Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling studies of methyl indole-isoxazole carbohydrazide derivatives as multi-target anti-Alzheimer's agents.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the elderly population globally and there is an urgent demand for developing novel anti-AD agents. In this study, a new series of indole-isoxazole carbohydrazides were designed and synthesized. The structure of all compounds was elucidated using spectroscopic methods including FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR as well as mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. All derivatives were screened for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory activity. Out of all synthesized compounds, compound 5d exhibited the highest potency as AChE inhibitor with an IC50 value of 29.46 ± 0.31 µM. It showed significant selectivity towards AChE, with no notable inhibition against BuChE. A kinetic study on AChE for compound 5d indicated a competitive inhibition pattern. Also, 5d exhibited promising BACE1 inhibitory potential with an IC50 value of 2.85 ± 0.09 µM and in vitro metal chelating ability against Fe3+. The molecular dynamic studies of 5d against both AChE and BACE1 were executed to evaluate the behavior of this derivative in the binding site. The results showed that the new compounds deserve further chemical optimization to be considered potential anti-AD agents.

Highly efficient synthesis of isoxazolones and pyrazolones using g-C3N4·OH nanocomposite with their in silico molecular docking, pharmacokinetics and simulation studies.

An environmentally friendly, versatile multicomponent reaction for synthesizing isoxazol-5-one and pyrazol-3-one derivatives has been developed, utilizing a freshly prepared g-C3N4·OH nanocomposite as a highly efficient catalyst at room temperature in aqueous environment. This innovative approach yielded all the desired products with exceptionally high yields and concise reaction durations. The catalyst was well characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDAX, and TGA/DTA studies. Notably, the catalyst demonstrated outstanding recyclability, maintaining its catalytic efficacy over six consecutive cycles without any loss. The sustainability of this methodology was assessed through various eco-friendly parameters, including E-factor and eco-score, confirming its viability as a green synthetic route in organic chemistry. Additionally, the gram-scale synthesis verifies its potential for industrial applications. The ten synthesized compounds were also analyzed via a PASS online tool to check their several pharmacological activities. The study is complemented by in silico molecular docking, pharmacokinetics, and molecular dynamics simulation studies. These studies discover 5D as a potential candidate for drug development, supported by its favorable drug-like properties, ADMET studies, docking interaction, and stable behavior in the protein binding cavity.

A First-in-Class Pyrazole-isoxazole Enhanced Antifungal Activity of Voriconazole: Synergy Studies in an Azole-Resistant Candida albicans Strain, Computational Investigation and in Vivo Validation in a Galleria mellonella Fungal Infection Model.

The widespread and irrational use of azole antifungal agents has led to an increase of azole-resistant Candida albicans strains with an urgent need for combination drug therapy, enhancing the treatment efficacy. Here, we report the discovery of a first-in-class pyrazole-isoxazole, namely, 5b, that showed remarkable growth inhibition against the C. albicans ATCC 10231 strain in combination with voriconazole, acting as a downregulator of ERG 11 (Cyp51) gene expression with a significant reduction of the yeast-to-hypha morphological transition. Furthermore, C. albicans CYP51 enzyme assay and in-depth molecular docking studies unveiled the unique ability of the combination of 5b and voriconazole to completely fill the CYP51 binding sites. In vivo studies using a Galleria mellonella model confirmed the previously in vitro observed synergistic effect of 5b with voriconazole. Also considering its biocompatibility in a cellular model of human keratinocytes, these results indicate that 5b represents a promising compound for a further optimization campaign.

Efficient Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Antibacterial Assessment, ADME-Tox Analysis, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of New Functionalized Isoxazoles.

