Vaginal distention rodent model for fecal incontinence: a pilot study on the effect on defecation behavior

Objectives: Vaginal balloon inflation simulates the compressive forces on the pelvic floor during the second phase of natural delivery. The foremost use of this animal model of vaginal distention (VD) is to study the mechanisms underlying urinary incontinence. As damage to the pelvic floor during natural birth is a common cause of fecal incontinence, the present paper aimed to investigate the effect of VD on defecation behavior in adult rats. Methods: Vaginal distention was performed in 8 rats for 2 hours, and in 3 rats for 4 hours, and sham inflation was performed in 4 rats. With the use of a latrine box in the rat home-cage and 24/7 video tracking, the defecation behavior was examined. The time spent in and outside the latrine was monitored for two weeks preoperatively and three weeks postoperatively, and a defecation behavior index (DBI; range: 0 [continent] to 1 [incontinent]) was defined. Pelvic floor tissue was collected postmortem and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: Vaginal balloon inflation for 2 hours resulted in fecal incontinence in 29% of the animals (responders) whereas the DBI scores of non-responders (71%) and control animals did not change in the postoperative phase compared with the baseline score. A 4-hour balloon inflation resulted in fecal incontinence in 1 animal and caused a humane endpoint in 2 animals with markedly more tissue damage in the 4-hour responder compared with the 2-hour responders. Conclusions: Vaginal balloon inflation, with an optimum duration between 2 and 4 hours, can be used as a model to study changes in defecation behavior in rats induced by pelvic floor damage. (AU)

Pelvic floor ultrasound finds after episiotomy and severe perineal tear: systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: Vaginal delivery is a well-known risk factor for pelvic floor muscle (PFM) injuries, mainly when associated to prolonged labor, instrumental birth and perineal trauma such as episiotomy and perineal tears. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to test the hypothesis that episiotomy and severe perineal tear may increase the risk of pelvic floor damage. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search through electronic databases including MEDLINE via PubMed, LILACS via BVS, Embase via Elsevier and Cochrane Library up to January 2019. We included articles that reported as outcome one or more morphological aspects of the PFM evaluated by ultrasonography in primiparous women three to 24 months postpartum. This review is registered in the PROSPERO database (registration number: CRD42017075750). RESULTS: the final selection was composed of 18 articles for the systematic review, and 10 for the meta-analysis. Women with levator ani muscle (LAM) avulsion were 1.77 times more likely to have undergone episiotomy (OR = 1.77, CI 95% 1.25-2.51, five trials), 4.31 times more likely to have severe perineal tear (OR = 4.31, CI 95% 2.34-7.91, two trials). Women with defects in the anal sphincters were 2.82 times more likely to have suffered severe perineal tear (OR = 2.82, 95% CI 1.71-4.67, three trials). CONCLUSIONS: Both episiotomy and severe perineal tear are risk factors for LAM avulsion and anal sphincter injury, and this can be useful for identifying women who are at greater risk of developing PFM dysfunctions.

Massagem perineal pré-natal para prevenção do trauma: piloto de ensaio clínico randomizado / Masaje perineal prenatal para la prevención del trauma: piloto de ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Antenatal perineal massage for trauma prevention: a pilot randomized clinical trial

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a adesão de gestantes e acompanhantes à realização da massagem perineal digital durante a gestação e seu efeito na prevenção do trauma perineal no parto e na redução de morbidade associada nos 45 e 90 dias pós-parto. Métodos Estudo piloto de ensaio clínico randomizado com 153 gestantes de risco habitual, 78 mulheres no grupo de intervenção realizaram a massagem perineal digital e 75 mulheres do grupo controle receberam os cuidados habituais. Para a análise do desfecho principal (trauma perineal) e dos desfechos secundários, permaneceram em cada grupo 44 mulheres que tiveram parto vaginal. A intervenção foi realizada pela gestante ou acompanhante de sua escolha, diariamente, a partir de 34 semanas de gestação, por 5 a 10 minutos. Resultados A massagem perineal foi fator de proteção para edema nos primeiros 10 dias pós-parto (RR 0,64 IC95%0,41-0,99) e perda involuntária de gases nos 45 dias pós-parto (RR0,57 IC95%0,38-0,86). O ajuste residual ≥ 2 observado na análise das condições do períneo pós-parto mostrou uma tendência das mulheres do grupo intervenção terem períneo íntegro. As mulheres e os acompanhantes que realizaram a massagem perineal aceitaram bem a prática, recomendariam e fariam novamente em futura gestação. Conclusão A massagem perineal digital realizada diariamente, a partir de 34 semanas de gestação, foi uma prática bem aceita pelas mulheres e acompanhantes deste estudo. Apesar de não proteger a mulher de trauma perineal, esta prática reduziu o risco de edema 10 dias pós-parto e incontinência de gases 45 dias pós-parto. Registro Brasileiro de ensaio clínico: RBR-4MSYDX

