ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Detecting cognitive impairment is a priority for health systems. The aim of this study is to create normative data on screening tests (MMSE, GDS and MFE) for middle-aged and older Spanish adults, considering the effects of sociodemographic factors. METHOD: A total of 2,030 cognitively intact subjects who lived in the community, aged from 50 to 88 years old, participated voluntarily in SCAND consortium studies. The statistical procedure included the conversion of percentile ranges into scalar scores. Secondly, the effects of age, educational level and gender were verified. Linear regressions were used to calculate the scalar adjusted scores. Cut-off values for each test were also calculated. RESULTS: Scalar scores and percentiles corresponding to MMSE, GDS-15 and MFE are shown. An additional table is provided which shows the points that must be added or subtracted from MMSE score depending on the subject's educational level. CONCLUSIONS: The current norms should provide clinically useful data for evaluating Spanish people aged 50 to 88 years old and should contribute to improving the detection of initial symptoms of cognitive impairment in people living in the community, taking into account the influence of gender, age and educational level
ANTECEDENTES: detectar el deterioro cognitivo es una prioridad del sistema sanitario. El objetivo de este estudio es la presentación de datos normativos de pruebas de cribado (MMSE, GDS y MFE) para adultos españoles de mediana edad y adultos mayores, considerando los efectos de factores sociodemográficos. MÉTODO: en los estudios realizados por el consorcio SCAND participaron voluntariamente 2.030 personas cognitivamente sanas, de 50 a 88 años, residentes en su comunidad. El procedimiento estadístico supuso la conversión de rangos percentiles en puntuaciones escalares. Posteriormente, se comprobaron los efectos de la edad, el nivel educativo y el género. Se utilizaron regresiones lineales para calcular las puntuaciones escalares ajustadas. También se calcularon los puntos de corte para cada prueba. RESULTADOS: se muestran las puntuaciones escalares y los percentiles correspondientes a MMSE, GDS-15 y MFE. Además, se presenta una tabla que muestra los puntos que deben sumarse o restarse a la puntuación del MMSE dependiendo del nivel educativo del individuo. CONCLUSIONES: los datos normativos presentados tienen una utilidad clínica para evaluar a población española de 50 a 88 años, y contribuyen a mejorar la detección de los síntomas iniciales del deterioro cognitivo teniendo en cuenta la influencia del género, la edad y el nivel educativo
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis , Mental Status and Dementia Tests/standards , Cognitive Aging/psychology , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Neuropsychological Tests/standards , Cognitive Dysfunction/psychology , Geriatric Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Linear Models , Educational StatusSubject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Translations , Mood Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Translating , BrazilABSTRACT
A 24-year-old female presented with catatonia and symptoms suggestive of Depressive Disorder. She also gave history of undocumented low grade irregular fever. The patient was worked up to rule out any organic cause or psychiatric illness. However, further investigations revealed immunological profile diagnostic of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) with CNS involvement (CNS lupus). The diagnosis of SLE in this patient presenting with catatonia was of practical importance because catatonia as one of the manifestations of SLE or as a standalone presenting symptom is extremely rare. Hence, clinicians should be aware of this rarity so that diagnosis of Neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) or catatonia as a presenting feature of SLE is never missed (AU)
Mujer de 24 años que se presentó con catatonía y síntomas indicativos de trastorno depresivo. También presentó historia de febrícula discontinua no registrada. Se llevó a cabo evaluación diagnóstica para descartar cualquier causa orgánica o enfermedad psiquiátrica. Sin embargo, exploraciones complementarias posteriores revelaron un perfil inmunológico diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) con implicación del SNC (lupus del SNC). El diagnóstico de LES en esta paciente que se presenta con catatonía era de significado práctico ya que la catatonía, como una de las manifestaciones del LES o como un síntoma que se presenta de forma independiente, es extremadamente rara. Por ello, los médicos deben ser conscientes de esta rareza y no deben olvidar nunca el diagnóstico de LES neuropsiquiátrico (LESNP) o catatonía como rasgo presente en el LES (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Catatonia/complications , Catatonia/therapy , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis , Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/analysis , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/instrumentation , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methodsABSTRACT
Introducción. La quinta edición del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-5) incluye una significativa revisión de los Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA). El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la distribución diagnóstica en adolescentes con TCA según los criterios de la 4ª edición revisada del DSM (DSM-IV-TR) y del DSM-5. Un segundo objetivo es estudiar las diferencias psicopatológicas entre los pacientes con TCA (DSM-IV-TR) y los que cambian de diagnóstico al aplicar los criterios del DSM-5. Metodología. Se evaluaron a 101 pacientes con TCA (Media: 14.68 años; DE: 1.46) a través de entrevista clínica y escalas de psicopatología alimentaria, perfeccionismo, ansiedad y depresión. Resultados. Se observa una disminución significativa de los casos diagnosticados de TCA-No Especificado (TCANE) aplicando los criterios DSM-5 (34.7% frente a 23.8%; p<0.001) y un aumento significativo de los casos de Anorexia Nerviosa (AN) (58.4% frente a 66.3%; p<0.001) y Bulimia Nerviosa (BN) (6.9% frente a 8.9%; p<0.001). No se encontraron diferencias significativas a nivel psicopatológico entre los pacientes diagnosticados de AN y BN según criterios DSM-IV-TR y los nuevos casos diagnosticados de AN y BN con el DSM-5. Conclusiones. La aplicación de los criterios DSM-5 en adolescentes con TCA hace disminuir de forma significativa la frecuencia del diagnóstico de TCA-NE. Las similares características psicopatológicas entre los pacientes con TCA según el DSM-IV-TR y los nuevos casos que pasan de TCA-NE a AN y BN (DSM-5) apoyaría la validez de los nuevos criterios de los TCA del DSM-5 en población adolescente
