Closed Reduction for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: Early-term Results From a Prospective, Multicenter Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Closed reduction (CR) is a common treatment for infantile developmental dysplasia of the hip. The purpose of this observational, prospective, multicenter study was to determine the early outcomes following CR. METHODS: Prospectively collected data from an international multicenter study group was analyzed for patients treated from 2010 to 2014. Baseline demographics, clinical exam, radiographic/ultrasonographic data, and history of previous orthotic treatment were assessed. At minimum 1-year follow-up, failure was defined as an IHDI grade 3 or 4 hip and/or need for open reduction. The incidence of avascular necrosis (AVN), residual dysplasia, and need for further surgery was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 78 patients undergoing CR for 87 hips were evaluated with a median age at initial reduction of 8 months (range, 1 to 20 mo). Of these, 8 hips (9%) were unable to be closed reduced initially. At most recent follow-up (median 22 mo; range, 12 to 36 mo), 72/79 initially successful CRs (91%) remained stable. The likelihood of failure was unaffected by initial clinical reducibility of the hip (P=0.434), age at initial CR (P=0.897), or previous treatment in brace (P=0.222). Excluding those hips that failed initial CR, 18/72 hips (25%) developed AVN, and the risk of osteonecrosis was unaffected by prereduction reducibility of the hip (P=0.586), age at CR (P=0.745), presence of an ossific nucleus (P=0.496), or previous treatment in brace (P=0.662). Mean acetabular index on most recent radiographs was 25 degrees (±6 degrees), and was also unaffected by any of the above variables. During the follow-up period, 8/72 successfully closed reduced hips (11%) underwent acetabular and/or femoral osteotomy for residual dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Following an initially successful CR, 9% of hips failed reduction and 25% developed radiographic AVN at early-term follow-up. History of femoral head reducibility, previous orthotic bracing, and age at CR did not correlate with success or chances of developing AVN. Further follow-up of this prospective, multicenter cohort will be necessary to establish definitive success and complication rates following CR for infantile developmental dysplasia of the hip. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II-prospective observational cohort.

Femoral-facial syndrome: A review of the literature and 14 additional patients including a monozygotic discordant twin pair.

Femoral-facial syndrome (FFS, OMIM 134780), also known as femoral hypoplasia-unusual face syndrome, is a rare sporadic syndrome associated with maternal diabetes, and comprising femoral hypoplasia/agenesis and a distinct facies characterized by micrognathia, cleft palate, and other minor dysmorphisms. The evaluation of 14 unpublished Brazilian patients, prompted us to make an extensive literature review comparing both sets of data. From 120 previously reported individuals with FFS, 66 were excluded due to: not meeting the inclusion criteria (n = 21); not providing sufficient data to ascertain the diagnosis (n = 29); were better assigned to another diagnosis (n = 3); and, being fetuses of the second trimester (n = 13) due to the obvious difficult to confirm a typical facies. Clinical-radiological and family information from 54 typical patients were collected and compared with the 14 new Brazilian patients. The comparison between the two sets of patients did not show any relevant differences. Femoral involvement was most frequently hypoplasia, observed in 91.2% of patients, and the typical facies was characterized by micrognathia (97%), cleft palate (61.8%), and minor dysmorphisms (frontal bossing 63.6%, short nose 91.7%, long philtrum 94.9%, and thin upper lip 92.3%). Clubfoot (55.9%) was commonly observed. Other observed findings may be part of FFS or may be simply concurrent anomalies since maternal diabetes is a common risk factor. While maternal diabetes was the only common feature observed during pregnancy (50.8%), no evidence for a monogenic basis was found. Moreover, a monozygotic discordant twin pair was described reinforcing the absence of a major genetic factor associated with FFS.