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la participación de mujeres embarazadas y acompañantes en la realización del masaje digital perineal durante el embarazo y su efecto en la prevención del trauma perineal durante el parto y en la reducción de la morbilidad asociada con los 45 y 90 días post parto. Métodos Estudio piloto de ensayo clínico aleatorizado con 153 mujeres embarazadas con riesgo normal, 78 mujeres en el grupo de intervención realizaron el masaje digital perineal y 75 mujeres del grupo control recibieron los cuidados habituales. Para el análisis del desenlace principal (trauma perineal) y de los desenlaces secundarios, permanecieron en cada grupo 44 mujeres que tuvieron parto vaginal. La intervención la realizó la mujer embarazada o el acompañante por ella elegido, diariamente, a partir de las 34 semanas de embarazo, por 5 a 10 minutos. Resultados El masaje perineal fue factor de protección para el edema en los primeros 10 días postparto (RR 0,64 IC95%0,41-0,99) y la pérdida involuntaria de gases en los 45 días post parto (RR0,57 IC95%0,38-0,86). El ajuste residual ≥ 2 observado en el análisis de las condiciones del perineo postparto mostró una tendencia en las mujeres del grupo intervención a que tengan el perineo íntegro. Las mujeres y los acompañantes que realizaron el masaje perineal recibieron bien la práctica, la recomendarían y la harían nuevamente en un futuro embarazo. Conclusión El masaje digital perineal realizado diariamente, a partir de las 34 semanas de embarazo, fue una práctica bien recibida por las mujeres y acompañantes de este estudio. Pese a que no protege a la mujer de un trauma perineal, esta práctica redujo el riesgo de edema a los 10 días post parto y la incontinencia de gases 45 días post parto.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the adherence of pregnant women and companions to the performance of digital perineal massage during pregnancy and its effect on the prevention of perineal trauma during childbirth and on the reduction of associated morbidity at 45 and 90 days postpartum. Methods A pilot study of a randomized clinical trial with 153 normal risk pregnant women; 78 women in the intervention group underwent digital perineal massage and 75 women in the control group received usual care. For the analysis of the main outcome (perineal trauma) and secondary outcomes, 44 women who had vaginal delivery remained in each group. The intervention was performed daily by the pregnant woman or the companion of her choice from 34 weeks of gestation during 5-10 minutes. Results Perineal massage was a protective factor for edema in the first 10 days postpartum (RR 0.64 95%CI 0.41-0.99) and involuntary gas loss at 45 days postpartum (RR0.57 95%CI 0.38-0.86). The residual adjustment ≥ 2 observed in the analysis of perineal conditions postpartum showed a trend of women in the intervention group having an intact perineum. The women and companions who performed perineal massage accepted the practice well, recommended it and would do it again in a future pregnancy. Conclusion The digital perineal massage performed daily from 34 weeks of gestation was a practice well accepted by women of this study and their companions. Although not protecting women from perineal trauma, this practice reduced the risk of edema at 10 days postpartum and gas incontinence at 45 days postpartum. Brazilian Clinical Trial Registry: RBR-4MSYDX

Associação da função do assoalho pélvico e mobilidade em idosas / Association of Pelvic Floor Function And Mobility In Elderly Women

Introdução: O envelhecimento populacional cresce a cada ano e, consequentemente, surgem adaptações fisiológicas do organismo, tais como: diminuição da velocidade da marcha, da estabilidade e da adaptação postural, além da perda da integralidade muscular; podendo levar a várias alterações, dentre elas: disfunções do assoalho pélvico e prejuízo na mobilidade. Objetivo: associar a função do assoalho pélvico à mobilidade em idosas. Materiais e métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal, desenvolvido com mulheres acima de 60 anos, residentes na cidade de Bauru/SP. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (parecer nº4.040.883), e todas as voluntárias, que assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, responderam aos questionários para caracterização sociodemográfica e verificação das queixas de disfunções do assoalho pélvico. A avaliação da mobilidade foi realizada pela marcha, por meio de uma passarela de 14 metros e da análise dos parâmetros cinemáticos da marcha pelo módulo de aquisição de sinais biológicos, com um acelerômetro triaxial posicionado sobre o maléolo lateral e uma bateria de avaliação Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Resultados: No total, foram avaliadas 13 mulheres (7 no grupo com disfunção do assoalho pélvico e 6 no grupo controle), com média de idade de 64 ± 6,3 anos. As disfunções do assoalho pélvico relatadas foram: 54% de incontinência urinária, 8% de prolapsos de órgãos pélvicos, 15% de incontinência fecal e 8% de disfunção sexual. Nos resultados do SPPB, 92% das voluntárias apresentaram boa capacidade; 8%, baixa capacidade. Na avaliação da marcha, não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos (p=0,260). Conclusão: Não houve relação entre as funções do assoalho pélvico e a mobilidade nas participantes avaliadas.

