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1.
JAMA ; 330(1): 15-16, 2023 07 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37327003

ABSTRACT

This Viewpoint discusses the health harms to individuals and communities because of mass incarceration in the US and proposes interventions to ensure health equity for all individuals.


Subject(s)
Correctional Facilities , Health Equity , Human Rights , Prisoners , Public Policy , Humans , Health Equity/legislation & jurisprudence , Health Equity/standards , Prisoners/legislation & jurisprudence , Prisoners/statistics & numerical data , Prisons , Human Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Human Rights/standards , United States/epidemiology
2.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37048008

ABSTRACT

Aboriginal Australians have a fundamental human right to opportunities that lead to healthy and flourishing lives. While the impact of trauma on Aboriginal Australians is well-documented, a pervasive deficit narrative that focuses on problems and pathology persists in research and policy discourse. This narrative risks further exacerbating Aboriginal disadvantage through a focus on 'fixing what is wrong' with Aboriginal Australians and the internalising of these narratives by Aboriginal Australians. While a growing body of research adopts strength-based models, limited research has sought to explore Aboriginal flourishing. This conceptual paper seeks to contribute to a burgeoning paradigm shift in Aboriginal research, seeking to understand what can be learned from Aboriginal people who flourish, how we best determine this, and in what contexts this can be impactful. Within, we argue the case for a new approach to exploring Aboriginal wellbeing that integrates salutogenic, positive psychology concepts with complex systems theory to understand and promote Aboriginal wellbeing and flourishing. While deeper work may be required to establish the parameters of a strength-based, culturally aligned Aboriginal conceptualisation of positive psychology, we suggest the integration of Aboriginal and Western methodologies offers a unique and potent means of shifting the dial on seemingly intractable problems.


Subject(s)
Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples , Cultural Competency , Human Rights , Mental Health , Humans , Australia , Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples/psychology , Health Services, Indigenous , Human Rights/standards , Mental Health/ethnology , Cultural Competency/psychology
3.
JAMA ; 329(5): 365-366, 2023 02 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36622690

ABSTRACT

This Viewpoint discusses how some pulse oximeters can provide incorrect oxygen saturation data for dark-skinned patients compared with light-skinned patients, describes the reasons that biased oximeters remained in use, and highlights why a rule recently proposed by the US Department of Health and Human Services may bring about needed change in the use of pulse oximetry for patients with dark skin.


Subject(s)
Human Rights , Oximetry , Social Discrimination , Oximetry/instrumentation , Oximetry/standards , Social Discrimination/legislation & jurisprudence , Social Discrimination/prevention & control , United States , Federal Government , Human Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Human Rights/standards
5.
PLoS One ; 17(2): e0263404, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35108343

ABSTRACT

Education is a fundamental human right. Yet there remain gaps in our understanding of undocumented children in Malaysia and their vulnerabilities in education access. This study aims to describe and contextualise undocumented children in Malaysia and their access to education. We conducted a desk review and in-depth interviews with 33 key stakeholders from June 2020 to March 2021. Framework analysis was conducted. Salient themes were geographical location and legal identity in terms of citizenship and migration status. We found that the lack of legal identity and non-recognition by the State was the root cause of vulnerability, experienced uniformly by undocumented populations in Malaysia. Only undocumented children with Malaysian parents or guardians can enter public schools under the Malaysian government's 'Zero Reject Policy'. Most undocumented and non-citizen children must rely on informal education provided by alternative or community learning centres that typically lack standardised curricula, resources, and accreditation for education progression beyond primary levels. Nevertheless, as non-citizen groups are diverse, certain groups experience more privilege, while others are more disadvantaged in terms of the quality of informal education and the highest level of education accessible. In Peninsular Malaysia, a very small proportion of refugees and asylum-seekers may additionally access tertiary education on scholarships. In Sabah, children of Indonesian migrant workers have access to learning centres with academic accreditation supported by employers in plantations and the Indonesian Consulate, whereas Filipino migrants who were initially recognised as refugees are now receiving little government or embassy support. Stateless Rohingya refugees in Peninsular Malaysia and Bajau Laut children at Sabah are arguably the most marginalised and have the poorest educational opportunities at basic literacy and numeracy levels, despite the latter receiving minimal governmental education support. Implementing a rights-based approach towards education would mean allowing all children equal opportunity to access and thrive in high-quality schools.


