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1.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; Rev. bras. anestesiol;66(3): 324-328, May.-June 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-782894

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fat embolism syndrome may occur in patients suffering from multiple trauma (long bone fractures) or plastic surgery (liposuction), compromising the circulatory, respiratory and/or central nervous systems. This report shows the evolution of severe fat embolism syndrome after liposuction and fat grafting. CASE REPORT: SSS, 42 years old, ASA 1, no risk factors for thrombosis, candidate for abdominal liposuction and breast implant prosthesis. Subjected to balanced general anesthesia with basic monitoring and controlled ventilation. After 45 min of procedure, there was a sudden and gradual decrease of capnometry, severe hypoxemia and hypotension. The patient was immediately monitored for MAP and central catheter, treated with vasopressors, inotropes, and crystalloid infusion, stabilizing her condition. Arterial blood sample showed pH = 7.21; PCO2 = 51 mmHg; PO2 = 52 mmHg; BE = -8; HCO3 = 18 mEq L-1, and lactate = 6.0 mmol L-1. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed PASP = 55 mmHg, hypocontractile VD and LVEF = 60%. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. After 24 h of intensive treatment, the patient developed anisocoria and coma (Glasgow coma scale = 3). A brain CT was performed which showed severe cerebral hemispheric ischemia with signs of fat emboli in right middle cerebral artery; transesophageal echocardiography showed a patent foramen ovale. Finally, after 72 h of evolution, the patient progressed to brain death. CONCLUSION: Fat embolism syndrome usually occurs in young people. Treatment is based mainly on the infusion of fluids and vasoactive drugs, mechanical ventilation, and triggering factor correction (early fixation of fractures or suspension of liposuction). The multiorgânico involvement indicates a worse prognosis.


RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A Síndrome da Embolia Gordurosa (SEG) pode acontecer em pacientes vítimas de politrauma (fratura de ossos longos) ou operações plásticas (lipoaspiração), comprometendo circulação, respiração e/ou sistema nervoso central. O presente relato mostra evolução de SEG grave após lipoaspiração e lipoenxertia. RELATO DO CASO: SSS, 42 anos, ASA 1, sem fatores de risco para trombose, candidata a lipoaspiração abdominal e implante de prótese mamária. Submetida à anestesia geral balanceada com monitorização básica e ventilação controlada. Após 45 minutos de procedimento, houve queda súbita e progressiva da capnometria, hipoxemia e hipotensão grave. Imediatamente foi monitorizada com PAM e cateter central, tratada com vasopressores, inotrópicos e infusão de cristaloides, obtendo estabilização do quadro. Amostra sanguínea arterial mostrou pH = 7,21; PCO2 = 51 mmHg; PO2 = 52 mmHg; BE = -8; HCO3 = 18 mEQ/l e lactato = 6,0 mmol/l. Ecocardiograma transtorácico mostrou PSAP = 55 mmHg, VD hipocontrátil e FEVE = 60%. Diagnóstico de embolia pulmonar. Após24 h de tratamento intensivo, a paciente evoluiu com anisocoria e coma com escala de glasgow 3. Realizada TC de encéfalo que evidenciou isquemia cerebral grave, hemisférica, com sinais de êmbolos de gordura em A. cerebral média D; o ecocardiograma transesofágico mostrou forame oval patente. Finalmente, após 72 h de evolução, a paciente evoluiu para morte encefálica. CONCLUSÃO: A SEG ocorre geralmente em jovens. O tratamento baseia-se principalmente na infusão de líquidos e drogas vasoativas, ventilação mecânica e correção do fator desencadeante (fixação precoce de fraturas ou suspensão da lipoaspiração). O comprometimento multiorgânico indica pior prognóstico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Lipectomy/adverse effects , Brain Ischemia/complications , Adipose Tissue/surgery , Embolism, Fat/complications , Abdomen/surgery , Respiration, Artificial , Syndrome , Severity of Illness Index , Brain Death/physiopathology , Brain Death/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Brain Ischemia/physiopathology , Brain Ischemia/diagnostic imaging , Fatal Outcome , Echocardiography, Transesophageal , Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology , Middle Cerebral Artery/diagnostic imaging , Embolism, Fat/diagnostic imaging , Foramen Ovale, Patent/complications , Foramen Ovale, Patent/physiopathology , Foramen Ovale, Patent/diagnostic imaging , Perioperative Period , Intraoperative Complications/physiopathology , Intraoperative Complications/diagnostic imaging , Anesthesia, General
2.
Braz J Anesthesiol ; 66(3): 324-8, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27108833