Introduction: Population aging grows every year and, consequently, there are physiological adaptations of the organism such as a decrease in gait speed, stability, and postural adaptation, in addition to a loss of muscle integrality, which can lead to several changes, including pelvic floor dysfunctions and impaired mobility. Objective: to associate pelvic floor function with mobility in elderly women. Materials and methods: this cross-sectional study consisted of women over 60 from the city of Bauru /SP. The Research Ethics Committee (number 4.040.883) approved the study, and all volunteers signed the Informed Consent Form and responded to questionnaires for sociodemographic characterization and verification of complaints of pelvic floor dysfunction. Mobility assessment was performed by gait using the 14-meter walkway and analysis of the kinematic parameters using the biological signal acquisition module and a triaxial accelerometer positioned on the lateral malleolus and the evaluation battery Short Physical Performance Battery. Results: A total of 13 women were evaluated (7 in the group with pelvic dysfunction and 6 in the control group) with a mean age of 64± 6,3 years. 54% of women reported urinary incontinence, 8% prolapse, 15% fecal incontinence and 8% sexual dysfunction. In the results of the SPPB, 92% of the volunteers had good ability, and 8% had low ability. In the gait assessment, there were no statistical statistics between the groups (p = 0.260). Conclusion: There was no relation between pelvic floor function and mobility in the evaluated participants.

Chemoradiation for cervical cancer treatment portends high risk of pelvic floor dysfunction.

GOAL: To assess the impact of chemoradiation on pelvic floor (PF) muscle function after the treatment of cervical cancer (CC). METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study of women between the ages of 20 and 70 years old who had a diagnosis of CC. Patients were treated with chemoradiation at the Barretos Cancer Hospital (BCH), between August 2016 and July 2017. We performed three evaluations at different time points after chemoradiation treatment to compare changes in muscle function. Pelvic floor muscle function was assessed through perineometry (PNM) and surface electromyography (EMG) at the following time points: Pretreatment Moment 1 (M1): evaluated before chemoradiation; Moment 2 (M2): at the first follow-up medical visit (usually 3 to 4 months after treatment); and Moment 3 (M3): at the second follow-up medical visit (usually after 6 to 9 months after treatment). Mean vaginal squeeze pressure levels were determined by PNM and muscle electromyographic activity by EMG and the results were evaluated by Generalized Linear Model comparisons. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients were evaluated at M1; 35 at M2; and 32 at M3, so that 32 patients had all three muscle evaluations performed. There was a statistically significant increase in the frequency of women with urgency urinary incontinence at the M2 evaluation time (41.9%), compared to pretreatment M1 (18.6%), p<0.001. The means of the vaginal squeeze pressures reduced through M1 to M3 in the phasic (M1: 17.7 mmHg; M3: 11.27mmHg) and tonic contractions (M1: 10.56 mmHg; M3: 7.52mmHg), p = 0.01 and p = 0.03 respectively. There was no difference in pelvic floor function in the three evaluations M1-M3, measured by EMG. The pelvic floor strength assessed by PMN and their interactions with anthropometric, parity and hormonal status variables, showed that a high body mass index (BMI) significantly influenced decreases in pelvic floor muscle function before and after treatment. CONCLUSION: These results show that chemoradiation causes reduction of muscle function of the pelvic floor, especially in the late phase after the end of treatment. Both the high BMI and urgent urinary incontinence symptoms were related to decreased muscle strength.

Birthweight and pelvic floor trauma after vaginal childbirth.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Birthweight seems to be a risk factor for levator ani muscle (LAM) avulsion and a predictive factor for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Most trauma seems due to first vaginal birth. METHODS: One thousand one hundred twenty-five women with at least two vaginal deliveries underwent a physician-directed interview, followed by clinical examination (digital palpation and Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification-POPQ) and 4D translabial ultrasound. Ultrasound volume data were obtained at rest, on pelvic floor contraction and Valsalva. The investigator, blinded to all other data, performed offline analysis of the LAM integrity and hiatal area on Valsalva. We tested for associations between birthweight of the first and of the largest vaginally born baby on the one hand and avulsion and symptoms/signs of prolapse on the other hand. RESULTS: Between July 2014 and July 2017, 1575 patients were seen. After exclusion of nulliparae and women with just one vaginal birth, 1202 remained. Another 77 were excluded due to missing data, leaving 1125. A significant association was found between birthweight and LAM avulsion as well as significant prolapse on POPQ. The birthweight of the first vaginally born baby was at least as predictive for avulsion as the birthweight of any subsequent births, even when adjusted for maternal age at first delivery and use of forceps. CONCLUSIONS: The birthweight of the first vaginally born baby is associated with levator avulsion and subsequent POP. Maximum weight of vaginal births does not seem to be a stronger predictor.

Profile and quality of life of women in pelvic floor rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the sociodemographic, clinical, and sexual profile, identify profile variables that affect the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL), and evaluate the correlation between two HRQoL questionnaires used in a pelvic floor rehabilitation program. METHOD: This is an observational, analytical, and cross-sectional study, based on patient records and two questionnaires for HRQoL evaluation. RESULTS: Women presented a mean age of 55.4 years; were married; white; had stress, urge, or mixed urinary incontinence (UI) of moderate to large urine release; and daily or diurnal UI. Only 50.5% had an active sex life and most had sexual complaints. The change in sexual activity and some types of UI affected the HRQoL. The two questionnaires presented a correlation. CONCLUSION: The profile and correlation between the questionnaires are consistent with the literature. The type of UI and changes in sexual activity affect the HRQoL.

