Public hospital reform, family health consumption and health inequality: evidence from China Family Panel Studies.

Background: In 2017, China launched a comprehensive reform of public hospitals and eliminated drug markups, aiming to solve the problem of expensive medical treatment and allow poor and low-income people to enjoy basic health opportunities. This study attempts to evaluate the policy impact of public hospital reform on the health inequality of Chinese residents and analyze its micro-level mechanism from the perspective of household consumption structure. Studying the inherent causal connection between public hospital reform and health inequality is of paramount significance for strengthening China's healthcare policies, system design, raising the average health level of Chinese residents, and achieving the goal of ensuring a healthy life for individuals of all age groups. Methods: Based on the five waves of data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) conducted in 2012-2020, We incorporates macro-level statistical indicators such as the time of public hospital reforms, health insurance surplus, and aging, generating 121,447 unbalanced panel data covering 27 provinces in China for five periods. This data was used to explore the impact of public hospital reform on health inequality. Logical and empirical tests were conducted to determine whether the reform, by altering family medical care and healthy leisure consumption expenditures, affects the micro-pathways of health inequality improvement. We constructed a two-way fixed model based on the re-centralized influence function (RIF_CI_OLS) and a chained mediation effects model to verify the hypotheses mentioned above. Results: Public hospital reform can effectively improve the health inequality situation among Chinese residents. The reform significantly reduces household medical expenses, increases healthy leisure consumption, promotes the upgrading of family health consumption structure, and lowers the health inequality index. In terms of indirect effects, the contribution of the increase in healthy leisure consumption is relatively greater. Conclusion: Public hospital reform significantly alleviates health inequality in China, with household health consumption serving as an effective intermediary pathway in the aforementioned impact. In the dual context of global digitization and exacerbated population aging, enhancing higher education levels and vigorously developing the health industry may be two key factors contributing to this effect.

Causal association between family health, perceived relationship quality components, and attitudes toward childbearing in Iranian women: A WHO model analysis.

BACKGROUND: Given the unprecedented global decline in fertility as a major demographic development in recent years, the present study was conducted to determine Causal association Between Family Health, Perceived Relationship Quality Components, and Attitudes toward Childbearing in Iranian Women: A WHO Model Analysis METHODS: In 2023, this descriptive study recruited 400 married women presenting to selected comprehensive health centers affiliated to Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. The data were collected through multistage stratified cluster sampling and using a socioeconomic status questionnaire (Ghodratnama), the Perceived Relationship Quality Components (PRQC) scale, the family-of-origin scale (FOS), the attitudes toward fertility and childbearing scale (AFCS) and a demographic checklist were analyzed in SPSS 25 and LISREL 8.8. RESULTS: According to the path analysis, family health exerted the most significant and positive causal effect on attitudes to childbearing directly through one path (B = 0.334) and relationship quality (B = 0.698) and duration of married life (B = 0.387) both directly and indirectly. The number of children (B = -0.057), however, exerted the most significant and negative causal effect on attitudes to childbearing through both paths. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggested the significant effects of family health and relationship quality on attitudes toward childbearing. It is therefore recommended that these variables be screened in comprehensive health centers, the associated limitations and problems be identified and appropriate training and counseling solutions be provided by health specialists.

Nurses' experience of loss, grief, family health and care targeting patients and families in long-term cancer illness: A qualitative study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the experiences of registered nurses in hematology departments and primary care settings regarding loss, grief, and family health in adult patients and their families during long-term cancer illnesses. METHOD: A qualitative study was conducted taking a phenomenological hermeneutic approach. Data were collected between February and March 2023 through individual, semi-structured interviews with 12 nurses working in hematology departments and primary care settings in Denmark. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: The analysis resulted in the identification of four main themes with related subthemes: (1) Patients' individual losses leading to grief reactions, (2) Nurses' experience of families grieving the loss of former daily living, (3) Supporting families with family health as an implicit concept, and (4) Overcoming barriers through nurses' care interventions targeting family health. Results showed that nurses encountered various losses and grief reactions affecting both patients and families. Barriers such as experience levels and working conditions affected care quality. Despite challenges, nurses addressed these by utilizing communication, involving families, and directing them to additional healthcare services. CONCLUSION: The study unveiled limited nurse awareness of family health, acknowledging its significance in patient and family care. The findings highlight the importance of improving nurses' comprehension of effectively supporting families as a cohesive unit in the context of long-term cancer illnesses.