Subject(s)
Education/legislation & jurisprudence , Education/organization & administration , Human Rights/standards , Refugees/education , Transients and Migrants/education , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Malaysia , Male , Young Adult
9.
Ann N Y Acad Sci ; 1505(1): 40-54, 2021 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34350987

ABSTRACT

Universal human rights are defined by international agreements, law, foreign policy, and the concept of inherent human dignity. However, rights defined on this basis can be readily subverted by overt and covert disagreements and can be treated as distant geopolitical events rather than bearing on individuals' everyday lives. A robust case for universal human rights is urgently needed and must meet several disparate requirements: (1) a framework that resolves tautological definitions reached solely by mutual, revocable agreement; (2) a rationale that transcends differences in beliefs, creed, and culture; and (3) a personalization that empowers both individuals and governments to further human rights protections. We propose that human rights in existing agreements comprise five elemental types: (1) agency, autonomy, and self-determination; (2) freedom from want; (3) freedom from fear; (4) uniqueness; and (5) unconditionality, including protections for vulnerable populations. We further propose these rights and protections are rooted in fundamental properties of the human brain. We provide a robust, empirical foundation for universal rights based on emerging work in human brain science that we term dignity neuroscience. Dignity neuroscience provides an empirical foundation to support and foster human dignity, universal rights, and their active furtherance by individuals, nations, and international law.


Subject(s)
Brain/physiology , Freedom , Human Rights/methods , Neurosciences/methods , Personal Autonomy , Respect , Human Rights/standards , Humans , Neurosciences/standards
10.
Rev. cuba. enferm ; 37(1): e3740, 2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDENF - Nursing, CUMED | ID: biblio-1341384

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La existencia de determinadas manifestaciones de violencia hacia la mujer durante su parto, frecuentemente, no posee su reconocimiento ni por las mujeres que la padecen ni por los profesionales que la acometen, lo que naturaliza e invisibiliza el fenómeno. Objetivo: Identificar las manifestaciones de violencia obstétrica que ocurren en el parto y la percepción que poseen mujeres y profesionales de la salud del fenómeno. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo entre marzo del 2017 al 2019, en un hospital de la provincia de Artemisa, Cuba. Con el criterio de saturación teórica, la muestra se constituyó por 12 mujeres que habían tenido un parto fisiológico, 10 profesionales de la enfermería obstétrica y 10 médicos obstetras seleccionados por un muestreo no probabilístico por criterios. El análisis de la información de las entrevistas y la observación no participante se realizó siguiendo los principios de la Teoría Fundamentada. Los datos se recogieron, analizaron y procesaron mediante el software informático ATLAS. ti 8 Windows. Resultados: Las entrevistas evidenciaron las manifestaciones emitidas de violencia contra la mujer, así como la observación mostró la ocurrencia de intervencionismo que, unido a las actitudes de profesionales del área obstétrica y las normativas del sistema de salud, influyeron en la perpetuación de la experiencia negativa del parto en la mujer. Conclusiones: El estudio manifestó la violencia obstétrica durante el parto, a partir de las relaciones que se establecen entre las categorías identificadas e indagó nuevas posturas para concebir el parto como un evento gratificante con la naturalidad que lo caracteriza(AU)


Introduction: The existence of certain manifestations of violence against women during childbirth is frequently not recognized either by the affected women or by the professionals involved, which makes the phenomenon natural and invisible. Objective: To identify the manifestations of obstetric violence that occur in childbirth and the perception that women and health professionals have concerning the phenomenon. Methods: Qualitative study carried out, from March 2017 to 2019, in a hospital in Artemisa Province, Cuba. Using the theoretical saturation criterion, the sample was made up of twelve women who had physiological delivery, ten obstetric nursing professionals, and ten obstetrician physicians, selected by nonprobabilistic sampling by criteria. The analysis of the information from the interviews and nonparticipant observation were carried out following the principles of grounded theory. Data were collected, analyzed and processed using the computer software ATLAS.ti 8 for Windows. Results: The interviews showed the manifestations of violence against women, while observation showed the occurrence of interventionism that, together with the attitudes of professionals in the obstetric area and the regulations of the health system, influenced the perpetuation of the negative experience of childbirth in women. Conclusions: The study revealed obstetric violence during childbirth, based on the relationships established between the identified categories, and investigated new positions to conceive childbirth as a gratifying event with the naturalness that characterizes it(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Humanizing Delivery , Violence Against Women , Human Rights/standards , Grounded Theory
12.
Global Health ; 16(1): 118, 2020 12 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33334370

