ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The Nociception Level Index has shown benefits in estimating the nociception/antinociception balance in adults, but there is limited evidence in the pediatric population. Evaluating the index performance in children might provide valuable insights to guide opioid administration. AIMS: To evaluate the Nociception Level Index ability to identify a standardized nociceptive stimulus and the analgesic effect of a fentanyl bolus. Additionally, to characterize the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of fentanyl with the Nociception Level Index response during sevoflurane anesthesia. METHODS: Nineteen children, 5.3 (4.1-6.7) years, scheduled for lower abdominal or urological surgery, were studied. After sevoflurane anesthesia and caudal block, a tetanic stimulus (50 Hz, 60 mA, 5 s) was performed in the forearm. Following the administration of fentanyl 2 µg/kg intravenous bolus, three similar consecutive tetanic stimuli were performed at 5-, 15-, and 30-min post-fentanyl administration. Changes in the Nociception Level Index, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and bispectral index were compared in response to the tetanic stimuli. Fentanyl plasma concentrations and the Nociception Level Index data were used to elaborate a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model using a sequential modeling approach in NONMEM®. RESULTS: After the first tetanic stimulus, both the Nociception Level Index and the heart rate increased compared to baseline (8 ± 7 vs. 19 ± 10; mean difference (CI95) -12(-18--6) and 100 ± 10 vs. 102 ± 10; -2(-4--0.1)) and decrease following fentanyl administration (19 ± 10 vs. 8 ± 8; 12 (5-18) and 102 ± 10 vs. 91 ± 11; 11 (7-16)). In subsequent tetanic stimuli, heart rate remained unchanged, while the Nociception Level Index progressively increased within 15 min to values similar to those before fentanyl. An allometric weight-scaled, 3-compartment model best characterized the pharmacokinetic profile of fentanyl. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling analysis revealed hysteresis between fentanyl plasma concentrations and the Nociception Level Index response, characterized by plasma effect-site equilibration half-time of 1.69 (0.4-2.9) min. The estimated fentanyl C50 was 1.93 (0.73-4.2) ng/mL. CONCLUSION: The Nociception Level Index showed superior capability compared to traditional hemodynamic variables in discriminating different nociception-antinociception levels during varying fentanyl concentrations in children under sevoflurane anesthesia.
Subject(s)
Analgesics, Opioid , Anesthesia, General , Anesthetics, Inhalation , Fentanyl , Nociception , Sevoflurane , Humans , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/pharmacology , Sevoflurane/pharmacology , Sevoflurane/pharmacokinetics , Sevoflurane/administration & dosage , Male , Female , Child , Nociception/drug effects , Child, Preschool , Anesthetics, Inhalation/pharmacokinetics , Anesthetics, Inhalation/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Inhalation/administration & dosage , Anesthesia, General/methods , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacokinetics , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology , Heart Rate/drug effects , Anesthetics, Intravenous/pharmacokinetics , Anesthetics, Intravenous/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Intravenous/administration & dosage , Methyl Ethers/pharmacokinetics , Methyl Ethers/pharmacology , Methyl Ethers/administration & dosageABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the bispectral index (BIS) effects in calves through continuous infusion of propofol with or without fentanyl. Eight Holstein male calves (ages from six to twelve months old) with an average weight of 123±18kg were used. All animals participated in both groups, always keeping a minimum interval of one week between the anesthetic procedures; the calves were randomly distributed between groups. Anesthesia was induced with an intravenous (IV) dose of propofol of 5mg kg-1 in control group (GP) or with propofol (4mg kg-1) associated with IV fentanyl 0.001mg kg-1(GF). All the calves were positioned in right lateral recumbency and were allowed to spontaneously breathe room air. Subsequently, the anesthesia was maintained by continuous infusion of propofol at the rate of 0.6mg kg-1 min-1 IV in GP, and associated with the infusion of fentanyl 0.001mg kg-1 hour-1 in GF. Measurements of BIS, signal