Alveolar morphometry in young adults with and without agenesis of the upper lateral incisor: A retrospective study.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to compare alveolar morphometry in young adults with agenesis of the upper lateral incisor versus the side without agenesis and versus matched controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this observational retrospective study, cone beam computed tomography scans were obtained of 36 upper hemiarches from young adults aged 15 to 30 years. The hemiarches were distributed into three groups: group 1: 12 upper hemiarches presenting agenesis of the upper lateral incisor; group 2: 12 upper hemiarches from the opposite side without agenesis of the upper lateral incisor (control group 1); and group 3: 12 upper hemiarches without agenesis of the upper lateral incisor matched for age and sex with respect to the affected group (control group 2). A trained and calibrated investigator performed all the alveolar measurements at two different times, including sagittal, coronal and axial slices of each hemiarch. Paired Student's t-tests, Chi-square and repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction were used, (P<0.05). RESULTS: Apical mesial evaluation of group 1 (4.22±1.19mm) was significantly lower (P<0.001) than that of groups 2 (6.72±1.17mm) and 3 (7.58±1.67mm). Apical distal evaluation also showed differences (P<0.001) among the three groups, with the dimension being smaller in group 1 with agenesis (4.53±1.14mm), followed by group 2 without agenesis (6.23±1.55mm) and the healthy control group 3 (7.73±1.71mm). CONCLUSIONS: Lateral incisor agenesis significantly reduces the alveolar dimensions of the affected area. In cases of unilateral agenesis, the unaffected side also shows sequelae, with decreased dimensions compared to cases without agenesis. This condition should be taken into account when making therapeutic decisions regarding rehabilitation with implants or canine replacement.

Closure of maxillary lateral incisor agenesis space in unilateral cleft lip and palate: a digital model assessment.

OBJECTIVE: To compare dental positional and gingival parameters of maxillary anterior teeth in unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) after orthodontic treatment with canine substitution due to lateral incisor agenesis. METHODS: This split-mouth study comprised 57 subjects with UCLP (31 male, 26 female) and agenesis of maxillary lateral incisor at the cleft side, from a single center. Canine substitution was completed after the secondary alveolar bone graft. Dental models were taken between 2 to 6 months after debonding (mean age: 20.4 years). The following variables were measured in the maxillary anterior teeth: crown height, width, proportion, and symmetry, as well as steps between incisal edges, gingival margins, tooth mesiodistal angulation and labiolingual inclination. Paired t-tests with Bonferroni post-hoc correction was used for comparisons between cleft and non-cleft sides (p<0.05). RESULTS: At the cleft side, canines replacing missing lateral incisors had a higher crown height (0.77mm) and an increased width (0.67mm), and first premolars showed a shorter crown height (1.39mm). Asymmetries were observed in the gingival level of central and lateral incisors, with a greater clinical crown at the cleft side (0.61 and 0.81mm, respectively). Cleft side central incisors were more upright than their contralaterals (2.12º). CONCLUSIONS: Maxillary anterior teeth demonstrated positional, size and gingival height differences between cleft and non-cleft side after space closure of maxillary lateral incisor agenesis. Slight asymmetries in tooth position and gingival margin in the maxillary anterior teeth should be expected after orthodontic treatment in UCLP patients.

Interdisciplinary treatment to replace missing upper lateral incisors, 4.5 years follow up / Tratamiento interdisciplinario para reposición de incisivos laterales superiores faltantes, seguimiento de 4,5 años