Profile and quality of life of women in pelvic floor rehabilitation / Perfil y calidad de vida de mujeres en rehabilitación del piso pélvico / Perfil e qualidade de vida de mulheres em reabilitação do assoalho pélvico

ABSTRACT Objective: Describe the sociodemographic, clinical, and sexual profile, identify profile variables that affect the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL), and evaluate the correlation between two HRQoL questionnaires used in a pelvic floor rehabilitation program. Method: This is an observational, analytical, and cross-sectional study, based on patient records and two questionnaires for HRQoL evaluation. Results: Women presented a mean age of 55.4 years; were married; white; had stress, urge, or mixed urinary incontinence (UI) of moderate to large urine release; and daily or diurnal UI. Only 50.5% had an active sex life and most had sexual complaints. The change in sexual activity and some types of UI affected the HRQoL. The two questionnaires presented a correlation. Conclusion: The profile and correlation between the questionnaires are consistent with the literature. The type of UI and changes in sexual activity affect the HRQoL.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir el perfil sociodemográfico, clínico y sexual; identificar variables del perfil que interfieren en la Calidad de Vida Relacionada a la Salud (CVRS) y evaluar correlación entre dos cuestionarios de CVRS usados en un Programa de Rehabilitación del Piso Pélvico. Método: Estudio observacional, analítico, transversal, basado en fichas de atención y en dos cuestionarios de evaluación de CVRS. Resultados: La media etaria de las mujeres era de 55,4 años, casadas, blancas, con incontinencia urinaria (IU) de esfuerzo, de urgencia o mixta, con pérdidas urinarias de moderada a gran cantidad, diarias y diurnas. Solo 50,5% llevaba vida sexual activa. La mayoría expresaba quejas sexuales. El cambio en la actividad sexual y algunos tipos de IU afectaron la CVRS. Los cuestionarios demostraron correlación. Conclusión: El perfil y la correlación entre ambos cuestionarios concuerdan con la literatura. El tipo de UI y los cambios en la actividad sexual afectan la CVRS.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o perfil sociodemográfico, clínico e sexual, identificar variáveis do perfil que interferem na Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde (QVRS) e avaliar correlação entre dois questionários de QVRS usados em um Programa de Reabilitação do Assoalho Pélvico. Método: Estudo observacional, analítico e transversal, com base em fichas de atendimento e dois questionários de avaliação da QVRS. Resultados: As mulheres possuíam idade média de 55,4 anos, eram casadas, brancas, tinham incontinência urinária (IU) de esforço, de urgência ou mista, com perdas urinárias de moderada a grande quantidade, diárias e diurnas. Apenas 50,5% tinham vida sexual ativa e a maioria apresentava queixas sexuais. A mudança na atividade sexual e alguns tipos de IU afetaram a QVRS. Os dois questionários apresentaram correlação. Conclusão: O perfil e a correlação entre os questionários condizem com a literatura. Tipo de IU e mudança na atividade sexual afetam a QVRS.

Hernias perineales / Perineal hernias

Introducción: Las hernias perineales son excepcionales y predominan ampliamente en el sexo femenino. Se clasifican en anteriores o posteriores según su localización con respecto al músculo transverso del periné. Etiológicamente pueden ser primarias (congénitas o adquiridas), de las cuales se han descrito alrededor de 100 casos, y secundarias sobre todo a operaciones previas (resección adbominoperineal). Objetivo: Actualizar los conocimientos sobre las hernias perineales por lo infrecuente de este padecimiento. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica a partir de la consulta de artículos relacionados con el tema, publicados en Pubmed, Hinari, SciELO y Medline mediante el localizador de información Endnote. Se utilizaron 51 citas para la revisión, 41 de ellas de los últimos cinco años. Se incluyeron tres libros y una cita del propio autor. Conclusiones: Las hernias perineales son extremadamente raras. Existe poca experiencia reportada en la bibliografía, por lo que aún no es posible determinar la mejor forma terapéutica. Pueden abordarse por vía abdominal, perineal o combinada. Las técnicas empleadas son: cierre simple, transposición de colgajos musculares, colocación de mallas y retroflexión del útero o vejiga para cerrar el defecto. Aunque no existe suficiente experiencia, la cirugía laparoscópica se ha utilizado en algunos casos y podría ser la vía de elección en el futuro(AU)

Introduction: Perineal hernias are exceptional and predominate widely in the female sex. They are classified into anterior or posterior, based on their location with respect to the transverse muscle of the perineum. Etiologically speaking, they can be primary (congenital or acquired), of which about 100 cases have been described, and secondary above all to previous operations (abdominoperineal resection). Objective: To update the knowledge about perineal hernias, due to the infrequent nature of this condition. Methods: A literature review was carried out in the articles about the topic and published in Pubmed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline using the Endnote information locator. We used 51 citations for the review, 41 of which belonged to the last five years. Three books and a citation by the author were included. Conclusions: Perineal hernias are extremely rare. There is little experience reported in the literature, so it is not yet possible to determine the best therapeutic form. They can be treated by an abdominal or perineal approach, or combined. The techniques used are: simple closure, transposition of muscle flaps, placement of meshes, and retro-flexion of the uterus or bladder to close the defect. Although there is not enough experience, laparoscopic surgery has been used in some cases and could be the gold standard in the future(AU)

La integración en la transversalidad del compartimento posterior del suelo pélvico en el Hospital Universitario Comandante Manuel Fajardo (2013- 2015) / Posterior compartment of the pelvic floor and its integration in cross-sectional approach in Comandante Manuel Fajardo Hospital (2013-2015)