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fat embolism syndrome may occur in patients suffering from multiple trauma (long bone fractures) or plastic surgery (liposuction), compromising the circulatory, respiratory and/or central nervous systems. This report shows the evolution of severe fat embolism syndrome after liposuction and fat grafting. CASE REPORT: SSS, 42 years old, ASA 1, no risk factors for thrombosis, candidate for abdominal liposuction and breast implant prosthesis. Subjected to balanced general anesthesia with basic monitoring and controlled ventilation. After 45min of procedure, there was a sudden and gradual decrease of capnometry, severe hypoxemia and hypotension. The patient was immediately monitored for MAP and central catheter, treated with vasopressors, inotropes, and crystalloid infusion, stabilizing her condition. Arterial blood sample showed pH=7.21; PCO2=51mmHg; PO2=52mmHg; BE=-8; HCO3=18mEqL(-1), and lactate=6.0mmolL(-1). Transthoracic echocardiogram showed PASP=55mmHg, hypocontractile VD and LVEF=60%. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. After 24h of intensive treatment, the patient developed anisocoria and coma (Glasgow coma scale=3). A brain CT was performed which showed severe cerebral hemispheric ischemia with signs of fat emboli in right middle cerebral artery; transesophageal echocardiography showed a patent foramen ovale. Finally, after 72h of evolution, the patient progressed to brain death. CONCLUSION: Fat embolism syndrome usually occurs in young people. Treatment is based mainly on the infusion of fluids and vasoactive drugs, mechanical ventilation, and triggering factor correction (early fixation of fractures or suspension of liposuction). The multiorgânico involvement indicates a worse prognosis.


Subject(s)
Abdomen/surgery , Adipose Tissue/surgery , Brain Ischemia/complications , Embolism, Fat/complications , Lipectomy/adverse effects , Adult , Anesthesia, General , Brain Death/diagnostic imaging , Brain Death/physiopathology , Brain Ischemia/diagnostic imaging , Brain Ischemia/physiopathology , Echocardiography, Transesophageal , Embolism, Fat/diagnostic imaging , Fatal Outcome , Female , Foramen Ovale, Patent/complications , Foramen Ovale, Patent/diagnostic imaging , Foramen Ovale, Patent/physiopathology , Humans , Intraoperative Complications/diagnostic imaging , Intraoperative Complications/physiopathology , Middle Cerebral Artery/diagnostic imaging , Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology , Perioperative Period , Respiration, Artificial , Severity of Illness Index , Syndrome , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
3.
Chest ; 149(4): 991-8, 2016 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26540612

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) is often associated with vascular dysfunction, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) frequently occurs at high altitude. At low altitude, SDB causes vascular dysfunction. Moreover, in SDB, transient elevations of right-sided cardiac pressure may cause right-to-left shunting in the presence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) and, in turn, further aggravate hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension. We speculated that SDB and nocturnal hypoxemia are more pronounced in patients with CMS compared with healthy high-altitude dwellers, and are related to vascular dysfunction. METHODS: We performed overnight sleep recordings, and measured systemic and pulmonary artery pressure in 23 patients with CMS (mean ± SD age, 52.8 ± 9.8 y) and 12 healthy control subjects (47.8 ± 7.8 y) at 3,600 m. In a subgroup of 15 subjects with SDB, we assessed the presence of a PFO with transesophageal echocardiography. RESULTS: The major new findings were that in patients with CMS, (1) SDB and nocturnal hypoxemia was more severe (P < .01) than in control subjects (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI], 38.9 ± 25.5 vs 14.3 ± 7.8 number of events per hour [nb/h]; arterial oxygen saturation, 80.2% ± 3.6% vs 86.8% ± 1.7%, CMS vs control group), and (2) AHI was directly correlated with systemic blood pressure (r = 0.5216; P = .001) and pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.4497; P = .024). PFO was associated with more severe SDB (AHI, 48.8 ± 24.7 vs 14.8 ± 7.3 nb/h; P = .013, PFO vs no PFO) and hypoxemia. CONCLUSIONS: SDB and nocturnal hypoxemia are more severe in patients with CMS than in control subjects and are associated with systemic and pulmonary vascular dysfunction. The presence of a PFO appeared to further aggravate SDB. Closure of the PFO may improve SDB, hypoxemia, and vascular dysfunction in patients with CMS. TRIAL REGISTRY: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01182792; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.