Improving Outcomes for Regional Families in the Early Years: Increasing Access to Child and Family Health Services for Regional Australia.

Providing child and family health (CFH) services that meet the needs of young children and their families is important for a child's early experiences, development and lifelong health and well-being. In Australia, families living in regional and rural areas have historically had limited access to specialist CFH services. In 2019, five new specialist CFH services were established in regional areas of New South Wales, Australia. The purpose of this study is to understand the regional families' perceptions and experiences of these new CFH services. A convergent mixed-methods design involving a survey and semi-structured interviews with parents who had used the service was used for this study. Data collected include demographics, reasons for engaging with the service, perception, and experience of the service, including if the service provided was family centred. Triangulation of the quantitative and qualitative analysis uncovered three main findings: (i) The regional location of the service reduced the burden on families to access support for their needs; (ii) providing a service that is family-centred is important to achieve positive outcomes; and (iii) providing a service that is family-centred advances the local reputation of the service, enabling a greater reach into the community. Providing local specialist CFH services reduces the burden on families and has positive outcomes; however, providing services that are family-centred is key.

Generation Scotland: an update on Scotland's longitudinal family health study.

PURPOSE: Generation Scotland (GS) is a large family-based cohort study established as a longitudinal resource for research into the genetic, lifestyle and environmental determinants of physical and mental health. It comprises extensive genetic, sociodemographic and clinical data from volunteers in Scotland. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 24 084 adult participants, including 5501 families, were recruited between 2006 and 2011. Within the cohort, 59% (approximately 14 209) are women, with an average age at recruitment of 49 years. Participants completed a health questionnaire and attended an in-person clinic visit, where detailed baseline data were collected on lifestyle information, cognitive function, personality traits and mental and physical health. Genotype array data are available for 20 026 (83%) participants, and blood-based DNA methylation (DNAm) data for 18 869 (78%) participants. Linkage to routine National Health Service datasets has been possible for 93% (n=22 402) of the cohort, creating a longitudinal resource that includes primary care, hospital attendance, prescription and mortality records. Multimodal brain imaging is available in 1069 individuals. FINDINGS TO DATE: GS has been widely used by researchers across the world to study the genetic and environmental basis of common complex diseases. Over 350 peer-reviewed papers have been published using GS data, contributing to research areas such as ageing, cancer, cardiovascular disease and mental health. Recontact studies have built on the GS cohort to collect additional prospective data to study chronic pain, major depressive disorder and COVID-19. FUTURE PLANS: To create a larger, richer, longitudinal resource, 'Next Generation Scotland' launched in May 2022 to expand the existing cohort by a target of 20 000 additional volunteers, now including anyone aged 12+ years. New participants complete online consent and questionnaires and provide postal saliva samples, from which genotype and salivary DNAm array data will be generated. The latest cohort information and how to access data can be found on the GS website (www.generationscotland.org).

User experience of a family health history chatbot: A quantitative analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Family health history (FHx) is an important tool in assessing one's risk towards specific health conditions. However, user experience of FHx collection tools is rarely studied. ItRunsInMyFamily.com (ItRuns) was developed to assess FHx and hereditary cancer risk. This study reports a quantitative user experience analysis of ItRuns. METHODS: We conducted a public health campaign in November 2019 to promote FHx collection using ItRuns. We used software telemetry to quantify abandonment and time spent on ItRuns to identify user behaviors and potential areas of improvement. RESULTS: Of 11,065 users who started the ItRuns assessment, 4305 (38.91%) reached the final step to receive recommendations about hereditary cancer risk. Highest abandonment rates were during Introduction (32.82%), Invite Friends (29.03%), and Family Cancer History (12.03%) subflows. Median time to complete the assessment was 636 s. Users spent the highest median time on Proband Cancer History (124.00 s) and Family Cancer History (119.00 s) subflows. Search list questions took the longest to complete (median 19.50 s), followed by free text email input (15.00 s). CONCLUSION: Knowledge of objective user behaviors at a large scale and factors impacting optimal user experience will help enhance the ItRuns workflow and improve future FHx collection.