Introduction. The fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) includes a significant revision of Eating Disorders (ED). The objective of this study is to compare the distribution of diagnosis of ED in adolescents according to DSM-VI-TR and DSM-5 criteria. A second objective is to study the psychopathological differences between patients with ED (based on DSM-IV-TR) and those whose diagnosis changed by applying DSM-5 criteria. Methodology. One hundred and one adolescents diagnosed with ED (mean: 14.68 years; SD: 1.46) were evaluated with clinical interviews and scales for eating psychopathology, perfectionism, anxiety, and depression. Results. Applying the DSM-5 criteria led to a significant decrease in the diagnosed cases of Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) (from 34.7% to 23.8%; p<0.001) and to a significant increase in those of anorexia nervosa (AN) (from 58.4% to 66.3%; p<0.001) and of bulimia nervosa (BN) (from 6.9% to 8.9%; p<0.001). No significant psychopathological differences were found between patients diagnosed with AN and BN based on DSM-IV-TR criteria and those newly diagnosed with AN and BN based on DSM-5 criteria. Discussion. Using DSM-5 criteria for adolescents with ED leads to a significant decrease in the frequency of an EDNOS diagnosis. As similar psychopathological characteristics were observed between ED patients diagnosed based on DSM-IV-TR and those who were switched from EDNOS to AN or BN based on DSM-5, we conclude that the new criteria for ED in DSM-5 are valid for an adolescent population
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Feeding and Eating Disorders/diagnosis , Feeding and Eating Disorders/psychology , Mental Disorders/psychology , Psychopathology/methods , Interview, Psychological/methods , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Anorexia/complications , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Psychology, Adolescent/methodsABSTRACT
Introducción. El estigma hacia las personas con una enfermedad mental es muy elevado. En España no existen instrumentos actuales para evaluar este constructo. El objetivo del presente estudio es validar la versión española del cuestionario Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness en una población de adolescentes, estudiando la consistencia interna del instrumento, así como la estabilidad temporal. Este último análisis se realizará también por género. Material y métodos. Se llevó a cabo una traducción y retrotraducción del Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness. Se evaluaron con este instrumento un total de 150 alumnos de Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria, de entre 14 y 18 años, en 2 momentos. Se analizó la consistencia interna del instrumento mediante el α de Cronbach, y la fiabilidad test-retest con el coeficiente de correlación intraclase. Se realizaron análisis estratificados por género. Resultados. El α de Cronbach fue de 0,861 para la primera evaluación y de 0,909 para la segunda evaluación. Los valores del coeficiente de correlación intraclase oscilan entre 0,775-0,339 en el análisis de ítem por ítem, y entre 0,88-0,81 en las subescalas. En la segmentación por género encontramos que las puntuaciones en el coeficiente de correlación intraclase en el grupo de chicas está entre 0,797-0,863 y en los chicos entre 0,889-0,774. Conclusiones. En conclusión podemos afirmar que el Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness es un instrumento fiable para la evaluación del estigma social. A pesar de resultar fiable de la misma manera para chicos y para chicas, se han encontrado algunas diferencias en el análisis por género (AU)
Introduction. The stigma against people with mental illness is very high. In Spain there are currently no tools to assess this construct. The aim of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness questionnaire in an adolescent population, and determining its internal consistency and temporal stability. Another analysis by gender will be also performed. Material and methods. A translation and back-translation of the Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness was performed. A total of 150 students of between 14 and 18 years-old were evaluated with this tool in two stages. Internal consistency was tested using Cronbach α; and intraclass correlation coefficient was used for test-retest reliability. Gender-stratified analyses were also performed. Results. The Cronbach α was 0.861 for the first evaluation and 0.909 for the second evaluation. The values of the intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.775 to 0.339 in the item by item analysis, and between 0.88 and 0.81 in the subscales. In the segmentation by gender, it was found that girls scored between 0.797 and 0.863 in the intraclass correlation coefficient, and boys scored between 0.889 and 0.774. Conclusions. In conclusion, the Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness is a reliable tool for the assessment of social stigma. Although reliable results have been found for boys and girls, our results found some gender differences in the analysis (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Mental Status Schedule/statistics & numerical data , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale , Mental Health/standards , Mental Health/trends , Social Stigma , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , 28599ABSTRACT
This study aimed at identifying the prevalence of Common Mental Disorders (CMDs) in teachers and at analyzing associations between sociodemographic, occupational, and psychosocial factors and CMDs. This was a cross-sectional study with a random sample of 679 teachers, distributed in 37 elementary schools located in a city in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre (in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). The instruments used were the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20); the Battery of Psychosocial Risk Assessment to evaluate role ambiguity, social support, self-efficacy, autonomy, interpersonal conflicts, role conflict, and overload; and a questionnaire to assess sociodemographic and occupational variables. Results showed a 29.7% prevalence of CMDs. Three-stage hierarchical logistic regression was performed. Having role ambiguity, overload, low level of social support, and low perceived self-efficacy were associated with CMDs. Greater attention should be given to psychosocial threats in the school context, since these kinds of variables were associated with CMDs in teachers (AU)