Introduction: Multidisciplinary diagnosis and planning are essential to define the treatment option that will provide the best individual results for patients with congenitally missing upper lateral incisors. Objective: To determine the function and aesthetics after the therapeutic use of osseintegrated implants to replace congenitally missing upper lateral incisors in a young female at 4.5 years follow-up. Case report: The patient was a 13 years old female (at beginning of treatment) with congenitally missing upper lateral incisors condition. Five months after the orthodontic active treatment, the space for placing the implants was achieved. After 2 years of Orthodontic treatment and the evaluation of the craniomandibular growth term by hand radiography, two implants were placed with an expanded bone technique in the position of the upper lateral incisors. After 4 months, osseointegration was clinically confirmed and two screw retained temporary crowns were performed using temporary plastic abutments and acrylic teeth and recalled at 4.5 years to control. Conclusions: Our results showed predictable esthetics and functional results in a patient with congenitally missing upper lateral incisors. This was possible due to a multidisciplinary approach between the diagnosis and treatment performed (Orthodontics, Implantology and Prosthodontics(AU)

Introducción: El diagnóstico y la planificación multidisciplinarios son esenciales para definir la opción de tratamiento que proporcionará los mejores resultados individuales para los pacientes con incisivos laterales superiores que faltan congénitamente. Objetivo: Fue determinar la función y la estética después del uso terapéutico de implantes osteointegrados para reemplazar los incisivos laterales superiores ausentes congénitamente en una mujer joven a los 4,5 años de seguimiento. Presentación del caso: La paciente, mujer de 13 años (al inicio del tratamiento) con una condición congénita de incisivos laterales superiores ausentes. Cinco meses después del tratamiento activo de ortodoncia, se logró el espacio para la colocación de los implantes. Después de 2 años de tratamiento de Ortodoncia y la evaluación del término de crecimiento cráneo-mandibular corroborado mediante radiografía de mano, se colocaron dos implantes con técnica de hueso expandido en la posición de los incisivos laterales superiores. Después de 4 meses, se confirmó clínicamente la osteointegración y se realizaron dos coronas provisionales atornilladas utilizando pilares de plástico provisionales y dientes acrílicos y se controlaron a los 4,5 años de seguimiento. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados mostraron resultados estéticos y funcionales predecibles en un paciente con incisivos laterales superiores ausentes congénitamente. Esto fue posible gracias a un abordaje multidisciplinar entre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento realizado (Ortodoncia, Implantología y Prostodoncia(AU)

Síndrome del incisivo central maxilar medio único en neonato / Solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome in neonates / Síndrome do incisivo central maxilar médio solitário em neonatos

Introducción: el síndrome del incisivo central maxilar medio único (SMMCI) es un trastorno de etiología desconocida, con base genética heterogénea, que se caracteriza por la erupción de un único incisivo central en el maxilar y que se puede relacionar con multitud de patologías y síndromes, entre los que destacan las alteraciones de la línea media, obstrucción nasal congénita, disfunción hipofisaria, talla baja y holoprosencefalia. Caso clínico: neonato mujer con síndrome dismórfico no filiado y obstrucción nasal congénita, que es diagnosticada de SMMCI tras consultar en repetidas ocasiones por cuadros de dificultad respiratoria y problemas para alimentarse. Conclusiones: el conocimiento de este raro síndrome es fundamental para la realización de un diagnóstico precoz por parte del equipo pediátrico y obstétrico, ya que un diagnóstico temprano es posible, mejorando la evaluación prenatal ecográfica, así como el adecuado manejo posnatal multidisciplinar posterior de nuestros pacientes.

Introduction: the Solitary Median Maxillary Central Incisor Syndrome (SMMCI) is a disorder of unknown etiology, with a heterogeneous genetic basis, characterized by the eruption of a single central incisor in the maxilla and that can be linked to various pathologies and syndromes, among which the alterations of the midline, congenital nasal obstruction, pituitary dysfunction, short stature and holoprosencephaly stand out. Clinical case: female newborns with unknown dysmorphic syndrome and congenital nasal obstruction, diagnosed with SMMCI after repeated consultations due to respiratory distress and feeding problems. Conclusions: understanding this rare syndrome is essential for an early diagnosis to be carried out by the pediatric and obstetric team, since it will improve the ultrasound prenatal assessment, as well as the adequate subsequent multidisciplinary postnatal patient management procedures.

