing quality and offer them potential solutions to reduce the adverse effects on their health.

ADHD Prevalence Rose, Yet Disparities Remain: Commentary on the 2022 National Survey of Children's Health.

This is a commentary on Danielson and colleagues' report entitled "ADHD Prevalence Among U.S. Children and Adolescents in 2022: Diagnosis, Severity, Co-Occurring Disorders, and Treatment," which provides updated prevalence rates related to ADHD diagnosis and treatment utilization using data from the 2022 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). This timely article is among the first to report on ADHD prevalence rates since the COVID-19 pandemic, and highlights important patterns related to ADHD diagnosis and treatment utilization. In this commentary, we contextualize these findings with consideration to the COVID-19 pandemic and within the existing literature on health disparities among youth with ADHD and their families. We end with recommendations for future work involving researchers, clinicians, and policymakers with the intention of reducing disparities in ADHD diagnosis and treatment in the U.S.