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la prevalencia de trastornos mentales comunes (TMC) en profesores y analizar las asociaciones entre factores sociodemográficos, ocupacionales y psicosociales y TMC. Fue realizado un estudio transversal con una muestra aleatoria de 679 profesores distribuidos en 37 escuelas de enseñanza primaria localizadas en una ciudad de la región metropolitana de Porto Alegre (Estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), la Battery of Psychosocial Risk Assessment para evaluar ambigüedad de rol, apoyo social, auto-eficacia, autonomía, conflictos interpersonales, conflictos de rol y sobrecarga y un cuestionario para evaluar variables sociodemográficas y ocupacionales. Los resultados demostraran una prevalencia de TMC de 29.7%. Fue realizado un análisis de regresión logística. Ambigüedad, sobrecarga, bajo nivel de apoyo social y baja percepción de auto-eficacia se asociaron a los TMC. Una mayor atención debe prestarse a las amenazas presentes en el contexto escolar una vez que esa clase de variables se asociaron a los TMC en profesores (AU)
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Mental Disorders/prevention & control , Mental Disorders/psychology , Mental Status Schedule/statistics & numerical data , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Faculty/statistics & numerical data , Faculty , Mental Health/standards , Mental Health Assistance , Occupational Health/statistics & numerical data , Occupational Health/standards , Occupational Health/trends , Mental Health Services/standards , Interpersonal RelationsABSTRACT
En psiquiatría, más que en ninguna otra especialidad médica, el encuentro médico-paciente es el centro del proceso diagnóstico y terapéutico. Lo es por las propias peculiaridades del objeto de su estudio, la subjetividad. La actual perspectiva neopositivista en la epistemología de los síntomas mentales y neoliberal en la gestión de los servicios que se ocupan de lo psiquiátrico se han generalizado. De aquí se pueden derivar cambios fundamentales en diversos aspectos formales de la entrevista psiquiátrica que por fuerza afectan al contenido del acto médico. El lugar y tiempo empleados para hacer la entrevista, el entrevistador, la forma de entrevistar y la organización que provee el servicio y dispone los medios para la entrevista son algunos de ellos (AU)
This article is a theoretical discussion focused on the philosophical and economical issues that affect the clinical environment. It is claimed that the manner in which psychiatrys object is regarded, as well as the management of public services, has a direct impact on the diagnostic process and therapeutical interventions. Because of the special features of psychiatrys object, which is subjectivity, the clinical encounter with the patient is at the center of the diagnostic and therapeuthic process. The current neopositivistic view on the epistemology of mental symptoms, as well as the neoliberal way of managing psychiatric services, has spread and generalized. They have brought about fundamental changes in different formal aspects of the psychiatric interview that have an effect on the medical act. Some of these formal aspects include when and where to conduct the interview, the requested interviewer characteristics, the method of interviewing and the kind of organization that provides the services as well as manages the resources (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Interview, Psychological/methods , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Physician-Patient Relations , Philosophy, Medical , Knowledge , Theory of MindABSTRACT
Introducción. En la esquizofrenia y en el trastorno de pánico se han descrito anomalías límbicas que sugieren una reducción del volumen del hipocampo y la amígdala. Los resultados son contradictorios y no disponemos de estudios de neuroimagen que evalúen las alteraciones que implica la comorbilidad entre ambas patologías. Objetivo. Determinar el tipo y magnitud de las alteraciones límbicas en la esquizofrenia, el trastorno de pánico y su comorbilidad. Sujetos y métodos. Se midió el volumen de la amígdala y el hipocampo empleando el método de segmentación manual de regiones de interés en pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia (grupo 1), trastorno de pánico (grupo 2) y ambos diagnósticos (grupo 3), incluyendo un grupo control de sujetos sanos (grupo 4). Resultados. Los pacientes de los grupos 1 y 3 presentan un volumen del hipocampo izquierdo significativamente inferior al grupo control. En estos grupos existe una correlación positiva significativa entre la sintomatología psicótica positiva y el volumen del hipocampo izquierdo. No se hallaron diferencias entre los grupos en el volumen de la amígdala. Conclusiones. Los resultados confirman una reducción del volumen del hipocampo izquierdo asociada a la esquizofrenia. La relación entre la gravedad de la sintomatología positiva y el volumen del hipocampo sugiere que los pacientes que presentan mayor volumen del hipocampo tendrán también mayor predisposición a presentar una respuesta de miedo condicionada ante estímulos neutros y, por tanto, a presentar, en mayor medida, ideas delirantes y fenómenos alucinatorios (AU)
Introduction. Schizophrenia and panic disorder have been associated with limbic alterations, such as reduced volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala. However, there are conflicting results and a lack of previous neuroimaging studies assessing the implication of these structures when the two diagnosis are co-morbid. Aim. To determine the type and magnitude of volumetric limbic alterations in schizophrenia, panic disorder and their comorbidity. Subjects and methods. We measured the volume of the amygdala and hippocampus using a manual regions of interest segmentation method in schizophrenic patients (group 1), panic disorder (group 2), those who present comorbidity of the two diagnosis (group 3), and a control group of healthy subjects (group 4). Results. Patients included in groups 1 and 3 have significantly lower volume of left hippocampus than control group. In these groups, we did find that the volume of the left hippocampus was positively associated with positive symptoms severity. We did not find volumetric differences in the amygdala between the groups. Conclusions. Our results confirm a decreased volume of the left hippocampus in schizophrenia. The association between the severity of positive psychotic symptoms (delusions and hallucinations) and hippocampus volume could be mediated by the propensity to develop a fear conditioned response to neutral stimuli in subjects with higher hippocampal volumes (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Schizophrenia/complications , Schizophrenia , Panic Disorder/complications , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Panic Disorder/therapy , Hippocampus/physiopathology , Affective Disorders, Psychotic/complications , Psychotic Disorders/complications , Psychotic Disorders/diagnosis , Limbic System/physiopathology , Comorbidity/trends , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Sampling Studies , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Agoraphobia/complications , Psychopathology/methods , Diagnosis, Differential , Neuroimaging/methods , Neuroimaging , Analysis of VarianceABSTRACT