This work describes the synthesis, characterization, and in vitro and in silico evaluation of the biological activity of new functionalized isoxazole derivatives. The structures of all new compounds were analyzed by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The structures of 4c and 4f were further confirmed by single crystal X-ray and their compositions unambiguously determined by mass spectrometry (MS). The antibacterial effect of the isoxazoles was assessed in vitro against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcusaureus bacterial strains. Isoxazole 4a showed significant activity against E. coli and B. subtilis compared to the reference antibiotic drugs while 4d and 4f also exhibited some antibacterial effects. The molecular docking results indicate that the synthesized compounds exhibit strong interactions with the target proteins. Specifically, 4a displayed a better affinity for E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis in comparison to the reference drugs. The molecular dynamics simulations performed on 4a strongly support the stability of the ligand-receptor complex when interacting with the active sites of proteins from E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis. Lastly, the results of the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity Analysis (ADME-Tox) reveal that the molecules have promising pharmacokinetic properties, suggesting favorable druglike properties and potential therapeutic agents.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel isoxazoloquinone derivatives as potent STAT3-targeting antipsoriasis agents.

Psoriasis is a troublesome scaling skin disease with no high-effective medication available by far. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has recently been revealed as a crucial player in the pathogenesis and progression of psoriasis and emerged as an intriguing antipsoriatic drug target. Naturally occurring lapachol and its quinone analogs had been discovered as effective STAT3 inhibitors, however, their antipsoriatic effects are not well investigated. Previously, we have reported a series of isothiazoloquinone lapachol derivatives. Here, the antipsoriastic potentials of these isothiazoloquinones were investigated and, in addition, 35 novel isoxazoloquinone derivatives were prepared and studied for their anti-psoriasis properties. Among them, the most potent antipsoriatic compound B20 determined by in vitro test on HaCaT cells could directly bind to STAT3, reduce STAT3 level and inhibit STAT3 nuclear translocation. In vivo studies showed that topical application of B20 could effectively alleviate IMQ-induced psoriasis in mice with no obvious side effects. In addition, B20 inhibited the production of interleukin 17 (IL-17A), a STAT3-downstream cytokine essential for the progression of psoriasis, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, isoxazoloquinone B20 is a potent STAT3-targeting antipsoriatic agent worth of further investigation.

New 3-(Dibenzyloxyphosphoryl)isoxazolidine Conjugates of N1-Benzylated Quinazoline-2,4-diones as Potential Cytotoxic Agents against Cancer Cell Lines.

In this study, a new series of cis and trans 5-substituted-3-(dibenzyloxyphosphoryl)isoxazolidines 16a-g were synthesized by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of N-benzyl-C-(dibenzyloxyphosphoryl)nitrone and selected N1-allyl-N3-benzylquinazoline-2,4-diones. All the obtained trans-isoxazolidines 16a-g and the samples enriched in respective cis-isomers were evaluated for anticancer activity against three tumor cell lines. All the tested compounds exhibited high activity against the prostate cancer cell line (PC-3). Isoxazolidines trans-16a and trans-16b and diastereoisomeric mixtures of isoxazolidines enriched in cis-isomer using HPLC, namely cis-16a/trans-16a (97:3) and cis-16b/trans-16b (90:10), showed the highest antiproliferative properties towards the PC-3 cell line (IC50 = 9.84 ± 3.69-12.67 ± 3.45 µM). For the most active compounds, induction apoptosis tests and an evaluation of toxicity were conducted. Isoxazolidine trans-16b showed the highest induction of apoptosis. Moreover, the most active compounds turned out safe in vitro as none affected the cell viability in the HEK293, HepG2, and HSF cellular models at all the tested concentrations. The results indicated isoxazolidine trans-16b as a promising new lead structure in the search for effective anticancer drugs.

Assessment of the Activity of Nitroisoxazole Derivatives against Trypanosoma cruzi.

The development of new compounds to treat Chagas disease is imperative due to the adverse effects of current drugs and their low efficacy in the chronic phase. This study aims to investigate nitroisoxazole derivatives that produce oxidative stress while modifying the compounds' lipophilicity, affecting their ability to fight trypanosomes. The results indicate that these compounds are more effective against the epimastigote form of T. cruzi, with a 52 ± 4% trypanocidal effect for compound 9. However, they are less effective against the trypomastigote form, with a 15 ± 3% trypanocidal effect. Additionally, compound 11 interacts with a higher number of amino acid residues within the active site of the enzyme cruzipain. Furthermore, it was also found that the presence of a nitro group allows for the generation of free radicals; likewise, the large size of the compound enables increased interaction with aminoacidic residues in the active site of cruzipain, contributing to trypanocidal activity. This activity depends on the size and lipophilicity of the compounds. The study recommends exploring new compounds based on the nitroisoxazole skeleton, with larger substituents and lipophilicity to enhance their trypanocidal activity.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-phenyl-5-quinolinyl substituted isoxazole analogues as potent cytotoxic and tubulin polymerization inhibitors against ESCC.