quality index (SQI) and electromyography (EMG) were evaluated before anesthesia induction (TB), and at 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after the beginning of continuous drugs infusion (T15, T30, T45 and T60, respectively). The heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f), end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (ETCO2) and recovery times were evaluated as well. No significant differences were observed between the groups in the BIS variables and the recovery time was longer in GF. Co-administration of propofol and fentanyl infusions, at the doses reported here, did not change the values of BIS in cattle, but delayed the recovery time.(AU)
O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o índice biespectral (BIS) durante a infusão contínua de propofol associado ou não ao fentanil em bezerros. Foram utilizados oito animais machos entre seis e doze meses de idade, holandeses, com massa corporal média de 123±18kg. Todos os animais participaram de ambos os grupos, respeitando-se sempre um intervalo mínimo de uma semana entre uma anestesia e outra, sendo aleatoriamente distribuídos entre os grupos. A anestesia nos bezerros foi induzida com propofol na dose de 5mg kg-1; intravenoso (IV), grupo controle (GP) ou propofol 4mg kg-1 associado ao fentanil 0,001mg kg-1; IV, grupo fentanil (GF) e posicionados em decúbito lateral direito, onde permaneceram respirando espontaneamente ar ambiente. Ato contínuo, a manutenção anestésica foi realizada pela infusão contínua de propofol na taxa de 0,6mg kg-1 min-1; IV GP, associado ou não à infusão de fentanil 0.001mg kg-1 hora-1 GF. A mensuração das variáveis do BIS, índice de qualidade de sinal (IQS) eletromiografia (EMG), frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f) e dióxido de carbono ao final da expiração (ETCO2)foram avaliadas antes da indução anestésica no momento basal (MB), e 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos após o início da infusão contínua dos fármacos (M15, M30, M45 e M60, respectivamente); o tempo de recuperação também foi avaliado. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos nas variáveis do BIS e o tempo de recuperação foi maior no GF. A co-administração das infusões de propofol e fentanil, nas doses utilizadas nesse estudo, não alterou os valores do BIS em bezerros, porém, prolongou o tempo de recuperação.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Cattle , Animals, Suckling , Balanced Anesthesia/methods , Balanced Anesthesia/veterinary , Propofol/administration & dosage , Propofol/pharmacokinetics , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Anesthetics, Intravenous/administration & dosageABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Fentanyl is used in obstetrical practice to promote analgesia and anesthesia during labor and in cesarean delivery, with rapid and short-term effects. OBJECTIVE: To determine fentanyl concentrations in maternal plasma, in the placental intervillous space, and in the umbilical artery and vein in term pregnant women. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten healthy pregnant women underwent epidural anesthesia with fentanyl plus bupivacaine and lidocaine, and fentanyl concentrations were determined in the various maternal and fetal compartments, including the placental intervillous space, which has not been previously studied in the literature. RESULTS: The ratios of fentanyl concentrations in the various maternal and fetal compartments revealed an 86% rate of placental fentanyl transfer. The highest fentanyl concentrations were detected in the placental intervillous space, being 2.19 times higher than in maternal plasma, 2.8 times higher than in the umbilical vein and 3.6 times higher than in the umbilical artery, with no significant differences between the umbilical vein and artery, demonstrating that there was no drug uptake by fetal tissues nor metabolism of the drug by the fetus despite the high rates of placental transfer. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that the placental intervillous space acted as a site of fentanyl deposit, a fact that may be explained by two hypotheses: (1) the blood collected from the placental intervillous space is arterial and, according to some investigators, the arterial plasma concentrations of the drugs administered to patients undergoing epidural anesthesia are higher than the venous concentrations, and (2) a possible role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp).