El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido la calibración de la "Escala de actuación social revisada" (Social Performance Schedule Scale Revided, SPSS-R, en una muestra de 181 personas adultas con discapacidad intelectual, mediante el modelo de escalas de clasificación de Rasch-Andrich, a fin de clarificar su estructura, dimensionalidad y propiedades psicométricas. Fue necesaria una reducción drástica de la escala, a fin de obtener una versión con una estructura factorial clara y consistente con el constructo evaluado (habilidades sociales). La escala resultante, de 24 ítems, se configuró en dos dimensiones bien definidas. Sus propiedades psicométricas (fiabilidad y validez) resultaron adecuadas y presentó un correcto ajuste de ítems y personas al modelo de Rasch. Conforme a su dificultad, los ítems se concentraron en al zona media de las dimensiones evaluadas, lo que aconseja en futuras revisiones incluir ítems en rangos altos y bajos de la variable latente
The study aims at calibrating the Social Performance Schedule Scale Revised (SPSS-R) in a sample of 181 adults with intellectual disability using the Rasch Andrich Rating Scale Model with the purpose of elucidating its structure, dimensionality and psychometric properties. In order to obtain a version with a clear factorial structure and coherent with the analysed construct (social skills), it was necessary to proceed with a drastic reduction of the scale. The resulting scale, composed of 24 items, showed the emergence of two distinct dimensions. Its psychometric properties (reliability and validity) turned out to be adequate, and it showed correct items and individuals fit to the Rasch model. According to their difficulty, the items concentrated in the mean zone of the analysed dimensions, which makes it advisable to include, in future studies, items in the high and low range of the latent variable
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Social Skills , Intellectual Disability/diagnosis , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Calibration/standards , Models, Psychological , Psychometrics/methods , Quality of Life/psychology , Social Behavior , Intellectual Disability/epidemiology , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Reproducibility of Results , Reproducibility of Results/methods , Reproducibility of Results/trends , Factor Analysis, StatisticalABSTRACT
Se analizan las variables psicosociales intervinientes en el desarrollo del proceso de recuperación de las personas con trastorno mental grave focalizándose sobre aspectos subjetivos relaciona - dos con la autopercepción. Se diseña un estudio descriptivo de series de casos transversales. La muestra está formada por 59 usuarios de dos Hospitales de Día de Salud Mental a los que se les aplicaron diversas escalas objetivas y subjetivas con el objetivo de revisar la interrelación entorno a la experiencia de recuperación; así se valoró su vivencia de recuperación, autoestigma, el insight cognitivo y la metacognición sobre el funcionamiento cognitivo y social, teniendo en cuenta los aspecto objetivables tales como aspectos clínicos, funcionales y sociales generales. Los resultados subrayan la importancia de factores perceptivos subjetivos y metacognitivos en el proceso personal de recuperación. Apuntan a la existencia de relaciones significativas entre el autoestigma y la recuperación. Se concluye que la sensación de estigma internalizado y la presencia de actividad psicótica redundan en una menor experiencia de recuperación. A su vez, las dificultades en las relaciones sociales y la percepción de quejas subjetivas sobre el funcionamiento cognitivo se asocian a una mayor sensación personal de autoestigma. Se considera la aplicación consecuente de estos hallazgos en el abordaje clínico (AU)
In this study, we analyze the psychosocial variables involved in the development of the recovery process of people with severe mental disorders. This study aims to explore aspects related with subjective self-perception and the recovery process. The study had a descriptive cross sectorial design. The sample consisted of 59 participants recruited from two mental health day hospitals. Several objective and subjective scales were applied in order to review their relationship around the recovery experience, and to evaluated their experience of recovery, self-stigma, cognitive insight and metacognition on cognitive and social functioning. We also took into account objectified aspects such as clinical, functional and general social situation. The results underline the importance of subjective and metacognitive perceptual factors in the personal process of recovery. These results suggest the existence of a significant relationship between self-stigma and recovery. They conclude that the sense of internalized stigma and the presence of psychotic activity imply lower recovery experience. In turn, difficulties in social relations and the perception of subjective complaints of cognitive functioning are associated with greater personal sense of self-stigma. Finally we consider that these findings may be applied in the clinical management of people with severe mental disorder (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Perception/physiology , Social Perception of Science Indicators , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Schizophrenia/physiopathology , Schizophrenia/therapy , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/psychology , Cognition/ethics , Cognition/physiology , Social Stigma , Serial Cross-Sectional Studies , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale/statistics & numerical data , Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale/standards , Quality of Life/psychologyABSTRACT