Subject(s)
Altitude Sickness/epidemiology , Altitude , Foramen Ovale, Patent/epidemiology , Hypertension, Pulmonary/epidemiology , Hypoxia/epidemiology , Sleep Apnea Syndromes/epidemiology , Adult , Altitude Sickness/physiopathology , Blood Pressure , Bolivia/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Chronic Disease , Echocardiography, Transesophageal , Foramen Ovale, Patent/diagnostic imaging , Foramen Ovale, Patent/physiopathology , Humans , Hypertension, Pulmonary/diagnostic imaging , Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology , Hypoxia/physiopathology , Male , Middle Aged , Polysomnography , Severity of Illness Index , Sleep Apnea Syndromes/physiopathology
4.
Rev. bras. cardiol. invasiva ; 22(4): 382-385, Oct-Dec/2015. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, Sec. Est. Saúde SP | ID: lil-744578

ABSTRACT

A oclusão do apêndice atrial esquerdo tem sido realizada com sucesso para a prevenção de fenômenos embólicos em pacientes com fibrilação atrial, como alternativa à anticoagulação oral. O acesso atrial, através de forame oval ou comunicação interatrial tipo ostium secundum, tem sido evitado em função da crença de que o posicionamento do dispositivo é dificultado pela disposição mais alta do forame no septo interatrial. Neste manuscrito, relatamos um caso em que foram ocluídos, sequencialmente, o apêndice atrial esquerdo e o forame oval sem a necessidade de punção transeptal, que simplificou e tornou mais seguro o procedimento.


Left atrial appendage occlusion has been successfully employed to prevent embolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation as an alternative to oral anticoagulation. Left atrial access through the patent foramen ovale or ostium secundum atrial septal defect has been discouraged due to the fear that entering the septum in a higher position through the foramen would prevent adequate device positioning. In this manuscript we report a case in which the left atrial appendage and the foramen ovale were sequentially occluded avoiding transseptal puncture, making the procedure simpler and faster.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Atrial Appendage/physiopathology , Atrial Fibrillation/therapy , Foramen Ovale, Patent/physiopathology , Prostheses and Implants , Cardiac Catheterization , Heart Septal Defects, Atrial , Heart Atria/physiopathology
5.
Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba ; 69(4): 197-201, 2012.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23751786

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the systolic function of the left atrial appendage (LAA) in a group with and without patent foramen ovale (PFO) who suffered ischemic cerebrovascular events. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between September 2010 and October 2011, 17 patients were referred for transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) after suffering a stroke. PFO was defined as the passage of at least one bubble through atrial septum with bubble test. We compared systolic velocity in the appendage between patients with and without PFO and a control group. RESULTS: Were 8 women and 9 men, mean age 54.1 ± 19.5 years and 8 patients were under 55 years of age. All patients had suffered a ischemic cerebrovascular events, 41.2% had stroke, 52.9% transient ischemic attack and amaurosis fugax 5.9%. In the assessment of TEE, 11.8% had atrial septal aneurysm and 35.3% PFO. Mean LAA systolic velocity was 66.3 ± 20.3 cm / sec. There was no difference in systolic velocity of the LAA between patients with and without PFO (67.5 ± 11.8 cm / sec vs 65.7 ± 24.3 cm / sec respectively, p = 0.87). The control group of 8 patients, 5 women and 3 men, mean age 39.5 ± 18 years, had a LAA systolic velocity of 77.6 ± 28.9 cm / sec, no significant differences with ischemic patients. CONCLUSION: There were no differences in systolic function of the LAA between patients with and without PFO with ischemic cerebrovascular event.