Subject(s)
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacokinetics , Anesthetics, Intravenous/pharmacokinetics , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Fetus/metabolism , Placenta/metabolism , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/drug effects , Adult , Analgesia, Obstetrical/methods , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Opioid/blood , Anesthesia, Obstetrical/methods , Anesthetics, Intravenous/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Intravenous/blood , Chorionic Villi/metabolism , Female , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/blood , Humans , PregnancyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Fentanyl is an opioid drug widely used as a co-adjuvant in abdominal delivery, a fact that justifies its pharmacokinetic study under these conditions. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of fentanyl in parturients whose pregnancies were resolved by cesarian section with epidural anesthesia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten clinically normal parturients who delivered at term received 5 ml of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride without a vasoconstrictor for skin and subcutaneous blockade, followed by epidural injection of 2 ml fentanyl citrate (0.05 mg/ml), 15 ml 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride with 1:200,000 epinephrine, and 10 ml 2% lidocaine hydrochloride without a vasoconstrictor. Maternal blood samples were collected at various times after injection (1--840 min), and the fentanyl plasma concentrations were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using the bi- or tri-compartmental model. The fetal/maternal ratio of the plasma fentanyl was determined at birth. RESULTS: The values of the pharmacokinetic parameters were: t(1/2)alpha=13.5 min, t(1/2)beta=192.5 min, t(1/2)gamma=620 min, AUC(0-infinity)=137.404 ng.min per milliliter, C(l)/f=464.984 ml/min, V(d)/f=299.974 l, C(l)/f/kg=6.875 ml/min per kilogram, and V(d)/f/kg=4.441 l/kg. The latency between drug administration and birth was 28.5 min, with a maternal and fetal plasma concentration of 0.310 and 0.245 ng/ml, respectively, at a median fetal/maternal ratio of 0.892. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated a rapid passage of fentanyl from the epidural space to maternal blood and a significant transplacental transfer of maternal fentanyl of about 90%, which should serve as an alert to obstetricians.
Subject(s)
Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacokinetics , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Maternal-Fetal Exchange , Placenta/metabolism , Analgesia, Epidural , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Female , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Humans , Pregnancy , Sensitivity and Specificity , Tissue DistributionABSTRACT
Justificativa e objetivos - A dor provoca alterações neuroendócrino metabólicas, com catabolismo, complicações pulmonares, alterações gastrointestinais e tromboembolismo, prejudicando a recuperação do paciente. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a ação analgésica e os efeitos colateraís da ropívacaína, comparando-os com os da bupivacaína associados a fentaníla. Método - 20 pacientes, de ambos os sexos e idade entre 18 e 65 anos, ASA I e II, submetidos a operações abdominais, foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos.- G 1 (n= 1 0): 15 ml de ropivacaína 0,2 por cento sem vasoconstritor,- e G2 (n= 10): 15 ml de bupívacaína 0,25por cento sem vasoconstrítor associados à fentanila (50 mcg), por via epidural. Instalou-se a bomba ACP (4 ml/h - infusão contínua) de solução de ropivacaína 0, 1 por cento associada a fentaníla 0, 0005por cento (G 1) e bupivacaína 0, 1 por cento com fentaníla 0, 0005por cento (G2). A indução anestésica foi realizada com diprivam, seguida de bloqueio neuromuscular e intubação orotraqueal Para manutenção da anestesia foram utilizados isoflurano / N2 0/ 02 50por cento. Quando necessário, administrou-se anestésico local (5ml). No pós-operatório, além da infusão, os pacientes utilizaram ACP como forma de administração de anestésicos locais, de acordo com a divisão dos