The identification of chemically different inhibitors that target the colchicine site of tubulin is still of great value for cancer treatment. Combretastatin A-4(CA-4), a naturally occurring colchicine-site binder characterized by its structural simplicity and biological activity, has served as a structural blueprint for the development of novel analogues with improved safety and therapeutic efficacy. In this study, a library of forty-eight 4-phenyl-5-quinolinyl substituted triazole, pyrazole or isoxazole analouges of CA-4, were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxicity against Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines. Compound C11, which features a 2-methyl substitution at the quinoline and carries an isoxazole ring, emerged as the most promising, with 48 h IC50s of less than 20 nmol/L against two ESCC cell lines. The findings from EBI competitive assay, CETA, and in vitro tubulin polymerization assay of C11 are consistent with those of the positive control colchicine, demonstrating the clear affinity of compound C11 to the colchicine binding site. The subsequent cellular-based mechanism studies revealed that C11 significantly inhibited ESCC cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle at the M phase, induced apoptosis, and impeded migration. Experiments conducted in vivo further confirmed that C11 effectively suppressed the growth of ESCC without showing any toxicity towards the selected animal species. Overall, our research suggests that the tubulin polymerization inhibitor incorporating quinoline and the isoxazole ring may deserve consideration for cancer therapy.

New Triazole-Isoxazole Hybrids as Antibacterial Agents: Design, Synthesis, Characterization, In Vitro, and In Silico Studies.

Novel isoxazole-triazole conjugates have been efficiently synthesized using 3-formylchromone as starting material according to a multi-step synthetic approach. The structures of the target conjugates and intermediate products were characterized by standard spectroscopic techniques (1H NMR and 13C NMR) and confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS). The all-synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against three ATCC reference strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-44, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 as well as one strain isolated from the hospital environment Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The findings indicate that conjugate 7b exhibits a stronger antibacterial response against the tested Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenic strains compared to the standard antibiotics. Furthermore, hybrid compound 7b proved to have a bactericidal action on the Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 strain, as evidenced by the results of the MBC determination. Moreover, the ADMET pharmacokinetic characteristics revealed a favorable profile for the examined compound, as well as a good level of oral bioavailability. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to explore the inhibition mechanism and binding energies of conjugate 7b with the proteins of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial strains. The in silico results corroborated the data observed in the in vitro evaluation for compound 7b.

Novel aza-bicyclic 2-isoxazoline acylhydrazone hybrids and their synergistic potential with fluconazole against a drug-resistant Candida albicans strain.

As the prevalence of drug-resistant Candida isolates continues to rise, the imperative for identifying novel compounds to enhance the arsenal of antifungal drugs becomes increasingly critical. Consequently, exploring new treatment strategies, including synthesizing molecular hybrids and applying combination therapy, is essential. For this reason, this study evaluated the efficacy of ten molecular hybrids of aza-bicyclic 2-isoxazoline-acylhydrazone belonging to two series 90 and 91 as possible anti-Candida agents. In addition, we also investigated the interaction between the hybrids and fluconazole, a commonly used antifungal drug. We evaluated the antifungal effect of aza-bicyclic 2-isoxazoline-acylhydrazone hybrid compounds against six Candida spp. strains that target planktonic cells. However, none of these new molecules were inhibitory active at the tested concentrations (2 to 1,024 µg/mL). Moreover, we analyzed the interaction between the ten new hybrid molecules and fluconazole using the checkerboard assay, employing two different methodologies for reading the plate. For this, one isolate fluconazole-resistant was selected. We observed that only one combination, 6-(4-tert-butylbenzoil)-4,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-3a-H-pirrole[3,2-d]isoxazole-3-carboxylic(furan-2-metilidene)-hydrazide (91e) and fluconazole, exhibited a synergistic interaction (FICI range 0.0781 to 0.4739). The combination successfully inhibited the growth of C. albicans CA2 fluconazole-resistant, and no interaction was observed in an isolate susceptible to fluconazole. Additionally, these results emphasize the continued need for research into new compounds and the importance of using combined approaches to increase their activity.