El presente estudio tiene como objetivo el desarrollo y validación de un instrumento ad hoc para la observación del juego de waterpolo. Mediante un estudio exploratorio se identificaron los criterios vertebradores, así como los comportamientos asociados a cada criterio, tomando como referencia: (I) la revisión de la literatura; (II) las reuniones con expertos del waterpolo; (III) la observación exploratoria de varios partidos oficiales de esta modalidad deportiva. Posteriormente, se ha preguntado a un grupo de expertos sobre la relevancia de las variables que hemos identificado, teniendo en cuenta su representación en relación con los aspectos fundamentales del juego. Con este fin, hemos desarrollado una escala tipo Likert (1-5 puntos). Las categorías se consideraron representativas cuando en un porcentaje mayor del 60% los entrenadores clasificaron las respuestas en los niveles 4 ó 5 de la escala. Los expertos han elegido como más representativas las siguientes variables: i) zona del campo donde se produce la acción; ii) la actividad del portero; (III) el jugador sin balón; (IV) el jugador del equipo contrario sin balón; (V) el jugador del equipo contrario, en comparación con el jugador con balón; (VI) el jugador sin balón del equipo en posesión del balón. El instrumento construido, que combina el formato de campo y los sistemas de categorías, puede ayudar a los entrenadores, jugadores e investigadores a interpretar mejor la realidad dinámica que caracteriza el desempeño individual y colectivo del waterpolo
This study describes the development and validation process of an ad hoc observational instrument for waterpolo games. During the exploratory phase of the study, we identified central criteria and observed respective behaviours for each of these criterion based on: i) a literature review; ii) meetings with experts on this sport; iii) unsystematic observation of several games. Subsequently, we asked a panel of waterpolo experts to give their opinion on the relevance of these variables, considering their representativeness in relation to fundamental aspects of the game. For this purpose, a five-point rating scale was constructed (Likert scale). Categories were considered to be representative when over 60% of the coaches awarded a rating of four or five. The experts chose the following as the most representative variables: (I) the area of the field where the game action happens; (II) goalkeeper activity; (III) players without the ball; (IV) opponent team-players without the ball; (V) opponent players in comparison with the player in possession of the ball; (VI) players without the ball from the team in possession of the ball. The resulting instrument, characterized by a combination of field formats and systems of categories, can help coaches, players and researchers to improve their interpretation of the reality and dynamics of individual and collective performance
O presente estudo teve como objectivo o desenvolvimento e validação de um instrumento ad hoc para observação do jogo de polo aquático. Desta forma, através de uma fase exploratória do estudo, foram identificados os critérios vertebrados e respectivos comportamentos associados a cada critério, tendo por base: (i) a revisão da literatura; (ii) reuniões com experts da modalidade; (iii) observação exploratória de diversos jogos oficiais de polo aquático. Posteriormente, questionámos um painel de experts acerca da relevância das variáveis por nós identificadas, considerando a sua representatividade em relação aos aspectos fundamentais do jogo. Para tal, foi desenvolvida uma escala tipo likert (de 1 a 5 pontos). As categorias foram consideradas representativas quando mais de 60% dos treinadores classificaram as suas respostas nos níveis 4 ou 5 da escala. Os experts elegeram como mais representativas, as seguintes variáveis: i) zona do campo onde a acção ocorre; ii) a actividade do guarda-redes; (iii) o jogador sem bola; (iv) o jogador da equipa oponente sem bola; (v) a equipa oponente, como oposição ao jogador em posse de bola; (vi) o jogador sem bola da equipa com posse de bola. O instrumento resultante, constituído por formatos de campo e sistemas de categorias, poderá ajudar os treinadores, jogadores e investigadores a interpretarem de uma melhor forma a realidade dinâmica que caracteriza a performance individual e colectiva deste jogo
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale/standards , Sports/physiology , Sports/psychology , Sports Equipment/statistics & numerical data , Sports Equipment/standards , Role Playing , Mental Status Schedule/standardsABSTRACT
This paper describes how a Many FacetedRasch Measurement (MFRM)approachcan be applied to performance assessment focusing on rater analysis. The article provides an introduction to MFRM, a description of MFRManalysis procedures, and an example toillustrate how to examinethe effects of various sources of variability on test takers'performance on a writing test by means of aMFRManalysis. Results highlight the usefulness of the MFRM to detect raters that have extreme values on the severity continuum. MRFM provides a common metric for the facet scores(test takers, tasks, raters). This is advantageous becauseit facilitates understanding of the assessment process as well as providing objective measurement of facet elements
En este trabajo se describe cómo se puede aplicar el modelo Many FacetedRasch Measurement(MFRM) para analizar la evaluación del rendimiento mediante calificadores. El manuscrito presenta una introducción al modelo MFRM, una descripción de los procedimientos de análisis y un ejemplo para ilustrar cómo se analizan los efectos de diversos factores en el rendimiento de los examinados en un test de expresión escrita. Los resultados ilustran la utilidad del modelo para detectar los calificadores que presentan valores extremos en el continuo de severidad. El modelo MFRM aporta puntuaciones en una métrica común de los diversos elementos de las facetas integradas en el proceso de medición (examinados, tareas, calificadores). Esta integración aporta ventajas para comprender el marco de la evaluación
Subject(s)
Humans , Psychological Tests/standards , Behavior Rating Scale/standards , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/standards , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Handwriting , Task Performance and Analysis , Psychometrics/methods , Data Interpretation, StatisticalABSTRACT