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Since 2016 Venezuela has seen a collapse in its economy and public health infrastructure resulting in a humanitarian crisis and massive outward migration. With the emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 at the end of 2019, the public health emergency within its borders and in neighboring countries has become more severe and as increasing numbers of Venezuelans migrants return home or get stuck along migratory routes, new risks are emerging in the region. RESULTS: Despite clear state obligations to respect, protect and fulfil the rights to health and related economic, social, civil and political rights of its population, in Venezuela, co-occurring malaria and COVID-19 epidemics are propelled by a lack of public investment in health, weak governance, and violations of human rights, especially for certain underserved populations like indigenous groups. COVID-19 has put increased pressure on Venezuelan and regional actors and healthcare systems, as well as international public health agencies, to deal with a domestic and regional public health emergency. CONCLUSIONS: International aid and cooperation for Venezuela to deal with the re-emergence of malaria and the COVID-19 spread, including lifting US-enforced economic sanctions that limit Venezuela's capacity to deal with this crisis, is critical to protecting rights and health in the country and region.


Subject(s)
COVID-19/prevention & control , Emigration and Immigration/statistics & numerical data , Human Rights/standards , Malaria/transmission , COVID-19/epidemiology , Economic Recession/statistics & numerical data , Human Rights/trends , Humans , Malaria/epidemiology , Refugees/statistics & numerical data , Venezuela/epidemiology
15.
Child Abuse Negl ; 110(Pt 1): 104655, 2020 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32912753

ABSTRACT

Violence against children (VAC) is a pervasive and persistent injustice around the world. Thirty years after the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the right of children to be protected against all forms of violence is still routinely violated. It is only within the last twenty years that the scope of this problem has been studied; as many point out, understanding the scope of the problem through comprehensive data collection is necessary to improve child protection. Data collection and data quality have improved drastically over this time. The Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights recommends using comprehensive indicator systems that collect data on States Parties' structure- and process-related commitments to fulfil human rights, and on the outcomes of these commitments. However, most existing indicator sets on VAC fall short of this comprehensive approach, often focusing only on structural or outcome indicators. An international team of child rights experts is now developing GlobalChild, which will be an online platform consisting of comprehensive sets of structure-, process-, and outcome-related indicators for all 41 substantive rights of the CRC. This system will advance data collection, facilitate the monitoring function of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, and enable research on many rights of children, including their right to protection against violence. VAC is a complex problem, and protection against VAC is a right that is indivisible from other rights under the CRC. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic approach is required to improve accountability to children around the world.


Subject(s)
Child Advocacy/standards , Child Welfare/psychology , Human Rights/standards , United Nations/standards , Violence/psychology , Child , Humans , Social Responsibility
16.
PLoS One ; 15(7): e0235894, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32697775

ABSTRACT

States often seek to regulate the use of police force though citizen complaint systems. This paper examines these systems, specifically, whether patterns of bias found in other juridical contexts are mirrored in the adjudication of police assault. The analysis focuses on prosecutors as the first instance of adjudication who determine whether to move forward with investigation, effectively deciding the majority of cases. We ask whether prosecutor sex is associated with the probability that a police assault claim will be investigated. We leverage a natural experiment in Sweden where prosecutors are assigned through a modified lottery system, effectively randomizing appointment. Our findings suggest that prosecutor gender plays a role in judicial outcomes: women prosecutors are 16 percentage points more likely to investigate claims of police assault than their male counterparts. These findings have implications for scholars interested in state human rights abuses, democratic institutions, and judicial inequality.