Exploration of novel isoxazole-fused quinone derivatives as anti-colorectal cancer agents through inhibiting STAT3 and elevating ROS level.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is trending to be a major health problem throughout the world. Therapeutics with dual modes of action have shown latent capacity to create ideal anti-tumor activity. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been proved to be a potential target for the development of anti-colon cancer drug. In addition, modulation of tumor redox homeostasis through deploying exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS)-enhancing agents has been widely applied as anti-tumor strategy. Thus, simultaneously targeting STAT3 and modulation ROS balance would offer a fresh avenue to combat CRC. In this work, we designed and synthesized a novel series of isoxazole-fused quinones, which were evaluated for their preliminary anti-proliferative activity against HCT116 cells. Among these quinones, compound 41 exerted excellent in vitro anti-tumor effect against HCT116 cell line with an IC50 value of 10.18 ± 0.4 nM. Compound 41 was proved to bind to STAT3 by using Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) assay, and can significantly inhibit phosphorylation of STAT3. It also elevated ROS of HCT116 cells by acting as a substrate of NQO1. Mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest, which was caused by compound 41, might be partially due to the inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation and ROS production induced by 41. Moreover, it exhibited ideal anti-tumor activity in human colorectal cancer xenograft model and good safety profiles in vivo. Overall, this study provided a novel quinone derivative 41 with excellent anti-tumor activity by inhibiting STAT3 and elevating ROS level, and gave insights into designing novel anti-tumor therapeutics by simultaneously modulation of STAT3 and ROS.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 5-(1H-indol-5-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acids as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors.

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a key enzyme for the production of uric acid in the human body. XO inhibitors (XOIs) are clinically used for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout, as they can effectively inhibit the production of uric acid. Previous studies indicated that both indole and isoxazole derivatives have good inhibitory effects against XO. Here, we designed and synthesized a novel series of N-5-(1H-indol-5-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acids according to bioisosteric replacement and hybridization strategies. Among the obtained target compounds, compound 6c showed the best inhibitory activity against XO with an IC50 value of 0.13 µM, which was 22-fold higher than that of the classical antigout drug allopurinol (IC50 = 2.93 µM). Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the hydrophobic group on the nitrogen atom of the indole ring is essential for the inhibitory potencies of target compounds against XO. Enzyme kinetic studies proved that compound 6c acted as a mixed-type XOI. Molecular docking studies showed that the target compound 6c could not only retain the key interactions similar to febuxostat at the XO binding site but also generate some new interactions, such as two hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of the isoxazole ring and the amino acid residues Ser876 and Thr1010. These results indicated that 5-(1H-indol-5-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid might be an efficacious scaffold for designing novel XOIs and compound 6c has the potential to be used as a lead for further the development of novel anti-gout candidates.

Exploration of isoxazole analogs: Synthesis, COX inhibition, anticancer screening, 3D multicellular tumor spheroids, and molecular modeling.

