Young bamboo flour as a substitute for emulsifying salts in requeijão cremoso processed cheese and the effect on the quality parameters.

The effect of the substitution of emulsifying salt by the young bamboo flour (BF) (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 % w/w) on requeijão cremoso processed cheese [REQ, REQ 25, REQ 75 REQ 100]) processing was investigated. Gross composition, calcium and sodium values, functional properties (melting rate), color parameters (L, a*, b*, C*, and Whiteness Index, WI), texture profile, fatty acid profile, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and sensory profiling were evaluated. No effect was observed on the gross composition; however, sodium and melting rate values were decreased, and calcium values presented the opposite behavior. BF could modify the optical parameters, observing an increase in WI values. Higher BF addition increased hardness and lowered elasticity, and regarding the fatty acid profile, there is no significant difference. Different volatile compounds were noted in a proportional form with the BF addition, which was reflected in similar sensory acceptance for REQ 25 and control samples. Although some aspects require further in-depth studies, using BF as a substitute for emulsifying salt in requeijão cremoso processed cheese appears to be a viable option, especially when considering partial replacements.

Microbial dynamics and quality characteristics of spontaneously fermented salamis produced by replacing pork fat with avocado pulp.

The aim of this study was to develop a novel and healthier fermented meat product by replacing pork fat with avocado pulp (AVP) during salami production. Experimental salamis were produced under laboratory conditions by substituting pork fat with AVP partially (10-AVP) and totally (20-AVP), while control salamis (CTR) remained AVP-free. The microbial composition of control and experimental salamis was assessed using a combined culture-dependent and -independent approach. Over a 20-days ripening period, lactic acid bacteria, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and yeasts dominated the microbial community, with approximate levels of 9.0, 7.0 and 6.0 log CFU/g, respectively. Illumina technology identified 26 taxonomic groups, with leuconostocs being the predominant group across all trials [constituting 31.26-59.12 % of relative abundance (RA)]. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed changes in fatty acid composition and volatile organic compounds due to the substitution of pork fat with AVP. Specifically, monounsaturated fatty acids and terpene compounds increased, while saturated fatty acids and lipid oxidation products decreased. Although AVP influenced the sensory characteristics of the salamis, the highest overall satisfaction ratings were observed for the 10-AVP salamis. Consequently, substituting pork fat with AVP emerges as a viable strategy for producing healthier salamis and diversifying the meat product portfolio.

Lacticaseibacillus salsurivasis sp. nov. and Companilactobacillus muriivasis sp. nov., Isolated from Traditional Chinese Pickle.

Three Gram-stain-positive bacterial strains were isolated from traditional Chinese pickle and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain 74-4T was most closely related to the type strains of Lacticaseibacillus suibinensis and Lacticaseibacillus suilingensis, having 99.9% and 100% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively, and that strains 419-1.2T and 262-4 were most closely related to the type strains of Companilactobacillus heilongjiangensis, Companilactobacillus nantensis, Companilactobacillus huachuanensis, and Companilactobacillus nuruki, having 98.5-99.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. The phylogenomic trees indicated that strain 74-4T was related to the type strains of L. suibinensis and L. suilingensis, and that strains 419-1.2T and 262-4 were related to the type strains of C. heilongjiangensis, C. nantensis, C. huachuanensis, and Companilactobacillus zhachilii. The ANI and dDDH values between strain 74-4T and type strains of phylogenetically related species were less than 92.7% and 49.9%, respectively. The ANI and dDDH values between strains 419-1.2T and 262-4 and type strains of phylogenetically related species were less than 93.4% and 51.7%, respectively. Based upon the data of polyphasic characterization obtained in the present study, two novel species, Lacticaseibacillus salsurivasis sp. nov. and Companilactobacillus muriivasis sp. nov., are proposed and the type strains are 74-4T (= JCM 35890T = CCTCC AB 2022414T) and 419-1.2T (= JCM 35891T = CCTCC AB 2022413T), respectively.