Osteossíntese de fêmur e tíbia em veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira): relato de caso / Osteosynthesis of the femur and tibia of a brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira): case report

O presente estudo relata o caso de um veado-catingueiro jovem, provindo de vida livre e com histórico de atropelamento. Posteriormente à realização de exames, o animal foi diagnosticado com fratura exposta distal de tíbia (Salter-Harris tipo I) e fratura cominutiva de metáfise distal de fêmur, ambas em membro pélvico esquerdo. Para a osteossíntese da tíbia, foram utilizados pinos intramedulares de Steinmann inseridos pelos maléolos lateral e medial, de forma cruzada. A osteossíntese do fêmur foi realizada com associação de dois pinos de Steinmann, conforme técnica modificada de Rush, e placa de compressão dinâmica. As técnicas cirúrgicas adotadas foram satisfatórias para estabilização, consolidação de ambas as fraturas e retorno funcional do membro. Após 90 dias da cirurgia, o animal foi reintroduzido à natureza.(AU)

The present study reports the case of a juvenile wild brown brocket deer, with car accident history. After a complete examination, the animal was diagnosed with open distal tibial fracture (Salter-Harris type I) and comminuted fracture of the distal metaphysis of the femur, both in the left hindlimb. For the tibial osteosynthesis, Steinmann pins were used intramedullary, inserted by the lateral and medial malleolus, crosswise. The osteosynthesis of the femur was performed with a combination of two Steinmann pins, as modified Rush technique, and a dynamic compression plate. The surgical techniques used were satisfactory for stabilization, consolidation of both fractures and function return of the member. Ninety days after surgery the animal was reintroduced to nature.(AU)

Osteossíntese de fêmur e tíbia em veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira): relato de caso / Osteosynthesis of the femur and tibia of a brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira): case report

O presente estudo relata o caso de um veado-catingueiro jovem, provindo de vida livre e com histórico de atropelamento. Posteriormente à realização de exames, o animal foi diagnosticado com fratura exposta distal de tíbia (Salter-Harris tipo I) e fratura cominutiva de metáfise distal de fêmur, ambas em membro pélvico esquerdo. Para a osteossíntese da tíbia, foram utilizados pinos intramedulares de Steinmann inseridos pelos maléolos lateral e medial, de forma cruzada. A osteossíntese do fêmur foi realizada com associação de dois pinos de Steinmann, conforme técnica modificada de Rush, e placa de compressão dinâmica. As técnicas cirúrgicas adotadas foram satisfatórias para estabilização, consolidação de ambas as fraturas e retorno funcional do membro. Após 90 dias da cirurgia, o animal foi reintroduzido à natureza.(AU)

The present study reports the case of a juvenile wild brown brocket deer, with car accident history. After a complete examination, the animal was diagnosed with open distal tibial fracture (Salter-Harris type I) and comminuted fracture of the distal metaphysis of the femur, both in the left hindlimb. For the tibial osteosynthesis, Steinmann pins were used intramedullary, inserted by the lateral and medial malleolus, crosswise. The osteosynthesis of the femur was performed with a combination of two Steinmann pins, as modified Rush technique, and a dynamic compression plate. The surgical techniques used were satisfactory for stabilization, consolidation of both fractures and function return of the member. Ninety days after surgery the animal was reintroduced to nature.(AU)

Measurements of femoral angles, femur length, and hip width in cat radiographs / Medidas dos ângulos femorais, comprimento do fêmur e largura do quadril em radiografias de gatos

Femoral angle, femur length, and hip width were measured in radiographs of 92 intact domestic cats, males and females of mixed breed from the Center for Zoonosis Control of the Federal District. The animals showed no trauma, orthopedic diseases or angular deformities and had closed physeal lines. Accordingly, we measured aLPFA (anatomical lateral proximal femoral angle, aLDFA (anatomical lateral distal femoral angle), mLPFA (mechanical lateral proximal femoral angle), mLDFA (mechanical lateral distal femoral angle), IA (femoral inclination angle), FL (femur length) and HW (hip width) using ventrodorsal radiographs, with both hindlimbs in a single exposure to an X-ray beam centered on the hip. The mean values of the variables were: mLPFA: 82.5±3.62°; aLPFA: 80.1±4.29°; mLDFA: 96.1±3.51° (males) and 97.3±2.05° (females); aLDFA: 94,3±3.43°; IA: 136.6±3.86°; FL: 12.9±0.55cm (males) and 13.4±0.66cm (females); and HW: 3.1cm±0.23 (males) and 3.5±0.26cm (females). These values will serve as a reference for the diagnosis of angular deformities and as support for planning corrective osteotomies in domestic cats.(AU)

