Taste alteration and its relationship with nutritional status among cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, cross-sectional study.

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of taste alterations (TAs) during chemotherapy and their association with nutritional status and malnutrition. In addition to the associated factors with TA, including sociodemographic health-related factors and clinical status, and to investigate coping strategies to manage TA. A multicenter cross-sectional design study was conducted on 120 cancer patients aged at least 18 who had been undergoing at least one round of chemotherapy. TAs were evaluated using the chemotherapy-induced taste alteration scale (CiTAS), the malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST) was used for nutritional screening, the antineoplastic side effects scale (ASES) was used for subjective assessment of chemotherapy side effects, and the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was used for comorbidity assessment. SPSS21 software was used to analyze the data, and the independent T-test and one-way ANOVA test were used to determine the association between TAs and a variety of related variables. The prevalence of TAs was 98.3%. Among participants, 48.3% were at low risk of malnutrition, 20% at medium risk, and 31.7% at high risk. Malnutrition risk was associated with taste disorders (p<0.05). Patients' age, gender, educational level, and physical status were associated with TAs (p<0.05). Type of cancer, chemotherapy regimen, and number of chemotherapy cycles were also associated with TAs (p<0.05). A variety of antineoplastic side effects were associated with TAs (p<0.05), including nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, sore mouth and throat, excessive thirst, swallowing difficulty, appetite changes, weight loss, dizziness, lack of energy, disturbed sleep, anxiety, and difficulty concentrating. TAs were associated with an increased number of comorbidities, and individuals with diabetes, pulmonary diseases, and hypertension were associated with TAs (P<0.05). Patients in this study rarely practice self-management strategies to cope with TAs. A high prevalence (98.3%) of TAs in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy was found, and it was linked to a variety of negative outcomes. Chemotherapy-induced TAs are an underestimated side effect that requires more attention from patients and health care providers.

Nutrición y trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad: seguimiento evolutivo de las variables antropométricas de un grupo de pacientes en tratamiento con metilfenidato de liberación osmótica / Nutrition and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: developmental follow-up of the anthropometric variables of a group of patients receiving treatment with osmotic controlled-release methylphenidate

Objetivo. Realizar un análisis evolutivo de las variables antropométricas de un grupo de pacientes diagnosticados de trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) para determinar la repercusión del tratamiento con metilfenidato de liberación osmótica (MTF-OROS). Pacientes y métodos. Se han revisado retrospectivamente las historias clínicas de 187 pacientes con TDAH en tratamiento con MTF-OROS durante 30 meses, registrándose los pesos y tallas e índice de masa corporal al diagnóstico (basal) y a los 6, 12, 18, 24 y 30 meses de seguimiento. Resultados. La edad media al diagnóstico era de 8,14 ± 1,6 años. La dosis de MTF-OROS fue incrementándose progresivamente hasta 36,9 ± 12,1 mg/día (1,05 mg/kg/día) a los 30 meses del seguimiento. Al diagnóstico, el 34,9% de los pacientes tenía una situación nutricional deficiente (subnutrición o malnutrición), que a los 30 meses de tratamiento afectaba al 50,3% de los pacientes. El valor basal del peso (Z-score) disminuía progresivamente durante el tratamiento, llegando a alcanzar unos valores significativamente inferiores (p < 0,05) respecto al valor basal a los 12 meses, y se mantenía significativamente inferior hasta los 30 meses. El valor basal de la talla (Z-score) también disminuía progresivamente durante el tratamiento, llegando a alcanzar unos valores significativamente inferiores (p < 0,05) respecto al valor basal a los 24 y 30 meses. Conclusiones. En el momento del diagnóstico de TDAH, uno de cada tres pacientes se hallaba en una situación nutricional deficiente (subnutrición o malnutrición). El tratamiento continuado con MTF-OROS durante 30 meses ejerce una influencia negativa sobre la talla, que posiblemente podría atenuarse mejorando la nutrición de los pacientes (AU)

Aim. To perform a developmental analysis of the anthropometric variables of a group of patients diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in order to determine the repercussions of treatment with osmotic controlled-release methylphenidate (MTF-OROS). Patients and methods. The medical records of 187 patients with ADHD under treatment with MTF-OROS over a period of 30 months were reviewed. Data collected included weight, height and body mass index at diagnosis (baseline) and at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months’ follow-up. Results. The mean age at diagnosis was 8.14 ± 1.6 years. The dose of MTF-OROS was progressively increased until 36.9 ± 12.1 mg/day (1.05 mg/kg/day) at day 30 of the follow-up. At diagnosis, 34.9% of patients had a deficient nutritional situation (subnutrition or malnutrition), which affected 50.3% of the patients at 30 months. The baseline value for weight (Z-score) progressively decreased during treatment until values that were significantly lower than the baseline value at 12 months were reached (p < 0.05); these values remained significantly lower until 30 months. The baseline value for height (Z-score) also progressively decreased during treatment until values that were significantly lower than the baseline value at 24 and 30 months were reached (p < 0.05). Conclusions. At the time they were diagnosed with ADHD, one out of every three patients was in a deficient nutritional situation (subnutrition or malnutrition). Continued treatment with MTF-OROS for 30 months had a negative influence on height, which could perhaps be attenuated by improving the patients’ nutrition (AU)