grupos, durante 24 horas. Havendo necessidade de complementação da analgesia no pós-operatórío, foi feito dipirona (1 g, IV). Avaliou-se a analgesia no intra-operatório pela necessidade de complementação com anestésico local e da quantidade de agente inalatórío usada. No pós-operatório, avaliaram-se a analgesia e o bloqueio motor nos períodos de 0-24 horas. A intensidade da dor foi avaliada pela escala verbal e o bloqueio motor pela escala de Bromage. Foram anotados os possíveis efeitos adversos. Resultados - Houve maior consumo de agente inalatório no Gl que no G2 (p = 0,0232), teste de Mann-Whitney. Em relação aos efeitos colaterais, registrou-se os seguintes resultados: sonolência (todos os pacientes de am- bos os grupos), náusea (8 do G 1 e 5 do G2), vômito (3 do G 1 e 3 do G2), prurido leve (3 do G 1 e zero do G2), mal-estar (2 do G 1 e zero do G2) e retenção urináría (zero do G 1 e 1 do G2). Conclusão - Pode-se concluir que as soluções de bupivacaína 0, 1 por cento e de ropivacaína 0, 1 por cento associadas ao fentanil são eficazes e com mínimos bloqueios motores.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Analgesia, Epidural , Anesthetics, Local/adverse effects , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacokinetics , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Local/toxicity , Bupivacaine/adverse effects , Bupivacaine/pharmacokinetics , Fentanyl/adverse effects , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Fentanyl/therapeutic useABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the cardiorespiratory effects of an i.v. infusion of propofol alone or in association with fentanyl, alfentanil, or sufentanil in cats and, for each combination, the minimal infusion rate of propofol that would inhibit a response to noxious stimuli. DESIGN: Randomized crossover study. ANIMALS: 6 cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were anesthetized 4 times in random order. After i.v. administration of fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil, or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, anesthesia was induced with propofol (7 mg/kg 13.2 mg/lb], i.v.) and maintained for 90 minutes with a continuous infusion of propofol in conjunction with fentanyl (0.1 microg/kg/min [0.045 microg/lb/min]), alfentanil (0.5 microg/kg/min [0.23 microg/lb/min]), sufentanil (0.01 microg/kg/min [0.004 microg/lb/min]), or saline solution (0.08 mL/kg/min [0.036 mL/lb/min]). RESULTS: Minimal infusion rate of propofol required to prevent a response to a noxious stimulus was higher when cats received saline solution. After 70 minutes, minimal infusion rate of propofol was significantly higher with fentanyl than with sufentanil. Decreases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, rectal temperature, and respiratory rate were detected with all treatments. Oxygen saturation did not change significantly, but end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide increased with all treatments. There were no significant differences in recovery times or sedation and recovery scores among treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that infusion of propofol in combination with fentanyl, alfentanil, or sufentanil results in satisfactory anesthesia in cats.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Intravenous/veterinary , Anesthetics, Combined/pharmacokinetics , Anesthetics, Intravenous/pharmacokinetics , Cats/physiology , Alfentanil/administration & dosage , Alfentanil/pharmacokinetics , Anesthesia Recovery Period , Anesthetics, Combined/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Intravenous/administration & dosage , Animals , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Cross-Over Studies , Female , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Heart Rate/drug effects , Infusions, Intravenous/veterinary , Kinetics , Male , Propofol/administration & dosage , Propofol/pharmacokinetics , Respiration/drug effects , Sufentanil/administration & dosage , Sufentanil/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Se ha desarrollado un programa de simulación farmacocinética, CINETICAPALM, que realiza la predicciøn de la concentraciøn en tiempo real de un fármaco