Introducción: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar la función sistólica de la orejuela de la aurícula izquierda (OAI) en un grupo de pacientes con y sin foramen oval permeable (FOP) quienes sufrieron eventos cerebrovasculares isquémicos. Material y métodos: Entre septiembre de 2010 y octubre de 2011, 17 pacientes fueron enviados para la realización de un ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) por haber sufrido un accidente cerebrovascular (ACV). Se definió FOP al pasaje de al menos una burbuja a través del septum interauricular con test de burbujas. Se comparó la velocidad sistólica en la orejuela entre los pacientes con y sin FOP y con un grupo control. Resultados: Fueron 8 mujeres y 9 hombres, con una edad media de 54,1 ± 19,5 años. Todos los pacientes habían sufrido un evento cerebrovascular isquémico, el 41,2% habían tenido ACV, el 52,9% crisis isquémica transitoria y el 5,9% amaurosis fugaz. En la evaluación con ETE, el 11,8% tuvo aneurisma del septum interauricular y el 35,3% FOP. La velocidad sistólica media de la OAI fue 66,3 ± 20,3 cm/seg. No hubo diferencia en la velocidad sistólica de la OAI entre pacientes con o sin FOP (67,5 ± 11,8 cm/seg vs 65,7 ± 24,3 cm/seg respectivamente, p= 0,87). El grupo control compuesto por 8 pacientes, 5 mujeres y 3 hombres, con una edad media de 39,5 ± 18 años, tuvo una velocidad sistólica de la OAI de 77,6 ± 28,9 cm/seg, sin diferencias significativas con los pacientes isquémicos. Conclusión: No hubo diferencias en la función sistólica de la OAI entre pacientes con y sin FOP con eventos cerebrovasculares isquemicos.


Subject(s)
Atrial Appendage/physiology , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Foramen Ovale, Patent/physiopathology , Stroke/physiopathology , Adult , Aged , Blood Flow Velocity/physiology , Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed , Female , Foramen Ovale, Patent/diagnosis , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Systole
6.
J. bras. med ; 99(1): 42-47, mar.-maio 2011.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-597344

ABSTRACT

O forame oval permite, durante o período fetal, a passagem de sangue oxigenado oriundo da placenta para o átrio direito, possibilitando oxigenação adequada do cérebro e do coração. Após o nascimento, com o início da respiração e com a desconexão da placenta, há um aumento da pressão do lado esquerdo e uma diminuição do lado direito do coração, empurrando a lâmina do forame oval para a direita, o que ocasiona o seu fechamento funcional. Entretanto, em aproximadamente 25% da população ele pode permanecer patente. Sua relação com o acidente vascular isquêmico e com enxaqueca com aura tem sido sugerida em várias publicações. Na presença de acidente vascular isquêmico idiopático, tem sido sugerido por vários autores o fechamento percutâneo do forame oval patente (FOP), quando comprovada a existência de shunt da direita para a esquerda, espontaneamente ou com manobra de Valsalva. Contudo, hã necessidade de maior tempo de observação para avaliar a sua superioridade em relação ao tratamento clínico.


Foramen ovale allows the passage, during the fetal period, of oxygenated blood coming from the placenta to the right atrium, supplying adequate oxygenation for brain and heart. After birth, with onset of breathing and disconnection of the placenta, there are an increased pressure on the left side ofthe heart and a decreasing in its right side pushing the blade of the foramen ovale to the right, causing its functional closure. However, the patent foramen ovale (PFO) occurs in approximately 25% of the population. The relationship between cryptogenic stroke, migraine with aura and PFO has been suggestedin several publications. In the presence of cryptogenic stroke, percutaneous closure of PFO, when shown the existente of a shunt from right to left spontaneously or with the Valsalva maneuver, has been suggested by several authors. However, there is need of more observation time to assess its superiority over medica1 treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Stroke/etiology , Foramen Ovale, Patent/complications , Foramen Ovale, Patent/diagnosis , Foramen Ovale, Patent/etiology , Foramen Ovale, Patent/physiopathology , Migraine Disorders/etiology , Migraine Disorders/physiopathology , Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/complications , Echocardiography , Risk Factors , Heart Septum/embryology , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
7.
Arq Neuropsiquiatr ; 68(4): 627-31, 2010 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20730322