Introdução: a síndrome do incisivo central maxilar médio solitário (SICMMS) é uma desordem de etiologia desconhecida, com base genética heterogênea, caracterizada pela erupção de um único incisivo central na maxila e que pode estar relacionada a uma infinidade de patologias e síndromes. onde se destacam alterações da linha média, obstrução nasal congênita, disfunção hipofisária, baixa estatura e holoprosencefalia. Caso clínico: recém-nascida com síndrome dismórfica de origem desconhecida e obstrução nasal congênita, diagnosticada com SICMSS após várias consultas por desconforto respiratório e problemas de alimentação. Conclusões: o conhecimento desta rara síndrome é essencial para que a equipe pediátrica e obstétrica possa fazer um diagnóstico precoce, pois ele pode melhorar a avaliação ultrassonográfica pré-natal, bem como o adequado manejo pós-natal multidisciplinar pós-natal dos pacientes.

Agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors: diagnosis and treatment options.

INTRODUCTION: There are different possibilities of orthodontic planning for cases with congenital absence of maxillary lateral incisors. This subject divides the opinion of orthodontists and oral rehabilitation clinicians, due to the advantages and disadvantages of each treatment option, which may involve opening spaces for future implants and/or prosthetic restorations, or closing the spaces by positioning the maxillary canines in the place of lateral incisors. The correct diagnosis and careful evaluation of each patient allow to determine the best therapeutic approach. This paper discusses the main topics to be considered when planning these cases. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the main aspects related to orthodontic treatment planning in cases of congenital absence of maxillary lateral incisors, to aid the decision-making, with clinical and scientific basis.

Impact of avulsion of the primary incisors on the occurrence of sequelae in the permanent teeth: A retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to investigate the occurrence of sequelae in the permanent teeth after avulsion of their primary antecessors and to evaluate the factors associated with this occurrence. METHODS: We screened 2922 records of patients with photographic and radiographic images who attended a reference centre for dental trauma in the primary teeth from 1998 to 2019. Among them, 240 were eligible records of children who had suffered avulsion of the primary incisors and were followed up until complete eruption of the permanent successors. Multilevel Poisson regression analyses were conducted between the explanatory variables related to children and avulsed teeth; outcome variables were occurrences of any type of sequelae in the permanent teeth, opacities, hypoplasia and malformation. Relative risks (RRs) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: Among the 240 children's records, 194 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Finally, we found 266 primary avulsed teeth and 115 (43.2%) permanent teeth presenting with sequelae. Avulsion occurring when children were older than 4 years (RR = 0.48; 95% CI = 0.24-0.95) had lower risks for developing sequelae than children aged 0-2 years of age. Additionally, when avulsion occurred in the lower dental arch (RR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.06-1.99) and when three or more teeth were affected (RR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.02-2.41), the occurrence of sequelae in the permanent teeth was more probable than if avulsion occurred in the upper arch and affected only a single tooth. Age older than 3 years was a protective factor for the occurrence of hypoplasia and age older than 4 years protective for the occurrence of opacities. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of sequelae in the permanent teeth after avulsion of their antecessor is higher when the trauma occurs in young children (<2 years) and in patients with avulsions of greater magnitude, such as when it affects the lower jaw, and more teeth are involved.

Increased Expression of RUNX2 and ALP Resulting from a Combination of Propolis Extract and Bovine Bone Graft in Socket Preservation Material

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the inductive effect of a combination of propolis and BBG extract on RUNX2 and ALP expression in the tooth extraction sockets of Cavia cobaya. Fifty- six Cavia cobaya were divided into four groups: polyethylene glycol (PEG), propolis extract + PEG, BBG + PEG, and propolis extract + BBG + PEG. The lower left incisor was extracted, and the socket subsequently filled with material according to the specific group of which the subject was a member. The subjects were sacrificed on the 14th and 30th days. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out under a light microscope at 400x magnification. Statistical analysis was then carried out by means of One-Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. The mean number of RUNX2 and ALP expressions in each group was significantly different. The highest number of RUNX2 and ALP expressions occurred in the propolis + BBG + PEG group on the 30th day, while the lowest expressions were observed in the control group on the 14th day. A combination of propolis and BBG extract at a concentration of 2% of active substance effectively increases the expression of RUNX2 and ALP in preserving the tooth extraction sockets of Cavia cobaya.