Roseateles caseinilyticus sp. nov. and Roseateles cellulosilyticus sp. nov., isolated from rice paddy field soil.

Two novel Gram-stain-negative strains designated P7T and P8T, were isolated from the soil of a paddy field in Goyang, Republic of Korea, and identified as new species within the genus Roseateles through a polyphasic taxonomic approach. These aerobic, rod-shaped, non-sporulating strains demonstrated optimal growth at 30 °C, pH 7, and in the absence of NaCl (0% w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated close relationships with Roseateles saccharophilus DSM654T (98.7%) and Roseateles puraquae CCUG 52769T (98.96%), respectively. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the isolates with the most closely related strains with publicly available whole genomes were 82.0-85.5% and 25.0-30.2%, respectively. The predominant fatty acids identified were C16:0 and summed feature 3 (composed of C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c), with minor amounts of C12:0, C10:0 3-OH and summed feature 8 (composed of C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c; 26.4%). Ubiquinone 8 was the main quinone, and the polar lipid profile included phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified phosphoaminolipids, one unidentified phosphoglycolipid, three unidentified phospholipids, and one unidentified aminolipid. The draft genome sequences revealed genomic DNA G + C contents of 70.1% for P7T and 68.2% for P8T. Comprehensive physiological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA sequence analyses confirm these isolates as novel species of the genus Roseateles, proposed to be named Roseateles caseinilyticus sp. nov for strain P7T (= KACC 22504T = TBRC 15694T) and Roseateles cellulosilyticus sp. nov. for strain P8T (= KACC 22505T = TBRC 15695T).

[Determination of fatty acid composition after saponification of common oil pharmaceutical excipients by supercritical fluid-evaporative light scattering method and its application in oil identification].

Oils and fats are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry as solvents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, and dispersants, and are an important category of pharmaceutical excipients. Fatty acids with unique compositions are important components of oil pharmaceutical excipients. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia provides clear descriptions of the fatty acid types and limits suitable for individual oil pharmaceutical excipient. An unqualified fatty acid composition or content may indicate adulteration or deterioration. The fatty acid composition, as a key indicator for the identification and adulteration evaluation of oil pharmaceutical excipients, can directly affect the quality and safety of oil pharmaceutical excipients and preparations. Gas chromatography is the most widely used technique for fatty acid analysis, but it generally requires derivatization, which affects quantitative accuracy. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), an environmentally friendly technique with excellent separation capability, offers an efficient method for detecting fatty acids without derivatization. Unlike other chromatographic methods, SFC does not use nonvolatile solvents (e. g., water) as the mobile phase, rendering it compatible with an evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD) for enhanced detection sensitivity. However, the fatty acids in oil pharmaceutical excipients exist in the free and bound forms, and the low content of free fatty acids in these oil pharmaceutical excipients not only poses challenges for their detection but also complicates the determination of characteristic fatty acid compositions and contents. Moreover, the compositions and ratios of fatty acids are influenced by environmental factors, leading to interconversion between their two forms. In this context, saponification provides a simpler and faster alternative to derivatization. Saponification degrades oils and fats by utilizing the reaction between esters and an alkaline solution, ultimately releasing the corresponding fatty acids. Because this method is more cost effective than derivatization, it is a suitable pretreatment method for the detection of fatty acids in oil pharmaceutical excipients using the SFC-ELSD approach. In this study, we employed SFC-ELSD to simultaneously determine six fatty acids, namely, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, docosanoic acid, and lignoceric acid, in oil pharmaceutical excipients. Saponification of the oil pharmaceutical excipients using sodium hydroxide methanol solution effectively avoided the bias in the determination of fatty acid species and contents caused by the interconversion of fatty acids and esters. The separation of the six fatty acids was achieved within 12 min, with good linearity within their respective mass concentration ranges. The limits of detection and quantification were 5-10 mg/L and 10-25 mg/L, respectively, and the spiked recoveries were 80.93%-111.66%. The method proved to be sensitive, reproducible, and stable, adequately meeting requirements for the analysis of fatty acids in oil pharmaceutical excipients. Finally, the analytical method was successfully applied to the determination of six fatty acids in five types of oil pharmaceutical excipients, namely, corn oil, soybean oil, coconut oil, olive oil, and peanut oil. It can be combined with principal component analysis to accurately differentiate different types of oil pharmaceutical excipients, providing technical support for the rapid identification and quality control of oil pharmaceutical excipients. Thus, the proposed method may potentially be applied to the analysis of complex systems adulterated with oil pharmaceutical excipients.