Introducción. La mayor parte de instrumentos de evaluación que se utilizan en nuestro país examinan un rango limitado de conductas suicidas. En cambio, la escala Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview (SITBI), desarrollada en EE. UU., valora un rango más amplio de dichas conductas: intento de suicidio, ideación suicida, gestos suicidas y conductas autolesivas. Dada la carencia señalada, nos parece necesario validar la escala de pensamientos y conductas autolesivas (EPCA), traducción de la escala SITBI, en la población española. Material y métodos. Con objeto de examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la EPCA en una muestra española, la escala se administró a 150 adultos hospitalizados en el Servicio de Psiquiatría de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Para evaluar la fiabilidad test-retest de la escala, el protocolo de evaluación se volvió a administrar a todos aquellos pacientes que volvieron a ingresar en nuestra unidad al menos 6 meses después de la primera evaluación (n = 50). Para valorar la validez de constructo de nuestra escala, se administraron algunas de las escalas de evaluación de suicidio más utilizadas en nuestro país. Resultados. El acuerdo entre examinadores osciló entre k = 0,90 y 1. La fiabilidad test-retest fue muy buena en el caso de la ideación suicida, los planes suicidas y los intentos de suicidio; no obstante, fue inferior en el caso de las autolesiones y los gestos suicidas. Nuestros resultados apoyan también la validez de constructo de nuestra escala. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados apoyan la fiabilidad (tanto entre-examinadores como test-retest) y validez de constructo de la EPCA en población española(AU)
Introduction: Most of the assessment tools used in our country examine a limited range of suicidal behaviours. In contrast, the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviours Interview (SITBI), developed in the US, assesses a wider range of these behaviours: suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, suicidal gestures, and self-harming behaviours. Given this lack, we think it is necessary to validate the Escala de pensamientos and conductas autolesivas (EPCA), Spanish translation of the SITBI, in the Spanish population. Material and methods: The EPCA interview was administered to 150 inpatients in the Psychiatry Unit-Fundación Jiménez Díaz in order to examine its psychometric properties in a Spanish sample. To assess its test-retest reliability, the EPCA was again administered to those patients who were readmitted to hospital at least 6 months after the first assessment (n = 50). To examine its construct validity, some of the most used assessment tools in this research field were also administered. Results: Inter-rater agreement ranged from k = .90 to k = 1. Test-retest reliability was good in the case of suicidal ideation, suicide plans and suicide attempts; however, it was lower in the case of self-harming behaviours and suicidal gestures. Our results also support the construct validity of the scale. Conclusions: Our findings back the reliability (both inter-rater and test-retest) and construct validity of the EPCA in the Spanish population(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Translating , Suicidal Ideation , Suicide/prevention & control , Suicide/psychology , Suicide, Attempted/legislation & jurisprudence , Suicide, Attempted/psychology , Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale/standards , Psychometrics/methods , Psychometrics/trends , Mental Status Schedule/statistics & numerical data , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Reproducibility of Results/methods , Reproducibility of Results/trendsABSTRACT
Introdução: O Exame Cognitivo Cambridge (CAMCOG) é um instrumento breve para avaliação cognitiva. É composto por subescalas que representam diversos domínios cognitivos (orientação, linguagem, memória, atenção, praxia, percepção, cálculo e pensamento abstrato). Escores totais adequados permitem definir comprometimento em nível de demência. Entretanto, tais escores totais nem sempre representam o desempenho real de um indivíduo, pois é possível obter escores baixos em determinado(s) domínio(s) e ainda manter um escore total dentro da variação normal. Objetivo: Obter valores do CAMCOG total e das subescalas de indivíduos idosos normais com diferentes níveis de escolaridade. O interesse crescente na definição de estágios pré-demência é uma razão importante do presente estudo. Métodos: Foram avaliados com CAMCOG idosos normais residindo na comunidade, divididos em três grupos de acordo com o nível de escolaridade. Foi realizada análise estatística para comparar a significância dos escores (total e subescalas) entre os grupos. Resultados: Os valores médios do CAMCOG total mostraram aumento com a escolaridade, o mesmo tendo sido observado em relação aos escores das subescalas. Conclusão: As subescalas do CAMCOG relacionados com os níveis de escolaridade são necessárias para identificar indivíduos que apresentam diminuição de valores em um ou mais domínios cognitivos, apesar de apresentar o escore total dentro da variação da normalidade, o que pode caracterizar um estado de comprometimento cognitivo pré-demência...
Introduction: The Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG) is a brief tool for cognitive assessment. It is composed of subscales that represent various cognitivedomains (orientation, language, memory, attention, praxis, perception, calculation and abstract thinking). Appropriate total scores permit to define impairment in the dementia level. However, such total scores do not always represent the real performance of the subject as it is possible to obtain low scores in certain domain(s) yet maintaining a total score in the normal range. Objective: To obtain data of CAMCOG total and subscales scores of normal elderly subjects with different educational levels. The growing interest in defining pre-dementia stages is an important reason of the present study. Methods: Community living normal elderly, divided in three groups according to their education level were assessed with CAMCOG. Statistic analysis was performed to compare significance of the scores (total and subscales) among the groups. Results: Total CAMCOG mean values increased with education, and the same was observed in relation to the subscales scores. Conclusion: CAMCOG subscales related to education levels are necessary to identify subjects who present decreased values on one or more cognitive domain despite total scores within normal range, which may characterize a pre-dementia cognitive impairment state...
Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Geriatric Assessment/methods , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Cognition , Educational Status , Memory , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Desde la psicología educativa se han generado estudios que relacionan los estilos de pensamiento con las estrategias metacognitivas y la creatividad. Aunque existe un cuerpo empírico que explicita relaciones de dependencia y/o predictivas entre estos constructos, no hemos hallado estudios que analicen los efectos directos e indirectos que se establecen entre ellos. Así, el objetivo en este estudio fue probar un modelo teórico mediante modelización con ecuaciones estructurales para estudiar dichos efectos. Participaron 197 estudiantes universitarios. Los instrumentos usados fueron: I) el Inventario de Estilos de Pensamiento (TSI-R) (Sternberg, Wagner y Zhang, 2003) para medir los estilos de pensamiento; II) La Escala de Estrategias de Aprendizaje (ACRA) (Román y Gallego, 2001) para medir las estrategias metacognitivas; III) El Test de Inteligencia Creativa (CREA) (Corbalán Berná et al., 2003) para medir la creatividad. Los resultados obtenidos indican que: I) Los estilos de pensamiento judicial y legislativo (Sternberg, 1998) contribuyen de manera positiva y directamente al uso de estrategias metacognitivas e indirecta y positivamente a la creatividad; II) las estrategias metacognitivas contribuyen de manera directa y positivamente a la creatividad. Sin embargo, no se ha encontrado una relación directa entre los estilos de pensamiento y la creatividad (AU)
Previous studies from the field of Educational Psychology have indicated that thinking styles are related to metacognitive strategies and creativity. Although, there is a body of empirical studies which explains the relationship and/ or predictive relations between these constructs, we have not found studies examining the direct and indirect effects that arise between them. Thus, the objective of this study was to test a theoretical model using structural equation modeling to study these effects. Thus, the objective of this study was to test a theoretical model using structural equation modeling to study these effects. Participants in the present study were 197 university students. Instruments used were: I) the Thinking Styles Inventory (TSI-R) (Sternberg, Wagner & Zhan, 2003) to measure thinking styles; II) The Learning Strategies Scale (ACRA) (Roman & Gallego, 2001) to measure the metacognitive strategies, III) The Test of Creative Intelligence (CREA) (Corbalan Berna et al., 2003) to measure creativity. The results indicate that: I) The judicial and legislative thinking styles (Sternberg, 1998) contribute to the use of metacognitive strategies directly and in a positive way, and these styles contribute to the creativity indirectly and in a positive way; II) metacognitive strategies contribute to the creativity directly and in a positively way. However, not found a direct relationship between thinking styles and creativity (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Adult , Thinking/physiology , Students/psychology , Creativity , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Mental Health/standards , Mental Health/trends , Mental Competency/psychology , Mental Health Services/standards , Mental Health Services , Mental Processes/physiology , Mental Status Schedule/statistics & numerical data , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Analysis of VarianceABSTRACT
The present studys objective is to create a Spanish adaptation of the Conditions of Work Effectiveness Questionnaire II (CWEQ-II) by Laschinger, Finegan, Shamian, and Wilk (2004) in order to measure structural empowerment in an organizational context. To do so, this study was conducted in two distinct phases. In the first, a group of experts carried out a back-translation of the questionnaire and in the second phase, we analyzed the questionnaires internal structure (through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) and external validity. The resulting Spanish version of the questionnaire (CWEQ-S) demonstrated/exhibited good factor structure and good psychometric properties as far as reliability and validity are concerned (AU)
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale/standards , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Psychometrics/methods , Psychological Tests/standards , Surveys and Questionnaires , Translating , Psychometrics/standards , Adaptation, Psychological/classification , Adaptation, Psychological/physiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether history of childhood trauma is associated with loss of functionality in adult women with fibromyalgia (FM). A secondary objective was to assess the presence of differences between depressed and non-depressed adult women with FM in a regression model for functionality. METHODS: A total of 114 adult women with FM according to the American College of Rheumatology diagnostic criteria answered the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire. All subjects were interviewed by trained psychiatrists and evaluated for depression using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) - Brazilian version 5.0.0. Correlation and regression models were used to investigate associations between childhood trauma and loss of functionality among patients with FM. The sample was stratified by presence and absence of clinical depression. RESULTS: Overall, childhood trauma was associated with of loss of functionality in adult women with FM. When stratified by depression, the regression model significantly increased the association among non-depressed patients, even after adjustment for age and use of psychotropic medications. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood trauma showed a clinically important association with loss of functionality among adult women with FM. The associations were more pronounced among subjects without comorbid depression
OBJETIVO: Investigar se a presença de história de trauma na infância está associada com perda de funcionalidade em mulheres adultas com fibromialgia (FM). Um segundo objetivo foi avaliar a presença de diferenças entre mulheres adultas deprimidas e não deprimidas com FM utilizando um modelo de regressão para funcionalidade. MÉTODOS: Um total de 114 mulheres adultas com FM de acordo com os critérios diagnósticos do American College of Rheumatology responderam o Childhood Trauma Questionnaire e o Questionário de Impacto da Fibromialgia. Todos os indivíduos foram entrevistados por psiquiatras treinados e avaliados para depressão utilizando o Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) - versão brasileira 5.0.0. Modelos de correlação e regressão foram utilizados para investigar associações entre trauma na infância e perda de funcionalidade em pacientes com FM. A amostra foi estratificada pela presença e ausência de depressão clínica. RESULTADOS: Em geral, o trauma na infância esteve associado com perda de funcionalidade em mulheres adultas com FM. Quando estratificadas por depressão, o modelo de regressão aumentou significativamente a associação em pacientes não deprimidos, mesmo após ajuste para idade e uso de medicação psicotrópica. CONCLUSÕES: Trauma na infância esteve associado de forma clinicamente importante à perda de funcionalidade em mulheres adultas com FM. As associações foram mais pronunciadas nos indivíduos sem depressão comórbida