Ausencia congénita de incisivos laterales superiores. Enfoques terapéuticos y sus resultados a largo plazo. Revisión descriptiva / Congenital absence of upper lateral incisors. Therapeutic approaches and their long-term results. Descriptive review

RESUMEN: La agenesia de incisivos laterales superiores corresponde a un desafío clínico, en cuanto a planificación de tratamiento, así como también para la obtención de resultados estéticos y funcionales adecuados. Con el fin de conseguirlo, el clínico debería informarse sobre las diferentes opciones terapéuticas disponibles en la actualidad, considerando que la indicación depende de cada caso clínico individual, es decir, del paciente en su contexto integral sumado a su condición intra-oral. Además, es importante evaluar los resultados a largo plazo de las diferentes alternativas, para lograr la resolución clínica más adecuada y estable en el tiempo. El éxito en estos pacientes, requiere de un enfoque multidisciplinario, considerando especialistas en ortodoncia, rehabilitación oral, periodoncia y cirugía oral de ser necesario. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir y comparar las alternativas terapéuticas para la agenesia de incisivos laterales maxilares.

ABSTRACT: The agenesis of upper lateral incisors represents a clinical challenge regarding treatment planning and appropriate aesthetic and functional results. In order to obtain the best results, the clinician should be informed about the different therapeutic options currently available, considering that the indication depends on each individual clinical case, that is, on the patient in his/her comprehensive context in addition to his/her oral condition. It is also important to evaluate long term results from each treatment available, in order to achieve the better outcome and most importantly, a stable clinical resolution over time. The treatment success in this kind of patients requires a multidisciplinary approach, including specialists in orthodontics, oral rehabilitation, periodontics, and oral surgery if necessary. The objective of this review is to describe and compare the therapeutic alternatives for maxillary lateral incisor agenesis.

Prevalence of Short Root Anomaly in a Group of Puerto Ricans.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of short root anomaly (SRA) in a group of Puerto Ricans at the Advanced Education Program in Orthodontics of the University of Puerto Rico. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with digital panoramic x-rays of 203 patients (112 females and 91 males; mean age: 17 years) in Puerto Rico. Utilizing the modified Lind's method, 406 maxillary right and left central incisors (1) were measured and evaluated for SRA. Root and crown length and R/C ratio were compared by sex and side. Linear regression was used to evaluate the associations between the R/C ratio and age, sex, and side (right/left). All the statistical analyses were evaluated using significance level of .05 (2). RESULTS: The prevalence of SRA was 0.49%. The average root and crown lengths for the maxillary right and left central incisors were 19.47 and 10.28 mm, respectively. Sex was associated with root and crown length, not with the R/C ratio. No differences were observed in the R/C ratio by the side. There were no significant associations between age, sex, and side and R/C ratio in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of SRA in our population is lower than any reported in the literature. The R/C ratio in our Hispanic population was the highest compared with those of other ethnicities. Neither the sex nor the side of the incisor was associated with the R/C ratio. These findings are contrary to those of prior reports stating that males have higher R/C ratios than females.