Bosea rubneri sp. nov. Isolated from Organically Grown Allium cepa.

Strain ZW T0_25T was isolated from an onion sample (Allium cepa var. Hytech F1) within a storage trial and proofed to be a novel, aerobic, Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped bacterial strain. Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequence and of the whole draft genome sequences, i.e., digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and Average Amino Acid Identity (AAI) showed that this strain represents a new species of the genus Bosea. The genome size of strain ZW T0_25T is 6.19 Mbp, and the GC content is 66.9%. As whole cell sugars, rhamnose, ribose and glucose were identified. Ubiquinone Q-10 is the major respiratory quinone with 97.8%. Polar lipids in strain ZW T0_25T are composed of one phosphatidylethanolamine, one phosphatidylglycerol, one aminophospholipid, two aminolipids, one glycolipid and two phospholipids whereas the fatty acid profile predominantly consists of C18:1 w7c (63.3%), C16:1 w7c (19.5%) and C16:0 (7.1%). Phenotypic traits were tested in the wet lab as well as predicted in silico from genome data. Therefore, according to this polyphasic approach, the new name Bosea rubneri sp. nov. with the type strain ZW T0_25T (= DSM 116094 T = LMG 33093 T) is proposed.

Faecalibacterium taiwanense sp. nov., isolated from human faeces.

Two Gram-stain-negative, straight rods, non-motile, asporogenous, catalase-negative and obligately anaerobic butyrate-producing strains, HLW78T and CYL33, were isolated from faecal samples of two healthy Taiwanese adults. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA and DNA mismatch repair protein MutL (mutL) gene sequences revealed that these two novel strains belonged to the genus Faecalibacterium. On the basis of 16S rRNA and mutL gene sequence similarities, the type strains Faecalibacterium butyricigenerans AF52-21T(98.3-98.1 % and 79.0-79.5 % similarity), Faecalibacterium duncaniae A2-165T(97.8-97.9 % and 70.9-80.1 %), Faecalibacterium hattorii APC922/41-1T(97.1-97.3 % and 80.3-80.5 %), Faecalibacterium longum CM04-06T(97.8-98.0% and 78.3 %) and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ATCC 27768T(97.3-97.4 % and 82.7-82.9 %) were the closest neighbours to the novel strains HLW78T and CYL33. Strains HLW78T and CYL33 had 99.4 % both the 16S rRNA and mutL gene sequence similarities, 97.9 % average nucleotide identity (ANI), 96.3 % average amino acid identity (AAI), and 80.5 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values, indicating that these two strains are members of the same species. Phylogenomic tree analysis indicated that strains HLW78T and CYL33 formed an independent robust cluster together with F. prausnitzii ATCC 27768T. The ANI, AAI and dDDH values between strain HLW78T and its closest neighbours were below the species delineation thresholds of 77.6-85.1 %, 71.4-85.2 % and 28.3-30.9 %, respectively. The two novel strains could be differentiated from the type strains of their closest Faecalibacterium species based on their cellular fatty acid compositions, which contained C18 : 1 ω7c and lacked C15 : 0 and C17 : 1 ω6c, respectively. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic test results demonstrated that the two novel strains HLW78T and CYL33 represented a single, novel species within the genus Faecalibacterium, for which the name Faecalibacterium taiwanense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HLW78T (=BCRC 81397T=NBRC 116372T).