In this study, a new series of Isoxazole-carboxamide derivatives were synthesized and characterized via HRMS, 1H-, 13CAPT-NMR, and MicroED. The findings revealed that nearly all of the synthesized derivatives exhibited potent inhibitory activities against both COX enzymes, with IC50 values ranging from 4.1 nM to 3.87 µM. Specifically, MYM1 demonstrated the highest efficacy among the compounds tested against the COX-1, displaying an IC50 value of 4.1 nM. The results showed that 5 compounds possess high COX-2 isozyme inhibitory effects with IC50 value in range 0.24-1.30 µM with COX-2 selectivity indexes (2.51-6.13), among these compounds MYM4 has the lowest IC50 value against COX-2, with selectivity index around 4. Intriguingly, this compound displayed significant antiproliferative effects against CaCo-2, Hep3B, and HeLa cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 10.22, 4.84, and 1.57 µM, respectively, which was nearly comparable to that of doxorubicin. Compound MYM4 showed low cytotoxic activities on normal cell lines LX-2 and Hek293t with IC50 values 20.01 and 216.97 µM respectively, with safer values than doxorubicin. Furthermore, compound MYM4 was able to induce the apoptosis, suppress the colonization of both HeLa and HepG2 cells. Additionally, the induction of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production could be the mechanism underlying the apoptotic effect and the cytotoxic activity of the compound. In the 3D multicellular tumor spheroid model, results revealed that MYM4 compound hampered the spheroid formation capacity of Hep3B and HeLa cancer cells. Moreover, the molecular docking of MYM4 compound revealed a high affinity for the COX2 enzyme, with energy scores (S) -7.45 kcal/mol, which were comparable to celecoxib (S) -8.40 kcal/mol. Collectively, these findings position MYM4 as a promising pharmacological candidate as COX inhibitor and anticancer agent.

Network pharmacology and experimental insights into STAT3 inhibition by novel isoxazole derivatives of piperic acid in triple negative breast cancer.

STAT3 is a crucial member within a family of seven essential transcription factors. Elevated STAT3 levels have been identified in various cancer types, notably in breast cancer (BC). Consequently, inhibiting STAT3 is recognized as a promising and effective strategy for therapeutic intervention against breast cancer. We herein synthesize a library of isoxazole (PAIs) from piperic acid [2E, 4E)-5-(2H-1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl) penta-2,4-dienoic acid] on treatment with propargyl bromide followed by oxime under prescribed reaction conditions. Piperic acid was obtained by hydrolysis of piperine extracted from Piper nigrum. First, we checked the binding potential of isoxazole derivatives with breast cancer target proteins by network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation and cytotoxicity analysis as potential anti-breast cancer (BC) agents. The multi-source databases were used to identify possible targets for isoxazole derivatives. A network of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) was generated by obtaining 877 target genes that overlapped gene symbols associated with isoxazole derivatives and BC. Molecular docking and MD modelling demonstrated a strong affinity between isoxazole derivatives and essential target genes. Further, the cell viability studies of isoxazole derivatives on the human breast carcinoma cell lines showed toxicity in all breast cancer cell lines. In summary, our study indicated that the isoxazole derivative showed the significant anticancer activity. The results highlight the prospective utility of isoxazole derivatives as new drug candidates for anticancer chemotherapy, suggesting route for the continued exploration and development of drugs suitable for clinical applications.

3D-QSAR and Molecular Dynamics Study of Isoxazole Derivatives to Identify the Structural Requirements for Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Agonists.

The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has been recognized as a potential drug target for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). FXR agonists benefit NAFLD by modulating bile acid synthesis and transport, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis pathways. However, there are still great challenges involved in developing safe and effective FXR agonists. To investigate the critical factors contributing to their activity on the FXR, 3D-QSAR molecular modeling was applied to a series of isoxazole derivatives, using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA (q2 = 0.664, r2 = 0.960, r2pred = 0.872)) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA (q2 = 0.706, r2 = 0.969, r2pred = 0.866)) models, which demonstrated strong predictive ability in our study. The contour maps generated from molecular modeling showed that the presence of hydrophobicity at the R2 group and electronegativity group at the R3 group in these compounds is crucial to their agonistic activity. A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was carried out to further understand the binding modes and interactions between the FXR and its agonists in preclinical or clinical studies. The conformational motions of loops L: H1/H2 and L: H5/H6 in FXR-ligand binding domain (LBD) were crucial to the protein stability and agonistic activity of ligands. Hydrophobic interactions were formed between residues (such as LEU287, MET290, ALA291, HIS294, and VAL297) in helix H3 and ligands. In particular, our study found that residue ARG331 participated in salt bridges, and HIS447 participated in salt bridges and hydrogen bonds with ligands; these interactions were significant to protein-ligand binding. Eight new potent FXR agonists were designed according to our results, and their activities were predicted to be better than that of the first synthetic FXR agonist, GW4064.