Molar-incisor malformation: a narrative review

Introduction: "Molar-incisor malformation" (MIM) or "Molar root-incisor malformation" is a recently reported dental anomaly of unknown etiology, possibly associated with systemic complications, which affects the development of first permanent molar roots and dental enamel of central incisors. Objective: To conduct a literature review on "Molarincisor malformation", also known as "Molar root-incisor malformation", discussing its clinical, radiographic/tomographic and microscopic aspects; differential diagnosis and treatment possibilities. Sources of data: Electronic search was performed on the MEDLINE database in March 2021, without limit regarding the year of publication. The terms used were "molar-incisor malformation", "molar-root incisor malformation", "root malformation", "root development", "tooth roots", "abnormalities". Synthesis of data: Fifteen articles, most of them case series, were included. In general, medical historyrevealed clinical complications during pregnancy and / or the first years of life. Clinical features included tooth enamel defects in the cervical region of incisors and marked mobility of permanent molars and incisors. Radiographically, partially obliterated pulp chambers, short, thin and incomplete roots of first permanent molars and incisors, were observed. Microscopically, the occurrence of a hypercalcified dentin layer, in the form of a lens, inside the pulp chamber, at the level of the cementum-enamel junction, called"mineralized cervical diaphragm", was reported. Conclusion: "Molar-incisor malformation" is an anomaly characterized by changes in root development, pulp chamber and enamel in permanent molars and incisors. The differential diagnosis includes Dentin Dysplasia type I and Regional Odontodysplasia. Medical and familyhistories are essential for the final diagnosis, and treatment, which despite not having an established protocol, requires a multidisciplinary approach and conventional treatments such as tooth extraction, endodontics, orthodontics, and dental implants.

Introdução: "Malformação molar-incisivo" (MIM) ou "Malformação radicular molarincisivo" é uma anomalia dental recém-reportada de etiologia desconhecida, possivelmente associada a complicações sistêmicas, que afeta o desenvolvimento de raízes dos primeiros molares permanentes e esmalte dentário de incisivos centrais. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre "Malformação molar incisivo", também conhecida como "Malformação raiz-molar incisivo", discutindo seus aspectos clínicos, radiográficos/tomográficos, diagnóstico diferencial e possibilidades de tratamento. Fonte dos dados: Busca eletrônica foi realizada na base MEDLINE, em março de 2021, sem limite quanto ao ano de publicação. Os termos pesquisados foram "molarincisor malformation", "molar-root incisor malformation", "root malformation", "root development", "tooth roots", "abnormalities". Síntese dos dados: Quinze artigos, na maioria série de casos, foram incluídos. Em geral, a história médica revelou complicações clínicas durante a gestação e/ou primeiros anos de vida. As características clínicas incluíram defeitos de esmalte dentário na região cervical de incisivos e mobilidadeacentuada de molares e incisivos permanentes. Radiograficamente, observou-se a presença de câmaras pulpares parcialmente obliteradas, raízes de molares e incisivos permanentes curtas, finas e incompletas. Microscopicamente, reportou-se a ocorrência de camada de dentina hipercalcificada, em forma de lente, no interior da câmara pulpar, ao nível da junção cemento-esmalte, denominada de "diafragma cervical mineralizado". Conclusão: A "Malformação molar-incisivo" é uma anomalia caracterizada por alterações do desenvolvimento radicular, da câmara pulpar e do esmalte em molares e incisivos permanentes. O diagnóstico diferencial inclui Displasia dentinária tipo I e Odontodisplasia regional. Históricos médico e familiar são essenciais para o diagnóstico final, e o tratamento, o qual apesar de não ter protocolo estabelecido requer abordagem multidisciplinar e tratamentos convencionais como exodontia, endodontia, ortodontia e implantes dentários.

Maxillary incisor enamel defects in individuals born with cleft lip/palate.