Clostridium tanneri sp. nov., isolated from the faecal material of an alpaca.

A strictly anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative rod-shaped bacterium, designated A1-XYC3T, was isolated from the faeces of an alpaca (Lama pacos). On the basis of the results of a comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate was assigned to the genus Clostridium with the highest sequence similarities to Clostridium magnum DSM 2767T (96.8 %), Clostridium carboxidivorans P7T (96.3 %) and Clostridium aciditolerans JW/YJL-B3T (96.1 %). The average nucleotide identity between A1-XYC3T, C. magnum, C. carboxidivorans and C. aciditolerans was 77.4, 76.1 and 76.6  %, respectively. The predominant components of the cellular fatty acids of A1-XYC3T were C14 : 0, C16 : 0 and summed feature 10, containing C18:0/C17:0 cyclo. The DNA G+C content was 32.4 mol%. On the basis of biochemical, phylogenetic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic criteria, this isolate represents a novel species within Clostridium sensu stricto for which the name Clostridium tanneri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of this species is strain A1-XYC3T (=CCM 9376T=NRRL B-65691T).

Sinomonas terricola sp. nov., a plant-beneficial bacterium isolated from litchi rhizosphere soil in Guangdong, China.

A novel plant-beneficial bacterium strain, designated as JGH33T, which inhibited Peronophythora litchii sporangia germination, was isolated on Reasoner's 2A medium from a litchi rhizosphere soil sample collected in Gaozhou City, Guangdong Province, PR China. Cells of strain JGH33T were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile, bent rods. The strain grew optimally at 30-37 °C and pH 6.0-8.0. Sequence similarity analysis based on 16S rRNA genes indicated that strain JGH33T exhibited highest sequence similarity to Sinomonas albida LC13T (99.2 %). The genomic DNA G+C content of the isolate was 69.1 mol%. The genome of JGH33T was 4.7 Mbp in size with the average nucleotide identity value of 83.45 % to the most related reference strains, which is lower than the species delineation threshold of 95 %. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization of the isolate resulted in a relatedness value of 24.9 % with its closest neighbour. The predominant respiratory quinone of JGH33T was MK-9(H2). The major fatty acids were C15 : 0 anteiso (43.4 %), C16 : 0 iso (19.1 %) and C17 : 0 anteiso (19.3 %), and the featured component was C18 : 3 ω6c (1.01 %). The polar lipid composition of strain JGH33T included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, dimannosylglyceride, phosphatidylinositol and glycolipids. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomy analyses data, strain JGH33T represents a novel species of the genus Sinomonas, for which the name Sinomonas terricola sp. nov. is proposed, with JGH33T (=JCM 35868T=GDMCC 1.3730T) as the type strain.

Description of an anaerobic actinobacterium, Kribbibacterium absianum gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the novel family Kribbibacteriaceae fam. nov., and reclassification of the genera Granulimonas and Leptogranulimonas.