Introducción: las afecciones del suelo pélvico tienen alta prevalencia y su estudio debe ser realizado con enfoque transversal para proveer al paciente el tratamiento adecuado. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas de enfermedades del compartimento posterior con diagnóstico basado en enfoque transversal. Método: estudio descriptivo, transversal en pacientes atendidos en la consulta de Coloproctología en el Hospital Universitario Comandante Manuel Fajardo, desde septiembre 2013 hasta mayo 2015. El universo estuvo constituido por 67 pacientes. Fueron calculadas frecuencias y porcentajes para las variables cualitativas e intervalos de edad, y estadísticos descriptivos de la edad. Resultados: la mayoría de los pacientes fueron ≤ 45 años, con predominio de la tercera edad (43,3 por ciento). Las mujeres constituyeron la mayoría del grupo (80,6 por ciento). Los antecedentes de riesgo más frecuentes fueron los relacionados con la historia obstétrica, fundamentalmente la multiparidad (83,3 por ciento). La forma de presentación más frecuente fue la incontinencia anal. Predominó la afectación exclusiva del compartimento posterior (59,7 por ciento). La afectación bicompartimental predominante fue la anterior y posterior, determinada en su mayoría por incompetencia dual (única afección en 17,9 por ciento). No se detectó afectación tricompartimental. Conclusiones: las afecciones del compartimento posterior se asociaron en alta proporción a enfermedades de otros compartimentos del suelo pélvico, lo que ratifica la importancia del enfoque transversal(AU)

Introduction: pelvic floor illnesses have high prevalence and their study must be conducted with a cross-sectional approach to provide the patient with adequate treatment. Objectives: to describe the clinical characteristics of the posterior compartment illnesses by using cross-sectional approach-based diagnoses in patients seen at the coloproctology service of Manuel Fajardo university hospital from September 2013 to May 2015. Method: descriptive and cross-sectional study. The universe of study was 67 patients. Frequencies and percentages for qualitative variables and age intervals as well as summary statistics for age were all calculated. Results: many patients were 45 years and over, being the older age predominant (43.3 percent). Women were the majority in the group (80.6 percent). The most frequent risk antecedents were those related to obstetric history, mainly multiparity (83.3 percent). The most common form of presentation was anal incontinence. Single affection of the posterior compartment (59.7 percent) prevailed. The predominant bi-compartmental affection was the anterior and posterior one, mainly determined by dual incontinence (single affection in 17.9 percent of cases). Tricompartmental affection was not detected. Conclusions: the posterior compartment affections were greatly associated to diseases in other pelvic floor compartments, which supports the importance of using the cross-sectional approach(AU)

Experiencia inicial del impacto de la reparación con colgajos de cloaca traumática postparto en la calidad de vida / Initial experience, of the impact of the repair, with postpartum traumatic cloaca flaps, on the quality of life

Introducción: La incontinencia fecal mayor es un trastorno que modifica significativamente la calidad devida. Un grupo particularmente afectado son las mujeres con antecedentes de trauma obstétrico. Dentrode ellos, los más graves son los de cuarto grado que involucran la totalidad de las capas del tabique rectovaginal, produciendo una comunicación completa entre la luz rectal y la vagina, generando una cloaca. Sibien la incidencia de éstas, es de alrededor del 0,3% de los partos, el efecto que tiene sobre las pacienteses devastador. El único tratamiento efectivo para este tipo de lesiones es la reparación quirúrgica.Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto que presenta la corrección quirúrgica de la cloaca por trauma obstétrico en lacalidad de vida de las afectadas.Material y Métodos: Análisis prospectivo secundario y ampliado de una serie consecutiva de pacientestratadas por desgarro perineal completo tipo cloaca durante el año 2013. Se evaluó la demografía de lamuestra, la paridad de las pacientes, el tiempo medio hasta la consulta desde el último parto, la manometríapre y postoperatoria, la evaluación de incontinencia fecal pre y postoperatorio. Para valorar la severidad dela incontinencia fecal se utilizó el índice CCF-FIS y el índice de severidad de incontinencia fecal (FISI). Parala evaluación de calidad de vida se utilizó la encuesta FIQLS de la Sociedad Americana de Cirujanos delColon y Recto (ASCRS).Resultados: Tres pacientes fueron intervenidas entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2013. En el examenfísico, el 100% de las pacientes presentaron una cloaca perineal. El score CCF-FIS preoperatorio fue del16,7 (16 a 18 puntos). El puntaje de FISI pre-operatorio fue de 54,3 (52 a 57). Las tres pacientes refirieronalteraciones en su actividad social y sexual. Se reevaluaron las pacientes al tercer mes de postoperatorio yluego del cierre de la colostomía...