Comparing Family Health Before and After a Family-Focused Nutrition Program during the Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic affected child health behaviors, leading to worse physical health. Given the importance of good family health in improved child health outcomes, this secondary cohort analysis tested the hypothesis that family health would improve from baseline to 12-week follow-up after participation in a novel family nutrition program. METHODS: Diverse parent-child dyads participated in a home-based virtual Teaching Kitchen Outreach (vTKO) program (11 weekly healthy, low-cost recipes, cooking videos, and associated groceries delivered). The primary outcome was the Family Healthy Lifestyle Subscale (FHLS). Secondary outcomes were parent and child nutrition, and food insecurity. Statistical testing and modeling were used to evaluate pre-post outcomes. RESULTS: Of 123 enrolled dyads, 114 (93%) had sufficient data for analysis. Participants were 11% Hispanic, 54% Black, and 28% White; 31% completed high school or less; and 30% indicated food insecurity. Cohort mean pre-post FHLS scores significantly increased (25.5 vs. 27.3; p < 0.001). There were significant improvements in parent nutrition (p < 0.001) and child nutrition (p = 0.02 to < 0.001), but not in food security. After adjusting for baseline covariates, tobit regression found statistically significant pre-post FHLS differences (2.3; 95% CI=[1.4, 3.3]; p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Participants in the novel home-based vTKO program reported improved family health over 12 weeks.

Classification of Healthy Family Indicators in Indonesia Based on a K-means Cluster Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Health development is a key element of national development. The goal of improving health development at the societal level will be readily achieved if it is directed from the smallest social unit, namely the family. This was the goal of the Healthy Indonesia Program with a Family Approach. The objective of the study was to analyze variables of family health indicators across all provinces in Indonesia to identify provincial disparities based on the status of healthy families. METHODS: This study examined secondary data for 2021 from the Indonesia Health Profile, provided by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, and from the 2021 welfare statistics by Statistics Indonesia (BPS). From these sources, we identified 10 variables for analysis using the k-means method, a non-hierarchical method of cluster analysis. RESULTS: The results of the cluster analysis of healthy family indicators yielded 5 clusters. In general, cluster 1 (Papua and West Papua Provinces) had the lowest average achievements for healthy family indicators, while cluster 5 (Jakarta Province) had the highest indicator scores. CONCLUSIONS: In Indonesia, disparities in healthy family indicators persist. Nutrition, maternal health, and child health are among the indicators that require government attention.

Recreating the village: the patient experience with a hybrid model of Group Perinatal Care (GPPC) in an academic family health team.

BACKGROUND: Group prenatal care (GPC) has been shown to have a positive impact on social support, patient knowledge and preparedness for birth. We developed an interprofessional hybrid model of care whereby the group perinatal care (GPPC) component was co-facilitated by midwives (MW) and family medicine residents (FMR) and alternating individual visits were provided by family physicians (FP's) within our academic family health team (FHT) In this qualitative study, we sought to explore the impact of this program and how it supports patients through pregnancy and the early newborn period. METHODS: Qualitative study that was conducted using semi-structured telephone interviews with 18 participants who had completed GPPC in the Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team in Toronto, Canada and delivered between November 2016 and October 2018. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was conducted by team members using grounded theory. RESULTS: Four over-arching themes emerged from the data: (i) Participants highly valued information they received from multiple trusted sources, (ii) Participants felt well cared for by the collaborative and coordinated interprofessional team, (iii) The design of GPPC enabled a shared experience, allowing for increased support of the pregnant person, and (iv) GPPC facilitated a supportive transition into the community which positively impacted participants' emotional well- being. CONCLUSIONS: The four constructs of social support (emotional, informational, instrumental and appraisal) were central to the value that participants found in GPPC. This support from the team of healthcare providers, peers and partners had a positive impact on participants' mental health and helped them face the challenges of their transition to parenthood.

The effect of family health on suboptimal health status: The parallel mediation role of sleep quality and health behaviour.