Two rod-shaped, obligate anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive bacteria isolated from the pig faeces were designated YH-ols2216 and YH-ols2217T. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that these isolates were most related to the members of the family Atopobiaceae, within the order Coriobacteriales, and Granulimonas faecalis KCTC 25474T with 92.0 and 92.5% similarities, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity within isolates was 99.9 %; and those between isolates YH-ols2216 and YH-ols2217T, and Atopobium minutum DSM 20586T, the type species of the type genus Atopobium within the family Atopobiaceae, were 88.5 and 88.7 %, respectively. Those between isolates and Coriobacterium glomerans PW2T, the type species of the type genus Coriobacterium within the family Coriobacteriaceae, were 88.7 and 89.1 %, respectively. The multi-locus sequence tree revealed that the isolates, alongside the genera Granulimonas and Leptogranulimonas, formed a distinct cluster between the families Atopobiaceae and Coriobacteriaceae. The average nucleotide identities and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values for the isolates and their most closely related strains ranged from 67.7 to 76.2 % and from 18.4 to 23.3 %, respectively. The main cellular fatty acids of the isolates were C18 : 0 DMA, C18 : 1 ω9c, C18 : 0 12OH, C18 : 0, and C16 : 0. The cell wall contained the peptidoglycan meso-diaminopimelic acid. Lactate was the main end-product of the isolates. The major polar lipids of isolate YH-ols2217T were aminophospholipid, aminolipids, and lipids. Menaquinones were not identified in the cells of the isolates. The DNA G+C contents of isolates YH-ols2216 and YH-ols2217T were 67.5 and 67.6 mol%, respectively. Considering these chemotaxonomic, phenotypic, and phylogenetic properties, Kribbibacteriaceae fam. nov. is proposed within the order Coriobacteriales. YH-ols2216 (=KCTC 25708=NBRC 116429) and YH-ols2217T (=KCTC 25709T=NBRC 116430T) represent a novel taxon within this new family and the name Kribbibacterium absianum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. In addition, the genera Granulimonas and Leptogranulimonas are transferred to the family Kribbibacteriaceae fam. nov.

The role of C18 fatty acids in improving the digestion and retrogradation properties of highland barley starch.

In this study, five C18 fatty acids (FA) with different numbers of double bonds and configurations including stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (OA), elaidic acid (EA), linoleic acid (LA), and α-linolenic acid (ALA), were selected to prepare highland barely starch (HBS)-FA complexes to modulate digestibility and elaborate the underlying mechanism. The results showed that HBS-SA had the highest complex index (34.18 %), relative crystallinity (17.62 %) and single helix content (25.78 %). Furthermore, the HBS-C18 FA complexes were formed by EA (C18 FA with monounsaturated bonds) that had the highest R1047/1022 (1.0509) and lowest full width at half-maximum (FWHM, 20.85), suggesting good short-range ordered structure. Moreover, all C18 FAs could form two kinds of V-type complexes with HBS, which can be confirmed by the results of CLSM and DSC measurements, and all of them showed significantly lower digestibility. HBS-EA possessed the highest resistant starch content (20.17 %), while HBS-SA had the highest slowly digestible starch content (26.61 %). In addition, the inhibition of HBS retrogradation by fatty acid addition was further proven, where HBS-SA gel firmness (37.80 g) and aging enthalpy value were the lowest, indicating the most effective. Overall, compounding with fatty acids, especially SA, could be used as a novel way to make functional foods based on HBS.

Exploring lipid digestion discrepancies between preterm formula and human milk: Insights from in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and the impact of added milk fat.

Lipids play a pivotal role in the nutrition of preterm infants, acting as a primary energy source. Due to their underdeveloped gastrointestinal systems, lipid malabsorption is common, leading to insufficient energy intake and slowed growth. Therefore, it is critical to explore the reasons behind the low lipid absorption rate in formulas for preterm infants. This study utilized a simulated in intro gastrointestinal digestion model to assess the differences in lipid digestion between preterm human milk and various infant formulas. Results showed that the fatty acid release rates for formulas IF3, IF5, and IF7 were 58.90 %, 56.58 %, and 66.71 %, respectively, lower than human milk's 72.31 %. The primary free fatty acids (FFA) and 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) released during digestion were C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n-9, and C18:2n-6, in both human milk and formulas. Notably, the higher release of C16:0 in formulas may disrupt fatty acid balance, impacting lipid absorption. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate lipid absorption differences, which will inform the optimization of lipid content in preterm infant formulas.

Structural characteristics and in vitro starch digestibility of oil-modified cooked rice with varied addition manipulations.