Foram realizadas mensurações radiográficas dos ângulos femorais e medidas lineares do quadril e do fêmur em 92 gatos domésticos, machos e fêmeas, SRD, oriundos do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses do Distrito Federal, livres de traumas, doenças ortopédicas e deformidades angulares em membros pélvicos, portadores de linhas fiseais fechadas, não castrados. Para tanto, foram obtidos os ângulos aLPFA (ângulo anatômico lateral proximal do fêmur), aLDFA (ângulo anatômico lateral distal do fêmur), mLPFA (ângulo mecânico lateral proximal do fêmur), mLDFA (ângulo mecânico lateral distal do fêmur), AI (ângulo de inclinação do fêmur), CF (comprimento femoral) e LQ (largura de quadril), empregando radiografias em projeções ventrodorsais, com ambos os membros em uma única exposição ao feixe de raios-X, centrada no quadril. Após a apuração dos resultados, os valores médios obtidos foram: mLPFA: 82,5°±3,62, aLPFA: 80,1°±4,29; mLDFA: 96,1°±3.51 (machos) e 97,3°±2,05 (fêmeas), aLDFA: 94,3,6°±3,43; AI: 136,6°±3,86; CF: 136,6°±3,86; 12,9cm±0,55 (machos) e 13,4cm±0,66 (fêmeas) e LQ: 3,1cm±0,23 (machos) e 3,5cm±0,26 (fêmeas), respectivamente. Esses valores servem como referenciais para diagnósticos de deformidades angulares e apoio para planejamento de osteotomias corretivas em felinos domésticos.(AU)

Measurements of femoral angles, femur length, and hip width in cat radiographs / Medidas dos ângulos femorais, comprimento do fêmur e largura do quadril em radiografias de gatos

Femoral angle, femur length, and hip width were measured in radiographs of 92 intact domestic cats, males and females of mixed breed from the Center for Zoonosis Control of the Federal District. The animals showed no trauma, orthopedic diseases or angular deformities and had closed physeal lines. Accordingly, we measured aLPFA (anatomical lateral proximal femoral angle, aLDFA (anatomical lateral distal femoral angle), mLPFA (mechanical lateral proximal femoral angle), mLDFA (mechanical lateral distal femoral angle), IA (femoral inclination angle), FL (femur length) and HW (hip width) using ventrodorsal radiographs, with both hindlimbs in a single exposure to an X-ray beam centered on the hip. The mean values of the variables were: mLPFA: 82.5±3.62°; aLPFA: 80.1±4.29°; mLDFA: 96.1±3.51° (males) and 97.3±2.05° (females); aLDFA: 94,3±3.43°; IA: 136.6±3.86°; FL: 12.9±0.55cm (males) and 13.4±0.66cm (females); and HW: 3.1cm±0.23 (males) and 3.5±0.26cm (females). These values will serve as a reference for the diagnosis of angular deformities and as support for planning corrective osteotomies in domestic cats.(AU)