Background: The prevalence of suboptimal health status has been increasing worldwide, posing a significant challenge to public health. Meanwhile, family health has been recognised as an important factor influencing individual health outcomes. However, the mechanisms through which family health affects suboptimal health status remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the parallel mediation role of sleep quality and health behaviour in the relationship between family health and suboptimal health status. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey with a sample of adults >18 years old from four provinces in China. The survey questionnaires queried their demographic characteristics, family health, suboptimal health status, sleep quality, and health behaviour. We assessed family health by the Family Health Scale-Short Form and suboptimal health status using the Suboptimal Health Status Questionnaire. We employed structural equation modelling to analyse the data and test the proposed mediation model. Results: we collected 4918 valid questionnaires. The mean age of the participants was 30.1 years (standard deviation = 12.5). The correlation analysis demonstrated a significant negative association between family health and suboptimal health status (r = -0.44; P < 0.001). The results of the parallel mediation analysis showed that family health had a significant indirect effect on suboptimal health status through both sleep quality (ß = -0.350; P < 0.001) and health behaviour (ß = -0.137; P < 0.001). The total indirect effect of family health on suboptimal health status through both sleep quality and health behaviour was also significant (ß = -0.569, P < 0.001). Conclusions: This study highlights the significance of family health as a predictor of suboptimal health status and suggests that sleep quality and health behaviour are parallel mediators in this relationship. By understanding the role of family health, sleep quality, and health behaviour, interventions can be targeted to improve overall health outcomes.

Storylines of family medicine III: core principles-primary care, systems and family.

Storylines of Family Medicine is a 12-part series of thematically linked mini-essays with accompanying illustrations that explore the many dimensions of family medicine, as interpreted by individual family physicians and medical educators in the USA and elsewhere around the world. In 'III: core principles-primary care, systems, and family', authors address the following themes: 'Continuity of care-building therapeutic relationships over time', 'Comprehensiveness-combining breadth and depth of scope', 'Coordination of care-managing multiple realities', 'Access to care-intersectional, systemic, and personal', 'Systems theory-a core value in patient-centered care', 'Family-oriented practice-supporting patients' health and well-being', 'Family physician as family member' and 'Family in the exam room'. May readers develop new understandings from these essays.

The effects of big five personality traits on sub-health in a Chinese young adults: A moderated mediation model.

BACKGROUND: Sub-health can have an impact on the physical condition of the young adults, and this study aimed to investigate the influencing factors of sub-health related to the Big Five personality in Chinese young adults. METHODS: A multi-stage random sampling method was used to survey the Chinese young adults. A moderated mediation analysis was conducted to investigate how sleep quality and family health influenced the relationship between diverse personalities and sub-health in young adults. RESULTS: A total of 6165 young adults were included in this study. The results of the mediation analysis indicated that sleep quality partially mediated the relationship between neurotic, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness of young adults and sub-health. Family health played a moderating role between the sleep quality and agreeableness of young adults. LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional study limits conclusions about causal relationships between factors. CONCLUSION: Family health and sleep quality can influence sub-health in Chinese young adults with different personality traits.

Family History and Uterine Fibroid Development in Black and African American Women.

Importance: Uterine fibroids are an understudied condition, with earlier onset in Black than White women. Prior studies of the importance of family history on fibroid development are limited by reliance on hospital-based participant selection, poorly defined measures of family history, and nonsystematic fibroid assessment. Objective: To examine whether family history is a risk factor for fibroid development using prospective ultrasonography data to identify incident fibroids and measure fibroid growth and standardized methods to ascertain family history. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective community cohort of Black and African American women from the Detroit, Michigan, area was conducted from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2018, using 4 standardized ultrasonographic examinations during 5 years to detect fibroids 0.5 cm or larger in diameter and measure fibroid growth. Data analysis was performed between May 2022 and January 2024. Exposures: Maternal fibroid history data were gathered directly from participants' mothers when possible (1425/1628 [88%]), and 2 exposure variables were created: maternal history of fibroids (diagnosed vs not diagnosed) and age at maternal fibroid diagnosis (20-29, 30-39, or ≥40 years vs not diagnosed). Main Outcomes and Measures: Fibroid incidence was assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models; fibroid growth was calculated as change in log-volume per 18 months for fibroids matched at successive ultrasonograms. Results: A total of 1610 self-identified Black and/or African American women aged 23 to 35 years (mean [SD] age, 29.2 [3.4] years) with no prior clinical diagnosis of fibroids at enrollment were available for analysis. Of 1187 fibroid-free participants at enrollment, 442 (37%) had mothers who were diagnosed with fibroids. Compared with participants without a maternal history of fibroids, those reporting maternal history had an adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) of 1.21 (95% CI, 0.96-1.52). Risk was strongest in those whose mothers were diagnosed at a younger age (20-29 years: AHR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.11-2.21; 30-39 years: AHR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.71-1.49; ≥40 years: AHR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.81-1.52; P = .053 for trend). Fibroid growth rates were higher when mothers were diagnosed with fibroids vs not diagnosed (8.0% increased growth; 95% CI, -1.2% to 18.0%). Conclusions and Relevance: In this prospective cohort study, results supported maternal history of fibroids as a risk factor for incident fibroids, especially when mothers were diagnosed at a younger age. Maternal history was also associated with increased fibroid growth. Asking patients about their family history of fibroids could encourage patient self-advocacy and inform care.