Lipid has crucial applications in improving the quality of starchy products during heat processing. Herein, the influence of lipid modification and thermal treatment on the physicochemical properties and starch digestibility of cooked rice prepared with varied addition manipulations was investigated. Rice bran oil (RO) and medium chain triglyceride oil (MO) manipulations were performed either before (BC) or after cooking (AC). GC-MS was applied to determine the fatty acid profiles. Nutritional quality was analyzed by quantifying total phenolics, atherogenic, and thrombogenic indices. All complexes exhibited higher surface firmness, a soft core, and less adhesive. FTIR spectrum demonstrated that the guest component affected some of the dense structural attributes of V-amylose. The kinetic constant was in the range between 0.47 and 0.86 min-1 wherein before mode presented a higher value. The lowest glucose release was observed in the RO_BC sample, whereas the highest complexing index was observed in the RO_AC sample, indicating that the dense molecular configuration of complexes that could resist enzymatic digestion was more critical than the quantity of complex formation. Despite the damage caused by mass and heat transfer, physical barrier, intact granule forms, and strengthened dense structure were the central contributors affecting the digestion characteristics of lipid-starch complexes.

Effects of supplementation of different selenium sources on lipid profile, selenium, and vitamin E concentration of yolk.

Egg preference as a source of protein also provides beneficial fatty acids, vital for human consumption. However, rich in lipid products are prone to oxidative damage. The study aims to determine the effect of supplementing biogenic selenium (Se) from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, ADS18 (ADS18) in laying hens' diet on yolk lipid oxidation status (MDA), beta-carotene (ß-carotene) content, cholesterol, fatty acids, Se, and vitamin E (VE) level. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) laying hens of Lohmann Brown strains aged 50 weeks, weighing 1500 to 2000 g were reared individually in A-shape two-tier stainless-steel cages sized 30 cm x 50 cm x 40 cm (width, depth height). The hens were randomly allotted into four treatments with six replications in a complete randomised design for the period of 12 weeks. The basal diet contains 100 mg/kg VE. Treatment diets consist of basal diet as control, SS containing 0.3 mg/kg sodium selenite, Se-yeast containing 0.3 mg/kg selenised yeast, and VADS18 containing 0.3 mg/kg of ADS18. Forty-eight eggs were collected and freeze-dried biweekly for analysis. The results of the present study showed that hens supplemented ADS18 had significantly (P < 0.05) lower MDA and cholesterol levels while their egg yolks had higher levels of Se and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The control group had significantly (P < 0.05) higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents than the VE and dietary Se-supplemented groups, while the ADS18 group had the lowest SFA contents. Conversely, in comparison to the inorganic and control groups, the VE content of the egg yolk was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in organic Se-supplemented (Se-yeast and VADS18) groups. Hens with SS supplementation had significantly (P < 0.05) higher egg yolk ß-carotene content. When compared to other treatment groups, the control group had higher (P < 0.05) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content. The ADS18 is therefore deemed comparable to other Se sources. To prevent Se toxicity, however, a better understanding of the levels of ADS18 incorporation in poultry diets is required.

Jeotgalibacillus haloalkalitolerans sp. nov., a novel alkalitolerant and halotolerant bacterium, isolated from the confluence of the Fenhe River and the Yellow River.