A further pocket or conformational plasticity by mapping COX-1 catalytic site through modified-mofezolac structure-inhibitory activity relationships and their antiplatelet behavior.

Cyclooxygenase enzymes have distinct roles in cardiovascular, neurological, and neurodegenerative disease. They are differently expressed in different type of cancers. Specific and selective COXs inhibitors are needed to be used alone or in combo-therapies. Fully understand the differences at the catalytic site of the two cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms is still opened to investigation. Thus, two series of novel compounds were designed and synthesized in fair to good yields using the highly selective COX-1 inhibitor mofezolac as the lead compound to explore a COX-1 zone formed by the polar residues Q192, S353, H90 and Y355, as well as hydrophobic amino acids I523, F518 and L352. According to the structure of the COX-1:mofezolac complex, hydrophobic amino acids appear to have free volume eventually accessible to the more sterically hindering groups than the methoxy linked to the phenyl groups of mofezolac, in particular the methoxyphenyl at C4-mofezolac isoxazole. Mofezolac bears two methoxyphenyl groups linked to C3 and C4 of the isoxazole core ring. Thus, in the novel compounds, one or both methoxy groups were replaced by the higher homologous ethoxy, normal and isopropyl, normal and tertiary butyl, and phenyl and benzyl. Furthermore, a major difference between the two sets of compounds is the presence of either a methyl or acetic moiety at the C5 of the isoxazole. Among the C5-methyl series, 12 (direct precursor of mofezolac) (COX-1 IC50 = 0.076 µM and COX-2 IC50 = 0.35 µM) and 15a (ethoxy replacing the two methoxy groups in 12; COX-1 IC50 = 0.23 µM and COX-2 IC50 > 50 µM) were still active and with a Selectivity Index (SI = COX-2 IC50/COX-1 IC50) = 5 and 217, respectively. The other symmetrically substituted alkoxyphenyl moietis were inactive at 50 µM final concentration. Among the asymmetrically substituted, only the 16a (methoxyphenyl on C3-isoxazole and ethoxyphenyl on C4-isoxazole) and 16b (methoxyphenyl on C3-isoxazole and n-propoxyphenyl on C4-isoxazole) were active with SI = 1087 and 38, respectively. Among the set of compounds with the acetic moiety, structurally more similar to mofezolac (SI = 6329), SI ranged between 1.4 and 943. It is noteworthy that 17b (n-propoxyphenyl on both C3- and C4-isoxazole) were found to be a COX-2 slightly selective inhibitor with SI = 0.072 (COX-1 IC50 > 50 µM and COX-2 IC50 = 3.6 µM). Platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid (AA) can be in vitro suppressed by the synthesized compounds, without affecting of the secondary hemostasia, confirming the biological effect provided by the selective inhibition of COX-1. A positive profile of hemocompatibility in relation to erythrocyte and platelet toxicity was observed. Additionally, these compounds exhibited a positive profile of hemocompatibility and reduced cytotoxicity. Quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models and molecular modelling (Ligand and Structure based virtual screening procedures) provide key information on the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the COX-1 inhibitors as well as new insights into the mechanisms of inhibition that will be used to guide the development of more effective and selective compounds. X-ray analysis was used to confirm the chemical structure of 14 (MSA17).

Design, synthesis, In-vitro, In-silico and DFT studies of novel functionalized isoxazoles as antibacterial and antioxidant agents.

A series of new isoxazolederivatives incorporating the sulfonate ester function has been synthesized from 2-benzylidenebenzofuran-3(2 H)-one, known as aurone. The synthesis of the target compounds was carried out following an efficient methodology that allows access to the desired products in a reproducible way and with good yield. The structures of the synthesized compounds were established using NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. A theoretical study was performed to optimize the geometrical structures and to calculate the structural and electronic parameters of the synthesized compounds. The calculations were also carried out to understand the influence and the effect of substitutions on the chemical reactivity of the studied compounds. The synthesized isoxazoles were screened for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The findings demonstrate that the studied compounds exhibit good to moderate antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli). Moreover, a number of the tested isoxazole derivatives exhibit high effectiveness against DPPH free radicals. Besides that, molecular docking studies were carried out to predict binding affinity and identify the most likely binding interactions between the active molecules and the target microorganisms' proteins. A 100 ns molecular dynamics study was then conducted to examine the dynamic behavior and stability of the highly potent isoxazole 4e in complex with the target bacterial proteins. Finally, the ADMET analyses suggest that all the synthesized isoxazoles have good pharmacokinetic profiles and non-toxicity and non-carcinogenicity in biological systems.