Mortality risk following end-of-life caregiving: A population-based analysis of hospice users and their families.

Experiencing the death of a family member and providing end-of-life caregiving can be stressful on families - this is well-documented in both the caregiving and bereavement literatures. Adopting a linked-lived theoretical perspective, exposure to the death and dying of one family member could be conceptualized as a significant life stressor that produces short and long-term health consequences for surviving family members. This study uses familial-linked administrative records from the Utah Population Database to assess how variations in family hospice experiences affect mortality risk for surviving spouses and children. A cohort of hospice decedents living in Utah between 1998 and 2016 linked to their spouses and adult children (n = 37,271 pairs) provides an ideal study population because 1) hospice typically involves family members in the planning and delivery of end-of-life care, and 2) hospice admission represents a conscious awareness and acknowledgment that the decedent is entering an end-of-life experience. Thus, hospice duration (measured as the time between admission and death) is a precise measure of the family's exposure to an end-of-life stressor. Linking medical records, vital statistics, and other administrative microdata to describe decedent-kin pairs, event-history models assessed how hospice duration and characteristics of the family, including familial network size and coresidence with the decedent, were associated with long-term mortality risk of surviving daughters, sons, wives (widows), and husbands (widowers). Longer hospice duration increased mortality risk for daughters and husbands, but not sons or wives. Having other family members in the state was protective, and living in the same household as the decedent prior to death was a risk factor for sons. We conclude that relationship type and sex likely modify the how of end-of-life stressors (i.e., potential caregiving demands and bereavement experiences) affect health because of normative gender roles. Furthermore, exposure to dementia deaths may be particularly stressful, especially for women.

Acomodación familiar: una revisión sistemática / Family Accommodation: A systematic review

Family Accommodation is a very common phenomenon in families where a member has been diagnosed with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The objective of this literature review through the systematic search method was to know the state of the art of the Family Accommodation process in families of adolescents diagnosed with OCD, highlighting the growing literature that addresses the importance of addressing family factors associated with OCD, mainly Family Accommodation, and its implications in prognosis, treatment and quality in family dynamics, making clear the lack of Mexican research that addresses the phenomenon. We found 79 studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, of which 32 identified that accommodation was related to other individual and family variables, 13 analyzed it as a predictor of treatment success or failure, 17 of them focused on evaluating family-focused treatments, 7 analyzed the effects of combined treatments, 3 studies found that accommodation was present in other disorders besides OCD, 2 emphasized the importance of studying the construct in non-Western cultures and 2 more were qualitative. Three studies were identified in unpublished literature and were conducted in Mexican population. This review demonstrated that the literature has shown the importance of including family accommodation in the treatment of pediatric OCD, but there is very little research in Latino and non-Western populations. (AU)

The Effect of Establishing Symbolic Coordination Relations on the Emission of Helping Responses

This study aimed to investigate how the presentation of a request for help influences the likelihood of people being willing to help. The study was conducted with two groups of participants, one experimental and one control, who were asked to report their recent problems and then were presented with a request for help. The experimental group was presented with additional statements that established a relationship of coordination between the current problem and the participants' own problems that they had just reported. The control group was only presented with a simple request for help. The results showed that the experimental group was more likely to respond to the request for help, with seven out of eight participants contacting the second experimenter and five of them actively participating in the research. In contrast, in the control group, only half of the participants made contact and three of them agreed to participate. The authors hypothesized that by comparing both situations when requesting help, the experimenter facilitated the establishment of symbolic relations of coordination between such situations, which apparently increased the probability that the request for help would evoke responses. The results suggest that the use of this strategy - comparing the experiences lived by the client with those experienced by others - can be expanded in psychotherapy and other contexts aimed at developing empathy and sensitivity towards others. However, the results need to be considered with caution due to methodological limitations. (AU)