Introduction: The major fecal incontinence is a disorder that significantly change the quality of life. Aparticularly affected group are women with a history of obstetric trauma and presenting demonstrationsimmediately. Among them, the most serious are the fourth degree involving all the layers of the rectovaginalseptum, producing a complete communication between the rectal lumen and vagina, creating a sewer.Although their incidence is about 0.3% of births, the effect on patients is devastating.Objective: To evaluate the impact making the surgical correction of the cloaca by obstetrical trauma in thequality of life of those affected.Material and Methods: Secondary and expanded Prospective analysis of a consecutive series of patientstreated by complete perineal tear type cloaca in 2013. The demographics of the sample was evaluated theparity of the patients, the median time to the query from the last delivery, pre and postoperative manometry,assessment of pre-and postoperative fecal incontinence. To assess the severity of fecal incontinence CCFFISindex and the severity of fecal incontinence (FISI) was used. The FIQLS survey by the American Societyof Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) was used for the evaluation of quality of lifeResults: Three patients were operated between January 2013 and December 2013 on physical examination, 100% of patients had a perineal cloaca. The CCF-FIS preoperative score was 16.67 (16-18 points). Thescore FISI pre-surgery was 54.33 (52-57). The three patients reported changes in their social and sexualactivity. Patients at the third month after surgery and after colostomy closure were reassessed...

Episiotomía y disfunciones del piso pélvico femenino / Episiotomy and floor dysfunctions female pelvic

Pelvic floor dysfunctions are highly prevalent in our population significantly affecting the quality of life of women. Pregnancy and childbirth are well recognized risk factors. It has recently become clear that pelvic floor trauma encompass more than perineal trauma or “what one could see in the delivery room.” The levator ani muscle may be affected at birth with the loss of the integral structure of the pelvic floor support, secondarily triggering the descent of the pelvic organs. The overdistension of the urogenital hiatus and anal sphincter injuries can also be consequences of a vaginal birth. An episiotomy is an intervention that seeks to facilitate the expulsion of the fetus expanding the perineum preventing tissue distension and perineal tear. However, this claim raised by its developer has no scientific basis. Today the restrictive practice of this procedure is recommended, given the potential complications that may arise when it is systematically performe. Despite this recommendation, there are no conclusive studies that explore the role that episiotomy has in obstetric pelvic floor trauma...

Utilidad de los dispositivos de sutura mecánica circular para técnicas endoanales / Circular staplers devices in endoanal techniques

INTRODUCCION: entre las técnicas descriptas para corregir defectos del piso pelviano, el uso de suturas mecánicas circulares se plantea como una opción con fundamentos anatómicos y funcionales, con bajos índices de complicaciones. OBJETIVO: analizar las indicaciones y técnicas utilizando suturas mecánicas circulares por vía Endoanal, su factibilidad y resultados inmediatos. DISEÑO: estudio prospectivo, consecutivo, no randomizado. MATERIAL Y METODO: entre Junio de 2007 y Diciembre de 2010 se utilizaron los dispositivos PPH 03 y PPH 01 en 62 pacientes. Se analizan: indicaciones, técnica, tiempo operatorio, morbilidad, internación y resultados funcionales inmediatos. RESULTADOS: con el procedimiento PPH fueron intervenidos 40 pacientes. Con la técnica STARR fueron operadas 22 mujeres. Para el procedimiento PPH el tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 30 minutos y la morbilidad 15%. Para STARR el tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 40 minutos y la morbilidad 4,5%. Con la técnica PPH se obtuvo 100% de corrección de prolapso. Con STARR se observó disminución del ODS Score en todos los casos. Internación promedio: 1 día. CONCLUSIONES: el uso de los dispositivos de sutura mecánica circular por vía endoanal es factible y seguro. Utilizados por coloproctólogos con experiencia ofrecen una alternativa válida en los pacientes que cumplan los requisitos para indicarlos. (AU)

BACKGROUND: several techniques have been described for the treatment of pelvic floor diseases. The circular stapler devices are advocated as a safety and effectiveness option, with anatomical and physiological basis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility, effectiveness and reliability of the circular staplers devices for endoanal techniques. DESIGN: non-randomized, prospective study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: since June 2007 up to December 2010 we have applied the PPH 03 and PPH 01 devices to 60 patients. We analyzed indications, surgical techniques mean operative time, complications, mean length of stay and immediate functional results. RESULTS: we have applied the PPH procedure to 40 patients and the STARR procedure to 22 female patients. To PPH procedure the mean duration of the operation was 30 minutes and we registered a rate of complications to 15%. To STARR procedure the mean operative time was 40 minutes and the morbidity was 4,5%. Mean length of stay was 1 day. CONCLUSIONS: the circular stapler devices trough endoanal techniques are feasible, safe and effective with low morbidity. Colorectal surgeons might implement them in the use of them in order to optimize results. Further investigation is required to optimize patient selection and reduce potential complications. (AU)

Utilidad de los dispositivos de sutura mecánica circular para técnicas endoanales / Circular staplers devices in endoanal techniques