Foram realizadas mensurações radiográficas dos ângulos femorais e medidas lineares do quadril e do fêmur em 92 gatos domésticos, machos e fêmeas, SRD, oriundos do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses do Distrito Federal, livres de traumas, doenças ortopédicas e deformidades angulares em membros pélvicos, portadores de linhas fiseais fechadas, não castrados. Para tanto, foram obtidos os ângulos aLPFA (ângulo anatômico lateral proximal do fêmur), aLDFA (ângulo anatômico lateral distal do fêmur), mLPFA (ângulo mecânico lateral proximal do fêmur), mLDFA (ângulo mecânico lateral distal do fêmur), AI (ângulo de inclinação do fêmur), CF (comprimento femoral) e LQ (largura de quadril), empregando radiografias em projeções ventrodorsais, com ambos os membros em uma única exposição ao feixe de raios-X, centrada no quadril. Após a apuração dos resultados, os valores médios obtidos foram: mLPFA: 82,5°±3,62, aLPFA: 80,1°±4,29; mLDFA: 96,1°±3.51 (machos) e 97,3°±2,05 (fêmeas), aLDFA: 94,3,6°±3,43; AI: 136,6°±3,86; CF: 136,6°±3,86; 12,9cm±0,55 (machos) e 13,4cm±0,66 (fêmeas) e LQ: 3,1cm±0,23 (machos) e 3,5cm±0,26 (fêmeas), respectivamente. Esses valores servem como referenciais para diagnósticos de deformidades angulares e apoio para planejamento de osteotomias corretivas em felinos domésticos.(AU)

Inestabilidad patelofemoral asociada a displasia severa de tróclea: presentación de un paciente tratado con trocleoplastía / Patellofemoral instability associated with severe trochlear dysplasia treated with trochleoplasty. case report

La inestabilidad rotuliana crónica, relacionada a displasia severa de la tróclea determina plantear procedimientos como la trocleoplastía para restablecer el encarrilamiento rotuliano y la anatomía funcional. Se presenta un caso luxación crónica de rótula asociado a una displasia severa de tróclea, al cual se le realizó una trocleoplastía asociada a osteotomía de la tuberosidad anterior de la tibia y reconstrucción del ligamento patelofemoral medial. Tipo de estudio: Reporte de Caso. Nivel de evidencia: V.

Chronic patellar instability related to severe trochlear dysplasia requires procedures such as trochleoplasty to restore patellar tracking and functional anatomy. We present a case of chronic knee dislocation associated with severe trochlear dysplasia, treated with a trochleoplasty associated to a Tibial Anterior Tuberosity osteotomy and Medial Patello-Femoral Ligament reconstruction. Type of study: Case Report. Level of evidence: V.

Síndrome de hipoplasia femoral y facies inusual: reporte de un caso / Femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome: A case report

Introducción: El síndrome de hipoplasia femoral y facies inusual es una enfermedad rara con expresividad hereditaria variable, aunque se han reportado casos con un patrón autosómico dominante. Afecta particularmente las estructuras de la cara asociado a hipoplasia de fémur. Si bien su etiología no ha sido bien identificada, se ha asociado con diabetes materna, exposición a drogas, infecciones virales, radiaciones y oligohidramnios. Objetivo: Presentar el caso de una recién nacida con este síndrome. Caso clínico: Recién nacida de 41 semanas de gestación con nariz pequeña, labio superior delgado, micrognatia, filtrum largo, implantación baja de orejas, epicanto, cadera displásica con flexión y aducción de miembro inferior derecho y acortamiento del mismo a expensas del muslo. En la imagen radiográfica se encontró hipoplasia de fémur derecho con techo acetabular ipsilateral displásico. Se realizó una evaluación completa por distintos especialistas que descartaron otras malformaciones asociadas. Se programó el alargamiento quirúrgico de miembros inferiores a la edad de 5 meses con la finalidad de que deambule con sus propios pies; paralelamente se inició apoyo con kinesiterapia. Conclusiones: El síndrome de hipoplasia femoral y facies inusual es un padecimiento poco frecuente, que implica la participación de un equipo médico multidisciplinario para su manejo.