en el plasma y en sitio-efecto, que corre en computadoras manuales de tipo Palm. CINETICAPALM permite simular la administración de fármacos en bolo e infusiones a velocidad constante, tanto por métodos gravimétricos como por bombas de infusión. El usuario simula la administración de un fármaco utilizando una base de datos con sus parámetros cinéticos. El programa predice la concentración en plasma y en sitio-efecto de un paciente determinado, mostrándola en tiempo real en forma numérica y gráfica. La versión actual de CINETICAPALM tiene en su base de datos los parámetros cinéticos de propofol, fentanilo, midazolan, remifentanilo, ketamina y procaína. Su funcionamiento fue comparado con el programa para computadoras personales de simulación y control de bombas de infusión para administrar fármacos intravenosos, STANPUMP, de dominio público. Los resultados indican que CINETICAPALM es una herramienta válida para la predicciøn del comportamiento farmacocinético de los fármacos modelizados. Este desarrollo se presenta como un recurso innovador para el aprendizaje de las propiedades farmacocinéticas de los anestésicos y puede ser utilizado como guía para la administración de los mismos. (AU)
Subject(s)
Software , Computer Simulation , Propofol/administration & dosage , Propofol/pharmacokinetics , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Midazolam/administration & dosage , Midazolam/pharmacokinetics , Procaine/administration & dosage , Procaine/pharmacokinetics , Piperidines/administration & dosage , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Infusion Pumps , Anesthetics, Intravenous/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Introducción: La ropivacaína, un nuevo anestésico local, presenta menos toxicidad sistémica y bloqueo motor que la bupivacaína en dosis equipotente, con similar calidad anestésica y analgésica y sin aumentar la toxicidad con el embarazo. Esto lo convierte en un fármaco apropiado para la anestesia peridural en cesárea. Objetivo: los objetivos de este estudio comparativo con bupivacaína 5 mg/ml fueron evaluar eficacia, seguridad y tolerabilidad materna, fetal y neonatal, incluyendo farmacoeconomía cuando usamos ropivacaína 7,5 mg/ml asociados a fentanilo, para anestesia epidural en cesárea electiva. Lugar: Servicio de Anestesiología, Hospital Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina. Diseño: estudio prospectivo, abierto, a doble ciego y randomizado. Población: ciento veinte pacientes entre 15 y 45 años, ASA I-II, para cesárea electiva, divididos en dos grupos: sesenta en cada uno. Método: los pacientes recibieron 18 ml de bupivacaína (5 mg/ml) o ropivacaína (7,5 mg/ml), más 100 Ag de fentanilo por vía epidural utilizando aguja metálica Tuohy nº 18. Monitoreo: signos vitales maternos, monitoreo automático no invasivo de presión arterial, pulsioximetría, cardioscopía y latidos cardíacos fetales. Resultados: El tiempo de latencia fue menor con ropivacaína y la relajación muscular fue superior segú
Subject(s)
Humans , Comparative Study , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Bupivacaine/adverse effects , Bupivacaine/economics , Bupivacaine/pharmacokinetics , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Local/economics , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Local/adverse effects , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/adverse effects , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Cesarean Section , Fetus/drug effects , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Hemodynamics/drug effects , Chills , Tremor , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting , Consciousness/drug effects , Urinary RetentionABSTRACT