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP) is considered the most frequent congenital malformations of the head and neck, with cleft individuals exhibiting more chances of presenting abnormalities such as developmental defects of enamel (DDE). Matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) is a membrane-bound protein with collagen-degrading ability and has important roles in tooth formation and mineralization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency, location, severity and extent of DDE found in the maxillary incisors for groups of individuals born with CLP, as well as understanding their relationship with the cleft side. Besides, this study addresses the hypothesis that DDE can be influenced by variation in the MMP2 genes (rs9923304). Individual samples, clinical history, intraoral photographs and panoramic radiographs were obtained from 233 patients under treatment at the Cleft Lip and Palate Service of the University Hospital Lauro Wanderley at the Federal University of Paraíba. Digital images were examined by the same evaluator using the Classification of Defects According to the Modified DDE Index, and then loaded into the Image Tool software, where two measurements were made: total area of the buccal surface (SA) and the area of the DDE (DA), obtaining the percentage of the surface area affected (%SAD) (ICC = 0.99). Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples from 124 participants. Genotyping was carried out using TaqMan chemistry for one marker in MMP2 (rs9923304). Statistical analyses were performed by The Jamovi Project software. The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied, followed by the Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney test. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) calculations were used to determine Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and statistically significant differences with an alpha of 0.05. No significant differences in the prevalence and extent of enamel defects were found between male and female individuals born with CLP (p = 0.058256). The frequency of individuals presenting teeth with DDE, in relation to the cleft and non-cleft side, was statistically different (p <0.001; OR = 7.15, CI: 4.674> 7.151> 10.942). However, the averages of %SAD were similar (p = 0.18). The highest means of the %SAD were found in individuals with bilateral cleft lip with or without cleft palate (BCLP) when compared to individuals with unilateral cleft lip with or without cleft palate (UCLP), for the teeth inside (IA) and outside the cleft area (OA) (p <0.001). Regardless of the cleft side, individuals with BCLP were 7.85 times more likely to have more than one third of the tooth surface affected, showing more frequently defects in the three thirds (OA: p <0.001) (IA: p = 0.03), as well as a higher frequency of more than one type of defect (OA: p = 0.000358) (IA: p = 0.008016), whereas in UCLP, defects were isolated and restricted to only one third, more frequently, the incisal third (OA: p = 0.009) (IA: p = 0.001), with greater frequency of milder defects, such as demarcated (p = 0.02) and diffuse (p = 0.008) opacities. A higher frequency of the T allele, less common, was observed in the group of CLP individuals who had all the affected teeth or at least two teeth with %SAD greater than 20% (p = 0.019843). Our results suggest that MMP2 may have a role in the cases that presented DDE and genotyping rs9923304 could serve as the basis for a genomic approach to define risks for individuals born with CLP. Frequency and severity of DDE is strongly related to the CLP phenotype, since the highest values were found for BCLP. However, the extent of the DDE is independent of its relationship with the side of the cleft.

"Tratamiento multidisciplinar de una transposición canina: A propósito de un caso" / Multidisciplinary treatment of a canine transposition: A case report

RESUMEN: La situación de gran competitividad profesional que estamos experimentando actualmente exige la necesidad de una demanda formativa cada vez mayor, que deriva en la "superespecialización" de los odontólogos/ estomatólogos. Por ello, la asociación entre diversos "especialistas" cada vez es más común con el fin de proporcionar al paciente un tratamiento global y de calidad dirigido a satisfacer sus necesidades asistenciales. El objetivo del presente artículo es presentar el tratamiento multidisciplinar, de un paciente con una transposición del canino definitivo con el incisivo lateral derecho temporal, y su rehabilitación con un implante osteointegrado.

ABSTRACT: Dentistry nowadays is a very competitive field; that is why the amount of professionals that look for an academic training on specific topics is increasing. The importance of permanent communication with other professionals during the planning stage is the key for a successful treatment. The objective of this clinical case is to present a multidisciplinary work, focused on dental rehabilitation of a patient with an agenesis of the permanent right incisor in the maxillary bone and its treatment.