Introduction: Femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome is a rare disease with variable expressivity, although cases have been reported with an autosomal dominant pattern. It particularly affects the structures of the face associated with hypoplasia of the femur. Its aetiology is relatively unknown. However, this syndrome has been associated with maternal diabetes, drug exposure, viral infections, radiation, and oligohydramnios. Objective: The case of a newborn with this syndrome is presented. Clinical case: Newborn of 41 weeks gestation with small nose, thin upper lip, micrognathia, long philtrum, low set ears, epicanthal folds, dysplastic hips showing flexion, and adduction of the right leg, and shortening at the expense of the thigh. X-ray images revealed femoral hypoplasia and dysplastic acetabular roof. Different physicians from other specialties who excluded other associated malformations performed a complete evaluation. Surgical bone lengthening of lower limb is scheduled at 5 months of age, with the purpose that she walks with her own feet; at the same time she began management with kinesiotherapy. Conclusions: Femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome is a rare condition. A multidisciplinary health care team must treat individuals with femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome.

Prevalence, topographic and morphometric features of femoral cam-type deformity: changes in relation to age and gender.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome is a frequent cause of pain and in recent years considered to be a precursor of premature hip osteoarthritis. The structural abnormalities which characterize FAI syndrome, such as the cam-type deformity, are associated with morphological alterations that may lead to hip osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and topographic and morphometric features of the cam deformity in a series of 326 femur specimens obtained from a Mexican population, as well as changes in prevalence in relation to age and gender. The specimens were subdivided into groups according to gender and age. A standardized photograph of the proximal femur of each specimen was taken, and the photograph was used to determine the alpha angle using a computer program; the location of the lesion was determined by quadrant and the morphometric characteristics were determined by direct observation. The overall prevalence of cam deformities in the femur specimens was 29.8 % (97/326), with a prevalence by gender of 35.2 % (64/182) in men and 22.9 % (33/144) in women. The mean alpha angle was 54.6° ± 8.5° in all of the osteological specimens and 65.6° ± 7.5° in those specimens exhibiting a cam deformity. Cam deformities were found topographically in the anterior-superior quadrant of the femoral head-neck junction in 86.6 % (84/97) of the femurs. Deformities were found in 28.2 % of the right femurs and 31.3 % of the left femurs. The prevalence of cam deformity was higher in the femur specimens of young men and in those of middle-aged and older women. There were no significant differences in this deformity in relation to the alpha angle according to age and gender.

[Femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome: A case report]. / Síndrome de hipoplasia femoral y facies inusual: reporte de un caso.

INTRODUCTION: Femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome is a rare disease with variable expressivity, although cases have been reported with an autosomal dominant pattern. It particularly affects the structures of the face associated with hypoplasia of the femur. Its aetiology is relatively unknown. However, this syndrome has been associated with maternal diabetes, drug exposure, viral infections, radiation, and oligohydramnios. OBJECTIVE: The case of a newborn with this syndrome is presented. CLINICAL CASE: Newborn of 41 weeks gestation with small nose, thin upper lip, micrognathia, long philtrum, low set ears, epicanthal folds, dysplastic hips showing flexion, and adduction of the right leg, and shortening at the expense of the thigh. X-ray images revealed femoral hypoplasia and dysplastic acetabular roof. Different physicians from other specialties who excluded other associated malformations performed a complete evaluation. Surgical bone lengthening of lower limb is scheduled at 5 months of age, with the purpose that she walks with her own feet; at the same time she began management with kinesiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome is a rare condition. A multidisciplinary health care team must treat individuals with femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome.