The mediating effect of family resilience between coping styles and caregiver burden in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Primary caregivers of hemodialysis patients suffer from varying degrees of stress from their patients. Caring for hemodialysis patients can expose caregivers to many problems, leading to an increased burden of care and even impacting the quality of care. The purpose of our study was to examine whether family resilience could be a mediating variable moderating the relationship between patient coping styles and caregiver burden. METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study that interviewed 173 pairs of hemodialysis patients and their caregivers at a blood purification center in a public hospital in China. The Brief Coping Styles Scale (Chinese version) was used to assess individuals' coping styles for disease and treatment. From the caregiver's perspective, the Family Resilience Assessment Scale (Chinese version) was used to understand the resilience of families, and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale was used to capture the caregiver's subjective experience of burden. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 23 and Amos version 26 to analyze the relationships between variables to examine for correlation and construct mediated effects models. RESULTS: Coping styles showed a significant positive correlation with family resilience (r = 0.347, P < 0.01) and a negative correlation with caregiver burden (r = -0.379, P < 0.01). A significant negative correlation was found between family resilience and caregiver burden (r = -0.503, P < 0.01). In the mediation model, patient coping styles directly impacted caregiver burden significantly (95% CI [-0.372, -0.058]), and coping styles indirectly impacted caregiver burden by family resilience in a significant way (95% CI [-0.275, -0.098]). CONCLUSIONS: Patient coping styles directly affect caregiver burden. Family resilience is a mediating variable between patients' coping styles and the burden on caregivers.

Family Resilience Affecting Well-Being of Families With a Child With Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities.

Persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) have pervasive support needs, which are often managed by their families. By being resilient and positively adapting to this challenge, families may maintain a positive family quality of life (FQOL). We therefore aimed to understand how families with a child with PIMD experience their family resilience, and if and how it affects their FQOL. Participants were 64 parents of a person with PIMD from 44 families. Total family resilience, as well as most subscales received positive scores, and also had a significant positive effect on FQOL. These results provide more insight into the family dynamics of families with a child with PIMD, which should inform policies, and provided services for these families.

Assessing transgenerational trauma transmission: development and psychometric properties of the Historical Intergenerational Trauma Transmission Questionnaire (HITT-Q).

ABSTRACTObjective/Background: Despite increasing attention on transgenerational trauma, currently no comprehensive model and measure exists to be applied on various populations. This study represents the first step in the validation of such a model and a related scale. The Historical Intergenerational Trauma Questionnaire (HITT-Q) assesses family and offspring self-reported vulnerability and resilience, as well as offspring historical moral injury and current levels of insidious trauma.Method: We developed the HITT-Q based on the cross-population model (HITT model; [Starrs, C. & Békés, V. (2024). Historical and transgenerational trauma: A conceptual framework. Traumatology. In Press]) which incorporates key findings in existing population specific studies. For initial validation of the model and its measurement, Holocaust survivors' offspring (N = 1104) completed the HITT-Q, measures of current mental health symptoms (PTSD, C-PTSD, anxiety, and depression), and a resilience scale.Results: In line with the HITT model, confirmatory factor analyses supported a 12-factor solution with the following factors under theorized dimensions: I. Family Vulnerability: (1) Dysregulated and Trauma-related Communication; (2)Trauma-influenced Parenting, (3) Fear; (4) Distress; II. (5) Family Resilience, III. Offspring Vulnerability: (6) Escape; (7) Heightened Responsibility; (8) Trauma-related distress; IV. Offspring Resilience: (9) Coping; (10) Belonging; (11) Values; V. (12) Historical Moral injury. The 12-factor model showed acceptable to good internal validity, and comparison with an existing measure of transgenerational Holocaust trauma indicated good concurrent validity. Finally, the HITT-Q demonstrated predictive validity for mental health symptoms and current resilience.Conclusions: The current study represents the first step in validating the HITT-Q as a comprehensive measure of historical intergenerational vulnerability and resilience. Our findings provide strong support for the underlying model, and suggest that the HITT-Q represents a valuable scale for both research and historical trauma-informed care.

The papers provides support for the underlying model of historical and transgenerational trauma.Findings showed that the Historical Intergenerational Trauma Questionnaire (HITT-Q) has 12 factors, and that it has good psychometric qualities, including internal, concurrent, and predictive validity.The Historical Intergenerational Trauma Questionnaire (HITT-Q) represent a valuable scale for both research and historical trauma-informed care.