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health , Fibromyalgia/etiology , Child Abuse/psychology , Human Activities/injuries , Depression/psychology , Mental Status Schedule/standardsABSTRACT
Introducción. El Inventario Neuropsiquiátrico (NPI) es una escala que valora la presencia de alteraciones psicopatológicas en pacientes con enfermedades neurológicas, principalmente demencias. A pesar de sus ventajas, existen pocos estudios publicado en pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE). Con la información derivada del NPI pretendemos describir las alteraciones psicopatológicas en un grupo de pacientes con TCE severo en fase crónica y determinar si se correlacionan con antecedentes psiquiátricos y medidas de resultado. Método. Se administró el NPI a los informantes de 53 pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico grave que se encontraban en fase crónica. Así mismo, se recogieron escalas de funcionalidad y de integración a la comunidad. Resultados. El 92,5% de la muestra estudiada presentaba alguna alteración psicopatológica según el NPI, siendo los síntomas más frecuentes la irritabilidad/labilidad, la apatía y la depresión/disforia. El antecedente de consumo habitual de tóxicos mostró una relación significativa con la presencia de psicopatología. Síntomas como la agitación, la apatía y la desinhibición se correlacionaron de forma significativa con el grado de discapacidad. Conclusiones. Las alteraciones psiquiátricas son frecuentes en pacientes con TCE. El nNPI es una herramienta que recoge de manera sistemática las alteraciones conductuales y emocionales más frecuentes en estos pacientes. Algunos de los síntomas influyen negativamente en el grado de discapacidad(AU)
Introduction. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) is a scale that assesses psychiatric symptoms in patients with neurological disorders, principally dementia. Despite its advantages, there are few published studies in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. With the NPI information we are going to describe the psychopatologic disorders in a group of TBI chronic patients and look the possible association with psychiatric history and outcome measures. Method. The NPI was applied to caregivers of 53 patients with severe TBI in chronic phase. We also collected functional and community integration scales. Results. 92.5% of patients had some neuropsychiatric symptom, according to NPI. The most frequents were irritability/lability, apathy and depression/dysphoria. Those patients with drugs abuse history had more psychiatric symptoms. Presence of agitation/aggression, apathy and disinhibition were correlated with more disability. Conclusions. Psychiatric disorders are common between patients with TBI. The NPI is a scale that systematically assesses the behavioral and emotional disorders more common in these patients. Some of the symptoms negatively influence the degree of disability(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Psychopathology/methods , Head Injuries, Penetrating/chemically induced , Head Injuries, Penetrating/complications , Head Injuries, Penetrating/physiopathology , Substance-Related Disorders/complications , Neuropsychiatry/methods , Psychopathology/organization & administration , Psychopathology/standards , Psychopathology/trends , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Head Injuries, Penetrating/rehabilitation , Head Injuries, Penetrating/psychology , Disability Evaluation , Persons with Mental Disabilities/psychology , Persons with Mental Disabilities/statistics & numerical data , Neuropsychiatry/instrumentationABSTRACT
La Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) es una escala sencilla y de rápida administración que evalúa, de forma global, la capacidad disposicional de un individuo de estar atento y consciente de la experiencia del momento presente en la vida cotidiana. La escala es un autoinfome unifactorial de 15 ítems con una visión del constructo de mindfulness centrada en la variable atención/consciencia. El instrumento puede ser utilizado en sujetos con o sin experiencia en meditación y es ampliamente utilizado en investigación. Con el objetivo de establecer las propiedades psicométricas de la MAAS, se administró a un total de 385 sujetos, 201 pertenecientes a una muestra clínica y 184 a una muestra control de estudiantes universitarios. Los análisis psicométricos de la versión española de la MAAS mostraron buenas propiedades, tanto en términos de validez como de fiabilidad. El instrumento presentó una buena validez convergente con la Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire(FFMQ) así como discriminante respecto a la clínica depresiva. Así mismo obtuvo unos buenos índices de fiabilidad (α de Cronbach de 0,89), una buena estabilidad temporal y replica la estructura unifactorial original que agrupa el 42,8% de la varianza total. Los resultados obtenidos resultan congruentes con los estudios realizados con la versión en inglés del instrumento. La MAAS es un instrumento de simple y rápida administración que nos permite evaluar la capacidad general de mindfulness de un individuo y que puede ser utilizado tanto en la investigación clínica como en sujetos sanos (AU)
The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) is a brief and easy to administer scale that mainly assesses the individuals dispositional capacity to be aware and conscious in day-to-day life experiences. This is a 15-item self-reported single-factor scale that is exclusively focused on attention/awareness component of mindfulness construct. The instrument can be independently used to assess individuals either with or without meditation experience and has been widely used in mindfulness research. In order to establish the psychometric proprieties of the MAAS a total of 385 individuals were assessed. 201 individuals came from a clinical sample and 184 control individuals were university students. The MAAS showed good psychometric proprieties in terms of validity and reliability. The scale obtained an adequate convergent validity with the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and good discriminating validity with relation to depressive symptoms. Additionally, the MAAS obtained good reliability indexes(Cronbachs α = 0.89), good temporal stability and adequately replicates the original single-factor structure accounting for 42.8% of the total variance. These results were comparable to those obtained by the original English version of the scale. MAAS can be briefly administered and enables us to measure the individuals frequency of mindfulness states in daily life and can be used both on clinical research and healthy subjects (AU)