ABSTRACT

Patent foramen ovale (PFO), a relatively common abnormality in adults, has been associated with migraine. Few studies also linked PFO with cluster headache (CH). To verify whether right-to-left shunt (RLS) is related to headaches other than migraine and CH, we used transcranial Doppler following microbubbles injection to detect shunts in 24 CH, 7 paroxysmal hemicrania (PH), one SUNCT, two hemicrania continua (HC) patients; and 34 matched controls. RLS was significantly more frequent in CH than in controls (54% vs. 25%, p=0.03), particularly above the age of 50. In the HC+PH+SUNCT group, RLS was found in 6 patients and in 2 controls (p=0.08). Smoking as well as the Epworth Sleepiness Scale correlated significantly with CH, smoking being more frequent in patients with RLS. PFO may be non-specifically related to trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias and HC. The headache phenotype in PFO patients probably depends on individual susceptibility to circulating trigger factors.


Subject(s)
Foramen Ovale, Patent/complications , Headache/etiology , Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias/etiology , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Female , Foramen Ovale, Patent/diagnostic imaging , Foramen Ovale, Patent/physiopathology , Headache/diagnostic imaging , Headache/physiopathology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias/diagnostic imaging , Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias/physiopathology , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
8.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; Arq. neuropsiquiatr;68(4): 627-631, Aug. 2010. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-555247

ABSTRACT

Patent foramen ovale (PFO), a relatively common abnormality in adults, has been associated with migraine. Few studies also linked PFO with cluster headache (CH). To verify whether right-to-left shunt (RLS) is related to headaches other than migraine and CH, we used transcranial Doppler following microbubbles injection to detect shunts in 24 CH, 7 paroxysmal hemicrania (PH), one SUNCT, two hemicrania continua (HC) patients; and 34 matched controls. RLS was significantly more frequent in CH than in controls (54 percent vs. 25 percent, p=0.03), particularly above the age of 50. In the HC+PH+SUNCT group, RLS was found in 6 patients and in 2 controls (p=0.08). Smoking as well as the Epworth Sleepiness Scale correlated significantly with CH, smoking being more frequent in patients with RLS. PFO may be non-specifically related to trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias and HC. The headache phenotype in PFO patients probably depends on individual susceptibility to circulating trigger factors.


O forame oval patente (FOP), uma anormalidade cardíaca relativamente comum em adultos, tem sido associado à enxaqueca, mas raramente às cefaléias trigêmino-autonômicas (TACs). Utilizamos o Doppler transcraniano (DTC) para detecção de shunt direito-esquerdo (SDE) em 24 pacientes com cefaléia em salvas (CS), sete com hemicrania paroxística (HP), dois com hemicrania continua (HC) e um com SUNCT; alem de 34 controles. O SDE foi mais frequente nos pacientes com CS do que nos controles (54 por cento vs. 25 por cento p=0,03), particularmente acima de 50 anos. No grupo HP+HC+SUNCT, o SDE foi encontrado em seis pacientes e dois controles (p=0,08). O hábito de fumar, bem como sonolência excessiva diurna foram mais frequentes em paciente com CS. O FOP pode ter importância inespecífica na fisiopatologia das TACs e HC, na dependência da susceptibilidade individual a fatores desencadeantes.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Foramen Ovale, Patent/complications , Headache/etiology , Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias/etiology , Case-Control Studies , Foramen Ovale, Patent/physiopathology , Foramen Ovale, Patent , Headache/physiopathology , Headache , Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias/physiopathology , Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias , Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
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