Muy pocos trabajos que muestren resultados numéricos de las variables fisiológicas sobre técnicas endovenosas de anestesia se han publicado en Argentina. Esta es una falta que pretendemos subsanar. Muchas variantes pueden usarse para hacer TIVA. La aparición en el mercado del remifentanilo ha abierto un sinnúmero de posibilidades. Material y Métodos. Se estudiaron 41 pacientes electivos en dos grupos, no premedicados, de cirugía general que no fueron seleccionados a priori, no importando edad, tipo de operación, gravedad de la enfermedad, etc. Se asignaron aleatoriamente a uno de dos grupos: PR: anestesia con propofol a razón de 2 Ag.kg-1.min-1 en el sitio de acción (cerebro) y remifentanilo a 0,5 Ag.kg-1.min-1; y MR, el otro grupo, con midazolam, a razón de 2 Ag.kg-1.min-1 y remifentanilo, igual que en PR. Se ventilaron mecánicamente con O2 puro. La inducción se realizó con un bolo de midazolam de 2 a 3 mg en el grupo MR y con 14 mg.kg-1 de propofol, y se continuó con las dosis de infusión antedichas. Después de 7 u 8 min, se inyectó succinilcolina en dos dosis (la primera=1/10 de la total) para minimizar las contracciones y se intubó a los 9 o 10 min. Durante el mantenimiento, las dosis de propofol y midazolam se disminuyeron al 1/3 o al 1/2 después de la primera hora de anestesia o de acuerdo a las variables hemodinámicas. Igual criterio se siguió con el remifentanilo, si el mismo afectaba presión y/o frecuencia, ajustando la dosis según necesidad. Los datos hemodinámicos, pCO2, espirada y saturación de O2 percutánea, se tomaron en las siguientes ocasiones: 1) basal; 2) al minuto de iniciadas las inyecciones; 3) antes de intubar; 4) a los 5 min después de intubar; 5) a partir de allí, cada 10 min hasta los 60 min; 6) luego, cada media hora hasta terminar; 7) después de suspendido el remifentanilo, cada 5 min hasta el momento de extubar. Resultados: Ambos grupos resultaron casi iguales en todas las variables hemodinámicas. La intubación no las cambió en ninguno de los grupos; excepto en el descenso de frecuencia y presiones que siguió a la inducción, ya comprobables al minuto y a los 5 min de comenzadas las inyecciones, la estabilidad fue muy notoria. En algunos casos, fue posible determinar glucemia (como índice muy indirecto, pero probablemente válido) de ausencia de estrés. Los pacientes despertaron a los 7,95 min y se extubaron a los 10,73 min en el grupo PR; en el grupo MR, a los 6,67 min extubándose a los 10 min...(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Comparative Study , Anesthesia, Intravenous/statistics & numerical data , Anesthesia, Intravenous/methods , Anesthesia, General/methods , Midazolam/administration & dosage , Midazolam/pharmacokinetics , Midazolam/economics , Propofol/administration & dosage , Propofol/pharmacokinetics , Propofol/economics , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/economics , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Hemodynamics/drug effects , Argentina , Anesthesia Recovery Period , Anesthetics, Combined/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Combined/economics , Anesthetics, Combined/pharmacokinetics , Bradycardia , Hypotension , Respiration, Artificial , Costs and Cost AnalysisSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adjuvants, Anesthesia/administration & dosage , Anesthesia, Intravenous/methods , Anesthetics, Intravenous/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Propofol/administration & dosage , Propofol/pharmacokinetics , Drug Synergism , Piperidines/administration & dosageABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To provide a rational basis for the dosage of fentanyl in newborn infants by determining clearance in the first days of life. STUDY DESIGN: A continuous infusion of fentanyl for 2 to 3 days (10. 5 microg/kg over a 1-hour period followed by 1.5 microg/kg/h) was administered to 38 newborn infants who had undergone ventilation (gestational ages 26 to 42 weeks and birth weights 835 to 3550 g). Fentanyl concentrations were measured in arterial blood samples collected at 2, 12, 24, 48, and 60 hours after the start of fentanyl infusion. Fentanyl levels were correlated with a pain score. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) steady-state fentanyl concentration of 2.5 (+/-1) ng/mL achieved between 24 and 48 hours of infusion correlated significantly with the concomitant pain score (r = -0.57, P <.01). The clearance, 11.5 (+/-4.0) mL/min/kg, correlated significantly with the gestational age (r = 0.46, P <.01) and birth weight (r = 0. 48, P <.01). CONCLUSIONS: Because plasma fentanyl clearance increases with maturity, gestational age should be taken into account when fentanyl is administered to newborn infants.