Morphological features of healing of experimental defect of long bones diaphysis under the conditions of implantation of biphasic osteoplastic material / Características morfológicas del proceso de reparación de un defecto experimental en diáfisis de huesos largos postimplantación de material bifásico osteoplástico

Purpose: to study the healing process of a defect of the compact bone tissue after the implantation of osteoplastic material «easygraft CRYSTAL¼. Methods: the experiment was conducted on 24 Wistar rats. In the middle third of the diaphysis of the femur we created a perforated defect of 2.5 mm diameter in the medullary canal, which was filled with osteoplastic material «easy-graft CRYSTAL¼. Fragments of the injured bones were studied on the 60th and 120th days by light microscopy with morphometry and scanning electron microscopy. Results: it was found that in the area of the defect of the compact bone tissue «easy-graft CRYSTAL¼ shows high biocompatibility, osteoconductive properties and provides stability to the volume of the defect due to good integration with the bone tissue of regenerate and absence of signs of resorption of osteoplastic material throughout the period of experiment. (AU)

Objetivo: estudiar el proceso de reparación de un defecto del tejido óseo compacto después de la implantación de material osteoplástico (easy-graft CRYSTAL). Métodos: el experimento se realizó en 24 ratas Wistar. Se realizó en el tercio medio de la diáfisis del fémur un defecto de 2,5 mm de diámetro en el canal medular que se rellenó de material de osteoplástico (easy-graft CRYSTAL). Los huesos lesionados fueron estudiados en los días 60ª y 120ª mediante microscopía óptica y microscopía electrónica de barrido. Resultados: se encontró que en la zona del defecto del tejido óseo compacto el injerto mostró alta biocompatibilidad y propiedades osteoconductivas y proporcionó estabilidad al volumen del defecto debido a la buena integración con el tejido óseo y ausencia de signos de resorción de material osteoplástico durante todo el período experimental. (AU)

Malformación Congénita del fémur. Uso de Ortoprótesis / Congenital malformation of the femur. Using Orthoprosthesis

En todo tiempo el tratamiento técnico ortopédico de los defectos congénitos y pérdidas de sustancia ósea adquirida de las extremidades han formado parte de la tarea de los cirujanos ortopédicos. Objetivo: presentar un aditamento ortopédico elaborado en el Laboratorio deOrtoprotésis de la provincia de Sancti Spíritus con el fin de corregir un caso con malformación congénita de fémur. Se presenta el caso de un escolar de 8 años de edad segundo hijo nacido de un parto eutócico en el nacimiento se observa la malformación congénita de fémur, se recoge como antecedente familiar importante un familiar alejado del abuelo materno con la misma patología. El paciente es valorado en consulta en el 2012 después de realizar el interrogatorio, examen físico y la elaboración de la historia clínica se hace un análisis del mismo en conjunto con el licenciado en Ortoprótesis y se decide realizaren un inicio una Ortesis larga con asentamiento isquiático y cinturón pélvico y se propone el uso de la Ortoprótesis para mejorar el bienestar del niño, además evitar otras complicaciones. Se concluye que con el uso de la Ortoprótesis se logra un desarrollo psicomotor normal en estos pacientes(AU)

At all times the prosthetist treatment of birth defects and loss of bone substance acquired limb have been part of the task of orthopedic surgeons. Objective: to present an orthopedic attachment developed in the Laboratory of Orthoprosthesis in the province of Sancti Spiritusin order to correct a congenital malformation case femur. For a school of 8 years old presents second child born to a vaginal delivery at birth congenital malformation of the femur is observed, as an important family history includes a distant relative of the maternal grandfather with the same pathology. The patient is assessed in consultation in 2012 after conducting the interrogation, physical examination and revision of the history analysis of thesame is done in conjunction with a degree in Orthoprosthesis and decides to make a beginning a long Bracing with sciatic settlement and lap belt and the use of Orthoprosthesis aims to improve the welfare of the child, also avoid further complications. It is concluded that with the use of Orthoprosthesis normal psychomotor development in these patients is achieved(AU)

Diagnóstico ecográfico prenatal de sirenomelia: a propósito de un caso / Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of Sirenomelia: about a case

RESUMEN La sirenomelia constituye una anomalía congénita rara. Su incidencia es de 1:60.000 nacidos vivos. Es causada por un defecto vascular disruptivo y caracterizado por la fusión de las extremidades inferiores, asociados a anomalías cardiacas, renales, de pared abdominal y torácica, vértebras inferiores, tubo digestivo inferiores, genitales y de las arterias umbilicales. Se presenta la experiencia de un caso de sirenomelia que se ha podido diagnosticar con la ecografia prenatal.