A Gram-stain positive, aerobic, alkalitolerant and halotolerant bacterium, designated HH7-29 T, was isolated from the confluence of the Fenhe River and the Yellow River in Shanxi Province, PR China. Growth occurred at pH 6.0-12.0 (optimum, pH 8.0-8.5) and 15-40℃ (optimum, 32℃) with 0.5-24% NaCl (optimum, 2-9%). The predominant fatty acids (> 10.0%) were iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. The major menaquinones were MK-7 and MK-8. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified phospholipids. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain HH7-29 T was a member of the genus Jeotgalibacillus, exhibiting high sequence similarity to the 16S rRNA gene sequences of Jeotgalibacillus alkaliphilus JC303T (98.4%), Jeotgalibacillus salarius ASL-1 T (98.1%) and Jeotgalibacillus alimentarius YKJ-13 T (98.1%). The genomic DNA G + C content was 43.0%. Gene annotation showed that strain HH7-29 T had lower protein isoelectric points (pIs) and possessed genes related to ion transport and organic osmoprotectant uptake, implying its potential tolerance to salt and alkali. The average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization values, amino acid identity values, and percentage of conserved proteins values between strain HH7-29 T and its related species were 71.1-83.8%, 19.5-27.4%, 66.5-88.4% and 59.8-76.6%, respectively. Based on the analyses of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genomic features, strain HH7-29 T represents a novel species of the genus Jeotgalibacillus, for which the name Jeotgalibacillus haloalkalitolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HH7-29 T (= KCTC 43417 T = MCCC 1K07541T).

Formation of Epoxy Fatty Acids in Triacylglycerol Standards during Heating.

Epoxy fatty acid formation during heating was estimated using triolein (OOO) and trilinolein (LLL). Epoxy octadecanoic acids were found in heated OOO, while epoxy octadecenoic acids were found in heated LLL. The content of epoxy fatty acids increased with heating time, and trans-epoxy fatty acids were formed significantly more than cis-epoxy fatty acids. A comparison between OOO and LLL indicated that epoxy fatty acid formation was higher in the OOO than that in the LLL. Heating tests in the presence of α- tocopherol suggested that the formation of epoxy fatty acids could be suppressed by antioxidants.

Streptococcus hohhotensis sp. nov., isolated from the breast milk of a healthy woman.

Human breast milk contains lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which have an important influence on the composition of the intestinal microbia of infants. In this study, one strain of an α-hemolytic species of the genus Streptococcus, IMAU99199T, isolated from the breast milk of a healthy nursing mother in Hohhot city PR China, was studied to characterise its taxonomic status using phenotypic and molecular taxonomic methods. The results indicated that it represented a member of the mitis-suis clade, pneumoniae subclade of the genus Streptococcus. It is a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-negative and oxidase-negative bacterium, and the cells are globular, paired or arranged in short chains. The results of a phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rRNA gene and two housekeeping genes (gyrB and rpoB) placed it in the genus Streptococcus. A phylogenetic tree based on 135 single-copy genes sequences indicated that IMAU99199T formed a closely related branch well separated from 'Streptococcus humanilactis' IMAU99125, 'Streptococcus bouchesdurhonensis' Marseille Q6994, Streptococcus mitis NCTC 12261T, 'Streptococcus vulneris' DM3B3, Streptococcus toyakuensis TP1632T, Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae ATCC BAA-960T and Streptococcus pneumoniae NCTC 7465T. IMAU99199T and 'S. humanilactis' IMAU99125 had the highest average nucleotide identity (93.7 %) and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (55.3 %) values, which were below the accepted thresholds for novel species. The DNA G+C content of the draft genome of IMAU99199T was 39.8 %. The main cellular fatty acids components of IMAU99199T were C16 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7. It grew at a temperature range of 25-45 °C (the optimum growth temperature was 37 °C) and a pH range of 5.0-8.0 (the optimum growth pH was 7.0). These data indicate that strain IMAU99199T represents a novel species in the genus Streptococcus, for which the name Streptococcus hohhotensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IMAU99199T (=GDMCC 1.1874T=KCTC 21155T).

Streptomyces albipurpureus sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium with antimicrobial activity isolated from the rhizospheric soil of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don.