Subject(s)
Analgesics, Opioid/blood , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacokinetics , Birth Weight , Fentanyl/blood , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Gestational Age , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , MaleABSTRACT
Introducción: Este estudio fue realizado para comparar la calidad anestésica y analgésica de tres combinaciones de agentes farmacológicos para Anestesia Regional Intravenosa en Cirugía de Extremidad Superior. Material y Métodos: sesenta pacientes adultos fueron aleatoriamente asignados en cuatro grupos de 15 pacientes cada uno: grupo A: lidocaína 1 por ciento (3 mg/kg) + 60 mg de ketorolac; grupo B: lidocaína 1 por ciento + 100 µg de fentanyl; grupo C: lidocaína 1 por ciento + bupivacaína 0.5 por ciento (15 mg) y grupo D o control lidocaína 1 por ciento + solución salina. El anestesiólogo que aplicó la técnica y evaluó, estaba cegado al agente. Resultados: los pacientes del grupo A mostraron mayor analgesia postoperatoria (p = 0.034) con respecto a los otros grupos; sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al evaluar el bloqueo sensitivo y motor, ni en la tolerancia al torniquete. La ARE fue considerada exitosa en el 100 por ciento de los casos. Seis pacientes en el grupo de fentanyl presentaron náusea y mareo. Conclusión: Concluimos que la comparación entre los grupos en estudio no mostró diferencias estadísticas entre sí, pero clínicamente superan a la lidocaína sola
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Anesthesia, Conduction/methods , Bupivacaine/pharmacokinetics , Analgesia , Nerve BlockABSTRACT
Se practicó cirugía de corazón abierto a 14 pacientes, fundamentalmente coronarios y valvulares con menadosis de fentanilo, diazepam y vercuronio. Fue posible minimizar los efectos cardiovasculares adversos tras la endoscopía laríngea, intubación traqueal, incisión cutánea, esternotomía y retracción esternal. Cuatro pacientes coronarios requirieron incrementar las dosis de fentanilo y administrar forano en concentraciones mínimas para lograr mejor estabilidad hemodinámica. Nuestros pacientes presentaban antecedentes de prescripción previa de antihipertensivos como los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina, diuréticos y digitálicos que aunados al efecto bradicardizante del fentanilo explican la tendencia a manejar frecuencias cardiacas de 60 latidos por minuto como promedio
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Thoracic Surgery/methods , Hemodynamics , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Heart , Sternum/surgery , Intubation, Intratracheal/adverse effectsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: (1) To assess the feasibility and tolerability of the therapeutic transdermal fentanyl system (TTS-fentanyl) by using a clinical protocol developed for children with cancer pain. (2) To estimate the pediatric pharmacokinetic parameters of TTS-fentanyl. METHODS: The drug was administered in open-label fashion; and measures of analgesia, side effects, and skin changes were obtained for a minimum of 2 doses (6 treatment days). Blood specimens were analyzed for plasma fentanyl concentrations. The pharmacokinetics of TTS-fentanyl were estimated by using a mixed effect modeling approach. RESULTS: Treatment was well tolerated. Ten of the 11 patients who completed the 2 doses continued treatment with TTS-fentanyl. The duration of treatment ranged from 6 to 275 days. The time to reach peak plasma concentration ranged from 18 hours to >66 hours in patients receiving the 25 microg/h patch. Compared with published pharmacokinetic data from adults, the mean clearance and volume of distribution of transdermal fentanyl were the same, but the variability was less. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of children with TTS-fentanyl is feasible and well tolerated and yields fentanyl pharmacokinetic parameter estimates similar to those for adults. A larger study is required to confirm these findings and further test the clinical protocol.
Subject(s)
Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Neoplasms/complications , Pain, Intractable/drug therapy , Administration, Cutaneous , Adolescent , Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Analgesics, Opioid/blood , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacokinetics , Child , Feasibility Studies , Fentanyl/adverse effects , Fentanyl/blood , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Humans , Neoplasms/blood , Pain Measurement , Pain, Intractable/blood , Pain, Intractable/etiology , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Justificativa e objetivos: os efeitos da associaçäo dos opióides lipofílicos ao anestésico local na anestesia peridural näo estäo bem definidos. Existem ainda dúvidas e controvérsias sobre as doses a serem utilizadas dos opióides e quais os