Subject(s)
Judicial Role , Police/statistics & numerical data , Sexism/statistics & numerical data , Violence/statistics & numerical data , Female , Human Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Human Rights/standards , Humans , Male , Sex Factors , Sweden , Violence/legislation & jurisprudence
17.
Life Sci Soc Policy ; 16(1): 5, 2020 Jul 27.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32715382

ABSTRACT

This paper offers the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) viewpoint with Qatar as a case for lasting transformation of health systems. The Qatar case study illustrates the importance of research in the development of health policy. It provides description of a series of projects that have been undertaken in relevant national areas such as autism, dementia, genomics, palliative care and patient safety. The paper discourse draws attention to investment requirement in health research systems to respond to country national health priorities and to strengthen public health policies for improving health and social outcomes by narrowing the gap between research and politics. In short, the discussion highlights the following: i) health is a human right marching towards universal health care, with research underpinning every advance in health care and quality medical services; ii) evidence-based research is emerging as a critical tool to aid policy- and decision-makers; iii) investment necessity in healthcare research/systems to enable responding to a country's national health priorities and to strengthen public health policies; and iv) need for multi-sectoral involvement of stakeholders to bridge the gap between research and politics. Finally, atypical stakeholders' engagement and bond to politics is a prerequisite to achieve healthcare objectives and policy success so as to reap the benefits of public health results.


Subject(s)
Administrative Personnel/organization & administration , Health Policy , Health Priorities/organization & administration , Health Services Research/organization & administration , Politics , Administrative Personnel/standards , Evidence-Based Practice , Health Priorities/standards , Health Services Research/economics , Human Rights/standards , Humans , Qatar , Quality of Health Care/standards , Stakeholder Participation
19.
Health Hum Rights ; 22(1): 35-49, 2020 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32669787

ABSTRACT

Throughout the world, mental health remains a neglected priority, low on the agenda of policy makers and funders at the national and international levels. While this is shifting somewhat, there remains a considerable need to address the underprioritization of mental health and well-being, perhaps even more so in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, given the history of mental health interventions-which have overemphasized the biomedical model and have thus resulted in coercion, denial of life in the community, and unnecessary pathologization of human experience-there is also a need to ensure that increased funding does not simply replicate these mistakes. This is particularly true in the current landscape, where efforts to "scale up" mental health and to reduce "treatment gaps" are gaining momentum and where post-pandemic responses are still being formulated. As the potential for global mechanisms for funding mental health increases, national and international funders should look to practices that are rights affirming and contextually relevant. In this paper, I explore the current landscape of mental health financing, in terms of both national resource allocation and development assistance. I then outline the momentum in global mental health that is likely to materialize through increased funding, before considering ways in which that funding might be utilized in a manner that promotes human rights.


Subject(s)
Global Health , Health Care Rationing/organization & administration , Human Rights/standards , Mental Health Services/organization & administration , Mental Health , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Developing Countries , Health Care Rationing/economics , Humans , International Cooperation , Mental Health Services/economics , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , SARS-CoV-2 , Tobacco Products
20.
Health Hum Rights ; 22(1): 21-33, 2020 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32669786

ABSTRACT

This study sought to evaluate the quality of care in Czech psychiatric hospitals and adherence to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Each psychiatric hospital was evaluated by a team comprising a service user, a psychiatrist, a social worker, a human rights lawyer, and a researcher, all trained in using the World Health Organization's QualityRights Toolkit. We conducted content analysis on internal documents from psychiatric hospitals, observed everyday practices, and conducted 579 interviews across public psychiatric hospitals between 2017 and 2019. We found that none of the CRPD articles as assessed by the QualityRights Toolkit was fully adhered to in Czech psychiatric hospitals. We recommend both facility- and system-level interventions to improve CRPD adherence in the Czech context and in the wider region of Central and Eastern Europe. To achieve this, substantial investments are required.


Subject(s)
Disabled Persons/psychology , Hospitals, Psychiatric/standards , Human Rights/standards , Czech Republic , Disabled Persons/legislation & jurisprudence , Human Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Mental Disorders/psychology , United Nations
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