Perspectivas actuales en Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional / Current perspectives on Food and Nutritional Security

Según estimaciones de la FAO actualmente 1 de cada 7 habitantes del planeta, pasan hambre y más de1020 millones de personas están desnutridas. En las últimas 4 décadas, el hambre y la mal nutrición han aumentado en diversos países, conviviendo de forma contradictoria con otros problemas de la sociedad actual como son la obesidad y el sobrepeso. La erradicación de la pobreza extrema y el hambre es uno de los Objetivos del Desarrollo del Milenio, cuya meta es la de reducir la tasa de pobreza al 15% en el próximo año 2015. Acabar con el hambre supone la producción de alimentos en cantidades adecuadas, pero también, garantizar el acceso a toda la población. Además, los alimentos deben ser nutritivos e inocuos, para combatir la desnutrición a largo plazo. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido revisar los datos más relevantes y recientes en materia de malnutrición, desnutrición y seguridad alimentaria y nutricional a nivel mundial, así como contemplarlos organismos e instituciones que, de una u otra manera, colaboran y luchan para combatir y reducir el mayor de los problemas de la sociedad actual: el hambre(AU)

According to FAO estimations at present 1 of every 7 inhabitants of the planet are starving and more than 1020 million persons are undernourished. During the last 4 decades, hunger and malnutrition have increased in several countries, cohabiting in a contradictory way with other problems of the current society, such as obesity and overweight. The eradication of extreme poverty and hunger is one of the Millennium Development Objectives, whose finality is to decrease the poverty rate to 15% in the next year 2015. To make an end of hunger implies food production in adequate amounts, but, moreover, to vouch for the availability for all the population. In addition, foods should be nutritive and innocuous in order to decrease malnutrition in a long term. The objective of the present study has been to revise the most relevant and recent data about malnutrition, undernourished and food and nutritional security on a global scale, as well as to consider the organisms and institutions which, of one or another way, collaborate and struggle for decreasing the highest problem of the current society: hunger(AU)

Efeito da desnutrição neonatal sobre o recrutamento celular e a atividade oxidante-antioxidante de macrófagos em ratos adultos endotoxêmicos / Effect of neonatal malnutrition on cell recruitment and oxidant-antioxidant activity of macrophages in endotoxemic adult rats

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a desnutrição no período neonatal produz prejuízos no recrutamento celular para o pulmão e na atividade oxidante-antioxidante de macrófagos alveolares em ratos adultos endotoxêmicos. MÉTODOS: Ratos machos Wistar (n=48) foram alimentados por mães cuja dieta, durante a lactação, continha 23 por cento de proteína no grupo nutrido e 8 por cento no grupo desnutrido. Após o desmame todos os animais foram recuperados com dieta normoprotéica. Entre 90 e 120 dias, a metade de cada grupo foi submetida à endotoxemia por meio da administração por via intraperitonial (v.i) de lipopolissacarídio na dose de 1mg/kg de peso corporal. Após 24 horas desse procedimento coletou-se o sangue para contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos e para a dosagem de óxido nítrico. Além do sangue coletou-se também o lavado broncoalveolar para contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos e, a partir de macrófagos isolados deste lavado, foram realizadas as dosagens de superóxido, óxido nítrico e superóxido dismutase. RESULTADOS: A desnutrição acarretou um déficit ponderal que persistiu até a idade adulta, além disso, reduziu a contagem total de leucócitos sangüíneos e o número de neutrófilos após o estímulo com lipopolissacarídio. A atividade oxidante-antioxidante foi alterada havendo diminuição da produção de superóxido, óxido nítrico e superóxido dismutase antes e após a indução da endotoxemia. CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados sugerem que a desnutrição neonatal, mesmo após a recuperação nutricional, compromete o recrutamento celular para o pulmão e a atividade oxidante-antioxidante dos macrófagos alveolares em ratos adultos. A endotoxemia contribui para evidenciar essas seqüelas da resposta do hospedeiro frente a este modelo de desnutrição.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess if neonatal malnutrition impairs cell recruitment to the lungs and the oxidant-antioxidant activity of alveolar macrophages in adult endotoxemic rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n=48) were divided into two groups and suckled by dams fed experimental diets containing a normal protein content of 23 percent (nourished group) and a low protein content of 8 percent (undernourished group) during lactation. After weaning, all animals received a normal protein diet. Between 90 and 120 days, half of each group was submitted to endotoxemia by intraperitoneal administration of 1mg/kg of body weight of lipopolysaccharide. Blood was collected 24 hours after this procedure for total and differential leukocyte count and measurement of nitric oxide. Bronchoalveolar lavage was also done to determine total and differential leukocyte count and measure superoxide, nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase in the macrophages isolated from this lavage. RESULTS: Malnourished animals remained underweight until adulthood. Furthermore, the following also decreased: total blood leukocyte count, number of neutrophils after lipopolysaccharide administration and production of superoxide, nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase before and after induced endotoxemia. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that neonatal malnutrition, even after nutritional recovery, compromises cell recruitment to lungs and the oxidant-antioxidant activity of alveolar macrophages of adult rats. Endotoxemia contributes to evidence these sequelae to the host response before this model of malnutrition.