INTRODUCCION: entre las técnicas descriptas para corregir defectos del piso pelviano, el uso de suturas mecánicas circulares se plantea como una opción con fundamentos anatómicos y funcionales, con bajos índices de complicaciones. OBJETIVO: analizar las indicaciones y técnicas utilizando suturas mecánicas circulares por vía Endoanal, su factibilidad y resultados inmediatos. DISEÑO: estudio prospectivo, consecutivo, no randomizado. MATERIAL Y METODO: entre Junio de 2007 y Diciembre de 2010 se utilizaron los dispositivos PPH 03 y PPH 01 en 62 pacientes. Se analizan: indicaciones, técnica, tiempo operatorio, morbilidad, internación y resultados funcionales inmediatos. RESULTADOS: con el procedimiento PPH fueron intervenidos 40 pacientes. Con la técnica STARR fueron operadas 22 mujeres. Para el procedimiento PPH el tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 30 minutos y la morbilidad 15%. Para STARR el tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 40 minutos y la morbilidad 4,5%. Con la técnica PPH se obtuvo 100% de corrección de prolapso. Con STARR se observó disminución del ODS Score en todos los casos. Internación promedio: 1 día. CONCLUSIONES: el uso de los dispositivos de sutura mecánica circular por vía endoanal es factible y seguro. Utilizados por coloproctólogos con experiencia ofrecen una alternativa válida en los pacientes que cumplan los requisitos para indicarlos.

BACKGROUND: several techniques have been described for the treatment of pelvic floor diseases. The circular stapler devices are advocated as a safety and effectiveness option, with anatomical and physiological basis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility, effectiveness and reliability of the circular staplers devices for endoanal techniques. DESIGN: non-randomized, prospective study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: since June 2007 up to December 2010 we have applied the PPH 03 and PPH 01 devices to 60 patients. We analyzed indications, surgical techniques mean operative time, complications, mean length of stay and immediate functional results. RESULTS: we have applied the PPH procedure to 40 patients and the STARR procedure to 22 female patients. To PPH procedure the mean duration of the operation was 30 minutes and we registered a rate of complications to 15%. To STARR procedure the mean operative time was 40 minutes and the morbidity was 4,5%. Mean length of stay was 1 day. CONCLUSIONS: the circular stapler devices trough endoanal techniques are feasible, safe and effective with low morbidity. Colorectal surgeons might implement them in the use of them in order to optimize results. Further investigation is required to optimize patient selection and reduce potential complications.

Episiotomia seletiva: avanços baseados em evidências / Selective episiotomy: advances based on evidence

A realização de episiotomia de forma rotineira foi, durante muitos anos, um grande exemplo de prática médica adotada sem base em estudos clínicos bem conduzidos. Permanece como o segundo procedimento mais comum em obstetrícia, tendo como objetivos prevenir severos danos perineais nas mulheres submetidas ao parto normal, assim como reduzir o período expulsivo. Contudo, vários ensaios clínicos randomizados bem controlados foram publicados contestando essas verdades, além de fornecer evidências de nível I. Assim, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura de forma sistematizada, a qual incluiu estudos comparando a realização da episiotomia rotineira à seletiva. Observou-se que a realização da episiotomia rotineira não protege o assoalho pélvico, sendo causa de maior dor, sangramento e complicações intra e pós-operatórias. Baseando-se nesses resultados, não há justificativa para a manutenção da realização de episiotomia de forma rotineira. Porém, sua frequência continua sendo elevada no Brasil. Sua realização seletiva representa uma excelente oportunidade para testar a força da educação médica continuada, cientificamente embasada, e para mudar dogmas do passado. A difusão dessa prática e sua adoção nos manuais de conduta nos diferentes serviços e diretrizes das sociedades médicas é um marcador de qualidade da atenção e humanização do parto.

To perform the episiotomy as a routine way was, for many years, a medical procedure used without base in any reliable clinical trials. It remains as the second most performed procedure in obstetrics, having as goal to prevent severe damage in the perineal muscle during natural childbirth and to reduce the delivery length. However, several well-controlled randomized clinical trials has been released to refute those beliefs in addition to provide level I evidence. Therefore, a systematic literature review was made including studies that compare the routine episiotomy to the selective episiotomy. The results showed that routine episiotomy does not protect the pelvic floor causing more pain, bleeding and surgical and post-surgical complications. Based in those results, there is no reason for the use of routine episiotomy. However, its use is still common in Brazil. The selective episiotomy use is an excellent form to analyze the continuous medical education based in scientific facts and change ancients beliefs. The propagation of this practice and its presence in routine manuals are indicative of attention quality and delivery humanization.

The influence of pelvic muscle activation during vaginal delivery.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the influence of pelvic floor muscle activation during vaginal delivery using a three-dimensional computational finite element model. METHODS: A computational finite element model of the pelvic skeletal structure, pelvic floor, and fetus was developed. The movements of the fetus during birth, in vertex position, were simulated; namely, the engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, and extension of the fetal head. The opposite forces against the fetal descent and the stress on the pelvic floor muscles were obtained in passive, 5%, 10%, and 15% pelvic floor muscle simulated activations. RESULTS: The increase in pelvic floor muscle activation was associated with higher values of forces against the fetal descent. The descending fetus encountered increasing resistance in higher stations with the increase in pelvic floor muscle activation. The maximum values of stress of the pelvic floor muscles were obtained in +4 station. The increase in pelvic floor muscle activation was also followed by higher values of pelvic floor stress. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a computational modeling approach to study parturition. This experimental evidence suggests that the pelvic floor muscle activation during vaginal delivery may represent an obstacle to fetal descent and increase the risk for pelvic floor injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Proposta de tratamento preventivo de pubalgia em jogadores juniores de futsal / Proposal for preventive treatment of pubic pain in junior futsal players