ABSTRACT Sirenomelia is a very rare congenic anomaly. Being its incidence of approximately 1:60.000 live born, caused by a vascular disruptive defect, characterized by the fusion of lower limbs, associated to cardiac, renal, abdominal wall, and thoracic anomalies; also characterized by inferior vertebrae, inferior digestive tract, genital and umbilical artery anomalies A case of sirenomelia has been diagnosed thanks to prenatal echography.

Prenatal diagnosis of femoral-facial syndrome: case report.

Femoral-facial syndrome (FFS), also known as femoral hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome, is a rare condition characterized by a variable degree of unilateral or bilateral femoral hypoplasia associated with facial anomalies. This report describes a case of FFS diagnosed after 13 weeks of pregnancy following the detection of severe micrognathia and bilateral shortening of the femur in the fetus of a patient with DM. The sonographic evolution from the first trimester until birth is described. The clinical findings, the differential diagnosis with other pathologies characterized by hypoplasia femoral, and the prognosis are discussed.

Management of proximal femoral focal deficiency with limited resources in Haiti.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD) present with a shortened femur. This report highlights the process used to determine prosthetic candidacy, a novel use of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) prosthetic materials, and subsequent rehabilitation when treating in rural Haiti. CASE DESCRIPTION AND METHODS: An eight-year-old boy with PFFD whose goal was to walk 'normally' presented with a shortened right leg and typical foot/ankle. Concerns regarding ability to safely load the leg were mitigated after finding he could fully load his right limb, control motion, and had no fractures. FINDINGS AND OUTCOMES: A unique prosthosis incorporating a donated hinged ankle-foot orthosis, ICRC materials and a SACH foot was fabricated. Physical therapy followed for two weeks, progressing from static weight-bearing and gait training to dynamic balance activities. At discharge, the patient walked independently using the prosthosis and one forearm crutch. CONCLUSION: Through collaboration and innovation rehabilitation goals can be realized even when presented with limited resources. Clinical relevance Through collaboration and innovation novel prosthetic designs incorporating materials from the International Committee of the Red Cross can be created and rehabilitation goals can be realized even when presented with limited resources.

Revisión de conceptos actuales: actualización en pinzamiento femoroacetabular / Current concepts: labral hip impingement

Durante el último siglo múltiples autores han sugerido que la etiología de la osteoartritis (OA) de la cadera se encuentra relacionada más con la morfología que con la carga que esta recibe. Recientemente fue propuesto el concepto de pinzamiento femoroacetabular (PFA) como una explicación del papel que juegan las distintas alteraciones morfológicas de la cadera en el desarrollo de OA en pacientes jóvenes sin displasia. Históricamente se han descrito múltiples patologías (enfermedad de Legg-Calvé-Perthes, fracturas del fémur proximal, deslizamiento epifisario de la cabeza femoral, displasia del desarrollo de la cadera, etc.) capaces de desencadenar el desarrollo de OA de la cadera, pero las mismas representan un porcentaje muy bajo y la mayoría de los pacientes que la desarrollan carecen de condiciones predisponentes. Sin embargo, la evidencia reciente muestra que en pacientes activos las alteraciones morfológicas sutiles que afectan al fémur proximal o el acetábulo son la causa más común de pinzamiento femoroacetabular.