Design, synthesis and antitrypanosomatid activity of 2-nitroimidazole-3,5-disubstituted isoxazole compounds based on benznidazole.

Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are neglected diseases of high priority as a public health problem. Pharmacotherapy is based on the administration of a few drugs, which exhibit hazardous adverse effects and toxicity to the patients. Thus, the search for new antitrypanosomatid drugs is imperative to overcome the limitations of the treatments. In this work, 46 2-nitroimidazole 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole compounds were synthesized in good yields by [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between terminal acetylene (propargyl-2-nitroimidazole) and chloro-oximes. The compounds were non-toxic to LLC-MK2 cells. Compounds 30, 35, and 44 showed in vitro antichagasic activity, 15-fold, 12-fold, and 10-fold, respectively, more active than benznidazole (BZN). Compounds 30, 35, 44, 45, 53, and 61 acted as substrates for the TcNTR enzyme, indicating that this might be one of the mechanisms of action involved in their antiparasitic activity. Piperazine series and 4-monosubstituted compounds were potent against T. cruzi parasites. Besides the in vitro activity observed in compound 45, the in vivo assay showed that the compound only reduced the parasitemia levels by the seventh-day post-infection (77%, p > 0.001) compared to the control group. However, 45 significantly reduced the parasite load in cardiac tissue (p < 0.01) 11 days post-infection. Compounds 49, 52, and 54 showed antileishmanial activity against intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis at the same range as amphotericin B. These findings highlight the antitrypanosomatid properties of 2-nitroimidazole 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole compounds and the possibility in using them as antitrypanosomatid agents in further studies.

Positive allosteric modulators of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: SAR investigation around PNU-120596.

The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a calcium permeable, ligand-gated ion channel that modulates synaptic transmission in the hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebral cortex. Previously disclosed work described PNU-120596 that acts as a powerful positive allosteric modulator of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The initial structure-activity relationships around PNU-120596 were gleaned from screening a large thiazole library. Independent systematic examination of the aryl and heteroaryl groups resulted in compounds with enhanced potency and improved physico-chemical properties culminating in the identification of 16 (PHA-758454). In the presence of acetylcholine, 16 enhanced evoked currents in rat hippocampal neurons. In a rat model of impaired sensory gating, treatment with 16 led to a reversal of the gating deficit in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that aryl heteroaryl ureas, like compound 16, may be useful tools for continued exploration of the unique biology of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Design of novel water-soluble isoxazole-based antimicrobial agents and evaluation of their cytotoxicity and acute toxicity.

Based on the readily available 3-organyl-5-(chloromethyl)isoxazoles, a number of previously unknown water-soluble conjugates of isoxazoles with thiourea, amino acids, some secondary and tertiary amines, and thioglycolic acid were synthesized. The bacteriostatic activity of aforementioned compounds has been studied against Enterococcus durans B-603, Bacillus subtilis B-407, Rhodococcus qingshengii Ac-2784D, and Escherichia coli B-1238 microorganisms (provided by All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms, VKM). The influence of the nature of the substituents in positions 3 and 5 of the isoxazole ring on the antimicrobial activity of the obtained compounds has been determined. It is found that the highest bacteriostatic effect is observed for compounds containing 4-methoxyphenyl or 5-nitrofuran-2-yl substituents in position 3 of the isoxazole ring as well as methylene group in position 5 bearing residues of l-proline or N-Ac-l-cysteine (5a-d, MIC 0.06-2.5 µg/ml). The leading compounds showed low cytotoxicity on normal human skin fibroblast cells (NAF1nor) and low acute toxicity on mice in comparison with the well-known isoxazole-containing antibiotic oxacillin.