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain CWNU-1T, was isolated from the rhizospheric soil of Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don and examined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The organism developed pale blue aerial mycelia that was simply branched and terminated in open or closed coils of three or more volutions on International Streptomyces Project 3 agar. Spores were ellipsoidal to cylindrical with wrinkled surfaces. The strain showed high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Streptomyces kurssanovii NBRC 13192T (98.8 %), Streptomyces xantholiticus NBRC 13354T (98.7 %) and Streptomyces peucetius JCM 9920T (98.6 %). The phylogenetic result based on 16S rRNA gene and genome sequences clearly demonstrated that strain CWNU-1T formed an independent phylogenetic lineage. On the basis of orthologous average nucleotide identity, CWNU-1T was most closely related to Streptomyces inusitatus NBRC 13601T with 79.3 % identity. The results of the digital DNA-DNA hybridization analysis also indicated low levels of relatedness with other species, as the highest value was observed with S. inusitatus NBRC 13601T (25.3 %). With reference to phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic data, orthologous average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization results, strain CWNU-1T was readily distinguished from its most closely related strains and classified as representing a novel species, for which the name Streptomyces albipurpureus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CWNU-1T (=CGMCC 4.7758T=MCCC 1K07402T=JCM 35391T).

Unravelling the nutritional and health benefits of marketable winged termites (Macrotermes spp.) as sustainable food sources in Africa.

Termites are widely distributed globally and serve as a valuable food source in many countries. However, information on the myriad nutritional benefits of processed termite products in African markets remain largely unexploited. This study evaluated the phytochemicals, fatty acids, amino acids, minerals, vitamins and proximate composition of the edible winged termites (Macrotermes spp.) from three major Counties of Kenya. A total of 9 flavonoids, 5 alkaloids, and 1 cytokinin were identified. The oil content varied from 33 to 46%, exhibiting significant levels of beneficial omega 3 fatty acids, such as methyl (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoate and methyl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate, ranging from 82.7-95.1 to 6.3-8.1 µg/g, respectively, across the different regions. Four essential and cereal-limiting amino acids lysine (1.0-1.3 mg/g), methionine (0.08-0.1 mg/g), leucine (0.6-0.9 mg/g) and threonine (0.1-0.2 mg/g), were predominant. Moreover, termites had a rich profile of essential minerals, including iron (70.7-111.8 mg/100 g), zinc (4.4-16.2 mg/100 g) and calcium (33.1-53.0 mg/100 g), as well as vitamins A (2.4-6.4 mg/kg), C (0.6-1.9 mg/kg) and B12 (10.7-17.1 mg/kg). The crude protein (32.2-44.8%) and fat (41.2-49.1%) contents of termites from the various Counties was notably high. These findings demonstrated the promising nutrients potential of winged termites and advocate for their sustainable utilization in contemporary efficacious functional food applications to combat malnutrition.

The effect of supplementation with rubber seed kernel pellet on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and fatty acid profiles in swamp buffalo.

BACKGROUND: Rubber seed kernel is a by-product derived from rubber tree plantations. It is rich in C18 unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and has the potential to be used as a protein source for ruminant diets. This investigation has been conducted to determine the influence of rubber seed kernel pellet (RUSKEP) supplementation on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and fatty acid profiles in swamp buffalo. Using a completely randomized design (CRD) and supplementation of RUSKEP at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% dry matter (DM) of substrate. RESULTS: The supplementation with RUSKEP had no effect on gas kinetics, cumulative gas production, or degradability. Ruminal pH decreased linearly (P < 0.01) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration decreased quadratically (P < 0.01) by RUSKEP supplementation. The proportion of acetate (C2) decreased linearly (P < 0.01), but propionate (C3) and butyrate (C4) increased linearly (P < 0.01), resulting in a decrease in the acetate to propionate ratio (C2:C3) (P < 0.01) by RUSKEP supplementation. With an increasing level of dietary RUSKEP, there was a slight increase in UFA in the rumen by increasing the oleic acid (OA; C18:1 cis-9 + trans-9), linoleic acid (LA; C18:2 cis-9,12 + trans-9,12), and α-linolenic acid (ALA; C18:3 cis-9,12,15) concentrations (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Adding up to 10% of RUSKEP could improve in vitro rumen fermentation and C18 unsaturated fatty acids, especially ALA, in swamp buffalo.