Resultados perinatales en fetos del segundo trimestre con fémur corto aislado / Perinatal outcomes in second-trimester fetuses with isolated short femur

Antecedentes: El hallazgo ecográfico de fémur corto (longitud menor del percentil 5) en la valoración ecográfica rutinaria del feto del segundo trimestre plantea un desafío diagnóstico y de manejo. Clásicamente ha sido asociado a cromosomopatías y displasia esquelética. Existen pocos reportes que valoran los resultados perinatales de los fetos con fémur corto en el examen del segundo trimestre. Objetivos: Determinar la asociación de fetos con fémur corto aislado en fetos del segundo trimestre y recién nacidos con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) y su asociación con otros resultados perinatales adversos. Diseño: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo. Institución: Unidad de Medicina Fetal, Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Gestantes de 16 a 28 semanas. Intervenciones: Para cumplir con el tamaño muestral, se seleccionó los fetos evaluados durante el periodo de tres años (2006 a 2008) que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se clasificó los fetos de 278 gestantes de 16 a 28 semanas en dos grupos: 89 con longitud de fémur corto aislado como único hallazgo, sin RCIU al momento de la evaluación (casos), y 189 fetos con longitud de fémur normal (controles). Se excluyó las gestantes cuyos fetos tenían anormalidades cromosómicas o estructurales y aquellas gestaciones con embarazos múltiples. Se realizó un análisis univariado mostrando porcentajes y medidas de tendencia central y un análisis bivariado con la prueba t, para las variables continuas, y la prueba exacta de Fisher, para las variables categóricas. Principales medidas de resultados: Asociación del fémur corto fetal con complicaciones fetales y maternas. Resultados: El grupo de fetos con fémur corto aislado tuvo recién nacidos con peso promedio significativamente menor que las gestantes de fetos con longitud de fémur normal, con una diferencia estadística y clínicamente significativa de 412,3 g (P=0,000), encontrándose un mayor porcentaje de recién nacidos con RCIU.

Background: The finding of short femur (length below the 5th centile) at second trimester ultrasound examination is a diagnostic challenge. Classically, the short femur has been associated to chromosomal abnormalities and skeletal dysplasias. A few reports have been published on fetuses with isolated short femur outcomes. Objectives: To determine perinatal outcomes in the second-trimester fetuses with isolated short femur and to determine its association with fetal growth restriction. Design: Retrospective cohort study, also called historical or concurrent study. Setting: Fetal Medicine Unit, InstitutoNacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Peru. Participants: Women with 16 to 28 weeks pregnancies. Interventions: The sample size was drawn from our 2006-2008 databases and consisted in 278 fetuses 16 to 28 weeks who had ultrasound examination. We categorized two groups: fetuses with isolated short femur (cases) and fetuses with normal femur length (controls). We excluded from analysis fetuses with abnormalities or multiple gestations. T-student bivariated analysis was done to compare continuous variables and categorical variables were analyzed by Fisher’s exact test. Main outcome measures: Association of fetal short femur with fetal and maternal complications. Results: Fetuses with isolated short femur showed significantly lower mean birth weight by 412,3 g (p=0,000). Odds ratio for growth restriction was 2,32 (95%CI: 1,03-5,23). Additionally we observed more cases of mothers developing preeclampsia (11,2% vs. 2,1%, p=0,001) and gestational hypertension (11,2% vs. 4,8%, p= 0,046). Also, fetuses with isolated short femur had more frequently 5 minute Apgar score <7 than fetuses with normal femur (4,5% vs. 0,5%, p=0,02). There were two cases of neonatal death in fetuses with isolated short femur. Conclusions: Isolated short femur in second-trimester fetuses is associated with growth restriction, preeclampsia, and gestational hypertension.

[Femoral lengthening with a uniplanar external fixator in pediatric patients]. / Alargamiento femoral con fijador externo uniplanar en pacientes pediátricos.

Pelvic limb length discrepancies > 4 cm are a challenge that some orthopedists face and multiple methods and procedures have been proposed; among them, callotasis facilitates the management of these discrepancies. This paper reports the experience obtained with 133 femoral lengthenings divided into "and" 14 years of age with acquired or congenital conditions. Lengthening variables and complications were analyzed (with Velásquez' criteria). This study has favorable factors for case analysis, such as the use of a single type of fixator and the use of the same treatment method in pediatric patients. Our results are no different from the world literature concerning the incidence rate of complications by age and diagnosis as well as the healing rate.