Diagnóstico precoz de la estrechez del maxilar superior en la dentición mixta / Early diagnosis of the maxillary´s narrowness in the mixed dentition

Las compresiones del maxilar superior son alteraciones transversales por discrepancia óseo-dentaria. .En la dentición mixta temprana puede establecerse la estrechez mediante índices que relacionan el tamaño dental con el ancho transversal del arco dentario. Se analizaron 33 modelos superiores de niños en el tercer período de desarrollo clínico según Barnett. Se estableció la estrechez realizando el análisis métrico del arco dental mediante el índice de Pont. Se describió la anomalía de posición anterior según las siguientes variables: A) Apiñamiento dentario: 1-Escalón de los dientes anterosuperiores; 2-Rotación mesial de los cuatro incisivos; 3-Rotación mesial de los incisivos centrales y rotación distal de los incisivos laterales y 4-Rotación distal de los incisivos centrales. B) Ausencia de apiñamiento: 1-Reabsorción atípica y 2- Ausencia de reabsorción atípica. Las anomalías de posición y/o reabsorciones atípicas anteriores en este período de desarrollo clínico se asocian a estrechez transversal del maxilar superior Siendo la malposición más frecuente la rotación mesial de los cuatro incisivos, siguiendo las reabsorciones atípicas y el escalón de los dientes anterosuperiores, luego la rotación mesial de los incisivos centrales y distal de los laterales y por último la rotación distal de los incisivos centrales (AU)

Inside the traverse alteration of the maxillary the compressions are described as uni or bilateral where an imbalance is settled down between the dental size and the size of the maxillary causing alterations in the position of the teeth. In the early mixed teething the narrowness of the maxillary can be settled by means of indexes that relate the dental size with the traverse width of the dental arch. Thirty models of the maxillary of children according to Barnett's third development period were analyzed. The metrical analysis of the dental arch form was carried out through Pont's index. The theoretic values were compared with the real ones establishing the deviations of the norm that is to say the narrow nest. Out of the 30 cases analyzed, 40% presented mesial rotation of the 4 incisors; 27% showed a stop of the front teeth; 27% atypical reabsorption; 20% mesial rotation of the central incisors and distal rotation of the lateral incisors and the 10% presented a distal rotation of the central incisors. With regard to the front atypical discrepancy 36.66% of the cases had a discrepancy above 6 mm and the 23.33% below 3 mm (AU)

Mirror image: an unusual case of prolonged tooth retention in twins

Introduction: Studies of twins are important because environmental and genetic factors seem to be related to the phenotypic alterations. Objective: This paper presents a unique case of monozygotic twins with mirror image of a retained primary central incisor. Case report: Twin male brothers, 9-years-old, presented prolonged retention of the primary central upper incisor. The over-retained teeth in one twin were a mirror image of those in the other twin. The first twin presented a prolonged retention of the tooth 51 whereas the other twin presented a prolonged retention of tooth 61. After radiographic exams the over-retained teeth were extracted. Conclusion: Twins may show similarity in pattern of dental anomalies supporting the influence of genetic factors. In identical twins the location of diagnosed anomalies can be mirror imaged. This fact should lead the professional to examine the pair of twins in order to diagnose any dental anomaly that may be present.

Introdução: Estudos feitos em gêmeos são importantes porque fatores ambientais e genéticos parecem estar relacionados às alterações fenotípicas. Objetivo: Este artigo apresenta um caso raro de gêmeos monozigóticos apresentando imagem em espelho de retenção prolongada de incisivos centrais decíduos superiores homólogos. Relato do caso: Os irmãos gêmeos, com 9 anos de idade, não apresentavam história de trauma orofacial ou doença comum da infância. Após exames clínicos e radiográficos foram identificados a retenção do dente 51 no gêmeo 1 e do dente 61 no gêmeo 2. Em ambos os pacientes, os dentes 11 e o 21 estavam em erupção. O tratamento proposto foi a exodontia dos dentes decíduos com anestesia local e acompanhamento. Conclusão: Gêmeos podem apresentar semelhança no padrão de anomalias dentárias devido à influência de fatores genéticos. Adicionalmente, em gêmeos monozigóticos, a localização das anomalias diagnosticadas pode se apresentar invertidas ou imagem em espelho. Esse fato deve estimular o profissional a examinar o par de gêmeos para diagnosticar qualquer anomalia dentária que possa estar presente. O diagnóstico precoce e tratamento adequados devem ser realizados para evitar danos funcionais e estéticos em pacientes com retenções dentárias.