principais efeitos nas características do bloqueio peridural. Esse estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar, no homem, os efeitos da associaçäo de diferentes doses do fentanil e sufentanil à bupivacaína com adrenalina 1:200.000, nas características do bloqueio peridural. Métodos: o estudo aleatório e duplo encoberto foi realizado em 94 pacientes de ambos os sexos, ASA I, com idade entre 18 e 60 anos, submetidos a cirurgia do abdômen inferior, períneo ou membros inferiores. Os pacientes sem medicaçäo pré-anestésica receberam, por via peridural, bupivacaína a 0,5 por cento - 100mg (20ml), adrenalina 1 por cento - 0,1mg (0,1ml) mais a combinaçäo das seguintes drogas: grupo BUPI (15 pacientes): soluçäo fisiológica (SF) a 0,9 por cento - 2ml; FENT50 (19 pacientes): fentanil - 50µg (1ml) + SF - 1ml; FENT100 (20 pacientes): fentanil - 100µg (2ml); SUF30 (20 pacientes): sufentanil - 30µg (0,6ml) + SF (1,4ml) + SF (1ml). Foram estudados os parâmetros: início do bloqueio sensitivo, bloqueio analgésico (tempo de latência) em T12, T10 e T8 duraçäo do bloqueio analgésico em T10 e T12, grau de bloqueio motor, nível de consciência, necessidade de sedaçäo e analgesia complementares no per-operatório, ocorrência de hipotensäo arterial, braquicardia e efeitos colaterais no per e pós-operatórios, e duraçäo da analgesia complementar e avaliaçäo da intensidade da dor pós-operatória (escala visual analógica de dor). Resultados: os grupos foram uniformes em relaçäo às variáveis demográficas. A adiçäo de fentanil ou sufentanil, nas doses utilizadas do bloqueio peridural no per-operatório e näo aumentou significativamente a duraçäo da analgesia no pós-operatório em comparaçäo ao bloqueio realizado somente com a bupivacaína. Entretanto, a adiçäo de opióide lipofílico melhorou a qualidade do bloqueio anestésico no per-operatório, traduzida por menor necessidade de analgesia complementar (p<0,02). O aumento da dose do fentanil e principalmente do sufentanil aumentou a incidência de sonolência per-operatória (p<0,001), sem que houvesse aumento significante dos outros efeitos colaterais. Conclusöes: nas condiçöes realizadas e nas doses empregadas, a adiçäo e o aumento da dose de opióide lipofílico ...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Anesthesia, Epidural , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Sufentanil/administration & dosage , Sufentanil/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
La baricidad de los agentes anestésicos se relaciona con la condición física del líquido cefalorráquideo (LCR), modificándose nuestra práctica cotidiana cuando utilizamos drogas hiperbaras para anestesia subaracnoidea. En la presente década se observó una tendencia creciente a utilizar combinaciones de anestésicos locales y opiáceos. En relación a dichas mezclas, se analizaron la farmacocinética y farmacodinamia pero no se profundizó el estudio respecto de su densidad y baricidad. En este trabajo se midieron las densidades de las drogas anestésicas usadas habitualmente en bloqueos regionales (a 37ºC) y diferentes combinaciones entre las mismas, comprobándose que estas últimas son menores que las de los componentes por separado. Por lo tanto, las combinaciones de anestésicos locales y opiáceos presentan un comportamiento hipobaro respecto del LCR. T
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Local , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacokinetics , Anesthetics, Combined/pharmacokinetics , Hemodynamics , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Bupivacaine/pharmacokinetics , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/pharmacokinetics , Lidocaine/administration & dosage , Lidocaine/pharmacokinetics , Sufentanil/administration & dosage , Sufentanil/pharmacokinetics , Alfentanil/administration & dosage , Alfentanil/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
La baricidad de los agentes anestésicos se relaciona con la condición física del líquido cefalorráquideo (LCR), modificándose nuestra práctica cotidiana cuando utilizamos drogas hiperbaras para anestesia subaracnoidea. En la presente década se observó una tendencia creciente a utilizar combinaciones de anestésicos locales y opiáceos. En relación a dichas mezclas, se analizaron la farmacocinética y farmacodinamia pero no se profundizó el estudio respecto de su densidad y baricidad. En este trabajo se midieron las densidades de las drogas anestésicas usadas habitualmente en bloqueos regionales (a 37ºC) y diferentes combinaciones entre las mismas, comprobándose que estas últimas son menores que las de los componentes por separado. Por lo tanto, las combinaciones de anestésicos locales y opiáceos presentan un comportamiento hipobaro respecto del LCR. Tal condición debería ser tenida en cuenta al realizar un bloqueo raquídeo pues modificaría la localización y extensión del mismo.