Mecanismos das alterações do desempenho físico na programação pelo bloqueio da prolactina ao final da lactação / Mechanisms of changes in physical performance in the programming by the blockage of prolactin at the end of lactation

Anteriormente, observamos que o uso de bromocriptina (BRO), um agonista dopaminérgico inibidor de prolactina, ao final da lactação, leva ao bloqueio da produção de leite, causando uma desnutrição moderada da prole e programando uma maior massa corporal total (MCT) e de gordura visceral (MGV) e hipofunção tireóidea na idade adulta, características que são deletérias para o adequado desempenho físico. Sendo assim, avaliamos nestes animais alguns dos mecanismos relacionados à capacidade física como o conteúdo de glicogênio (muscular e hepático), as concentrações séricas de insulina, hormônios tireóideos (HTs), a atividade da enzima glicerol-fosfato desidrogenase mitocondrial (GPDm), que é regulada por HTs, no fígado, no TAM e no músculo esquelético. Indicadores de estresse oxidativo também foram avaliados utilizando o teste de espécies reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARs) e capacidade antioxidante total (CAT), na prole adulta aos 90 e 180 dias de idade cujas mães receberam BRO (1 mg/dia) nos 3 dias finais da lactação. O desempenho físico foi avaliado aos 90 e 180 dias de idade pela quantificação do tempo máximo de nado (TMN) em metade dos animais de cada grupo (n=10). Os ratos foram colocados em piscina com temperatura controlada (32+-2ºC) com carga adicional presa à cauda (equivalente a 5% da MCT). Aos 90 dias a MGV foi maior no grupo BRO (+56%), enquanto que os valores de glicemia (-10%) e atividade da GPDm no músculo (-53%) e n TAM (-40%) foram menores. O conteúdo de glicogênio no músculo sóleo não apresentou diferenças em resposta ao tratamento experimental ou exercício em ambas as idades, enquanto que no EDL nós observamos uma mobilização de glicogênio nos aminais exercitados de forma similar. Os animais do grupo BRO apresentaram um maior TMN (+35%), com menor produção de lactato pós-exercício (-20%). O maior conteúdo de glicogênio hepático observado no grupo BRO aos 90 dias na condição basal (+53%), e sua maior degradação com o exercício (-57%)...

Previously, we observed that the utilization of bromocriptine (BRO) a dopaminergic agonist that inhibits prolactin, at the end of lactation causes milk production blockade, provoking a moderate malnutrition in the pups and programming a higher body mass and visceral fat mass (VFM) and thyroid hypofunction in adult age, which are deleterious conditions for adequate physical performance. Therefore, we evaluated some mechanisms related to physical performance like blood lactate, glycemia and glycogen content (muscle and liver), serum insulin and thyroid hormones (THs) concentrations, mitochondrial glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (mGPD), and enzyme regulated by thyroid hormones (THs) in liver, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle. Oxidative stress indicators were also evaluated using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in adult pups (90 and 180 days old), whose mothers received BRO (1mg/day) at the last 3 days of lactation. Physical performance was evaluated on 90 and 180 days old animals (n=10). The rats were placed in a swimming pool with controlled temperature (89+-2ºF) with additional load attached to the tail equivalent to 5% of body mass (BM). VFM was higher in 90 days old BRO group (+56%), while glycemia (-10%) and mGPD activity in muscle (-53%) and BAT (-40%) were lower. Glycogen content in soleous muscle did not present differences in response to experimental treatment or exercise in both ages, while in EDL we observed glycogen mobilization with exercise in a similar way. BRO animals presented higher MST values (+35%), with lower post-exercise lactate production (-20%). The higher hepatic glycogen content observed in BRO group at 90 days old in the basal period (+53%), and its higher degradation (-57%) together with the higher activity of mGPD in muscle in exercised animals (+172%) could contribute to the better physical performance in that age. Additionally, the higher values...