Tracionamento ortodôntico de incisivos centrais superiores com dilaceração / Orthodontic traction of maxillary central incisors with dilaceration

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura abordando os aspectos da etiologia, prevalência, diagnóstico, alternativas de tratamento ortodôntico, prognóstico e parâmetros periodontais de incisivos centrais superiores impactados com dilaceração radicular. Evidências científicas relacionadas ao tema foram coletadas e apresentadas por meio de uma descrição narrativa. A dilaceração radicular resulta em um desvio abrupto do longo eixo do dente. Está muitas vezes relacionada ao trauma dentário na dentição decídua, sendo os incisivos centrais superiores permanentes os dentes mais afetados, que geralmente não erupcionam espontaneamente nestas situações. Para um correto diagnóstico, a tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico é o exame mais indicado. A modalidade de tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico é utilizada, na maioria dos casos. O prognóstico é bom, quando considerados cuidadosamente os fatores que podem afetar o resultado do tratamento. É possível tracionar dentes dilacerados e obter ótimos resultados periodontais, embora uma leve perda de fixação periodontal e uma pequena redução no suporte ósseo possa ocorrer nas estruturas adjacentes aos dentes tratados. (AU)

The aim of this study was to review the literature addressing aspects of etiology, prevalence, diagnosis, orthodontic treatment alternatives, prognosis and periodontal parameters of maxillary central incisors impacted with root dilaceration. Scientific evidence related to the theme was collected and presented through a narrative description. Root laceration results in an abrupt deviation of the long axis of the tooth. It is often related to dental trauma in the primary dentition, with the permanent upper central incisors being the most affected teeth, which generally do not erupt spontaneously in these situations. For a correct diagnosis, cone beam computed tomography is the most suitable exam. The orthodontic-surgical treatment modality is used in most cases. The prognosis is good, when carefully considering the factors that can affect the treatment outcome. It is possible to force eruption of dilacerated teeth with excellent periodontal results, although a slight loss of periodontal support and a small reduction in bone support may occur around the treated teeth.(AU)

Tratamiento temprano de paciente con agenesia de incisivo mandibular / Early treatment of a patient with agenesis of mandibular incisor

El reporte de este caso plantea el tratamiento oportuno de una maloclusión de Clase III, durante la etapa de dentición mixta temprana, con un incisivo mandibular ausente, por agenesia que se resuelve con cierre del espacio

This case report presents the timely treatment of a Class III malocclusion, in the early mixed dentition stage, with a missing mandibular incisor caused by agenesis which is handled with a space closure treatment

Developmental defects of enamel in the deciduous incisors of infants born preterm: Prospective cohort.

OBJECTIVE: Developmental defects of enamel (DDE) in preterm infants still require clarification and may favour dental caries, lower food intake and greater difficulty with weight-height gain. We evaluated factors associated with DDE in preterm infants. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, we monitored 54 prematurely born infants from birth to 24 months of age. Trained and calibrated dentists examined the oral cavity of these children to identify and categorize DDE. Information on perinatal variables was collected from the infants' medical records and interviews with their mothers. The data were analysed using Student's t test, a chi-squared test and Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient. RESULTS: A total of 46.3% of the 54 children presented DDE, which was observed more frequently in the left hemiarch in children born extremely (<28 weeks of gestation) or very preterm (28 to <32 weeks; RR = 2.2; 95% CI 1.3-3.6), with very low birthweight (<1,500 g; RR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.1-3.5), who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (RR = 1.3; 95% CI 1.0-1.7), and who were intubated (RR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.2). CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of incisor enamel defects, particularly on the left side, was related to higher risk prematurity and to local trauma from intubation.