A pubalgia é uma síndrome caracterizada por processo inflamatório da sínfise púbica, predominante em esportes que envolvem esforços repetitivos com freqüentes mudanças de direção e arranques, como o futebol e o tênis. Os sintomas são freqüentemente inespecíficos e de difícil diagnóstico. Desta forma, proporcionam longos períodos de afastamento de atividades físicas e esportivas, perpetuando os desequilíbrios funcionais e dificultando o tratamento. A pubalgia pode ser tratada de três formas: preventiva, conservadora, ou cirúrgica. O estudo teve como objetivo propor um protocolo de tratamento preventivo de pubalgia, para prevenir desequilíbrios da musculatura da cintura pélvica. Participaram do presente estudo 13 atletas de futsal do sexo masculino, com idade média de 18 anos, da equipe sub-20 do Sport Club Corinthians Paulista. Todos foram submetidos a duas avaliações, inicial e final, e ao protocolo de tratamento preventivo realizado duas vezes por semana por período de dois meses. Os resultados demonstraram uma melhora de flexibilidade e do fortalecimento da musculatura abdominal nos jogadores. Assim, pode-se concluir que o protocolo se mostrou eficaz na melhora da flexibilidade e do fortalecimento da musculatura abdominal.

The pubic pain is a syndrome characterized by an inflammatory process of pubic symphysis. It is predominant in sports that use repetitive efforts with different changes in direction such as football and tennis. The symptoms are not frequently specific and the disease is difficult to diagnose. Therefore, long periods of absence from physical activities imply in difficulties in treatment. The pubic pain can be treated in three different ways: preventive, conservative or surgical. This study aimed at conducting a treatment and preventive protocol for preventing imbalances of pelvic muscles. Thirteen male athletes of futsal, average age 18 years, from the sub –20 team from the Sport Club Corinthians Paulista participated to the study. All of them were submitted to two evaluations, at the beginning and at the end, and to treatment and preventive protocol carried out twice a week for two months. The results showed improving in flexibility and stretching of players abdominal muscles. We can conclude that the protocol was effective to improve flexibility and abdominal muscles strengthening.

Episiotomia: revendo conceitos / Episiotomy: concepts review

A episiotomia ainda é o procedimento cirúrgico mais utilizado em obstetrícia. Seu uso rotineiro pode levar a uma série de complicações, dentre as quais se destacam: infecção, hematoma, rotura de períneo de terceiro e quarto graus, dispareunia e lesão do nervo pudendo. Este artigo é uma revisão de literatura que aborda o histórico, as indicações, as complicações, os motivos que ainda incentivam sua prática rotineira e os custos envolvidos na episiotomia. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados da Medline, Lilacs, Pubmed e Biblioteca Cochrane. Embora as evidências científicas indiquem que o uso restrito da episiotomia deva ser incorporado em todos os serviços, na América Latina verificamos que sua utilização é muito elevada, podendo atingir taxas de até 90 porcento. Sugerimos que as instituições hospitalares realizam treinamentos e atualizações acerca das diretrizes baseadas em evidências na obstetrícia.

Episiotomy is still the most widely used surgical procedure in obstetrician. Its frequent use may cause complications such as infection, 3rd and 4th grades of perineal lacerations, dyspaurenia and pudendal nerve injury. This paper is a literature review that comprises history, indications, complications, reasons that encourage the routine practice and costs implicated in episiotomy. Medline, Lilacs, Pubmed and Cochrane Library were used as databases. Although evidences suggest that restrictive use of episiotomy may be part of obstetrical care, in the Latin America its use is very common and may reach rates of up to 90 percent. It is suggested that hospital institutions should provide updating about obstetrics evidence based guidelines.

O papel da episiotomia na obstetrícia moderna / The role of episiotomy in modern obstetrics

A episiotomia persiste como um dos procedimentos mais realizados em obstetrícia em diversos países. Entretanto, embora venha sendo praticada por aproximadamente 250 anos, sua realização permanece controversa. Vários ensaios clínicos randomizados bem controlados foram publicados sobre o assunto, fornecendo evidências nível I. No presente artigo, os autores revisam as melhores evidências disponíveis pertinentes aos supostos benefícios percebidos para a episiotomia no passado, bem como aos seus efeitos deletérios. A episiotomia de rotina era anteriormente considerada pelos obstetras uma estratégia para proteger o períneo, o assoalho pélvico e o feto das lesões do parto, porém gradualmente tem se demonstrado tratar-se de procedimento desnecessário e prejudicial. Com o advento da Medicina Baseada em Evidências, os obstetras precisam considerar que os riscos de lesão materna superam os possíveis benefícios. Além de não proteger o assoalho pélvico, a episiotomia aumenta a freqüência de dor perineal, dispareunia, perda sangüínea, laceração do esfíncter anal, lesão retal e incontinência anal, sem reduzir as taxas de incontinência urinária ou melhorar os resultados neonatais. Quando realizada rotineiramente sem indicação precisa, a episiotomia foi descrita por Marsden Wagner como mutilação genital feminina, devendo, portanto, ser evitada. Em relação à prática da episiotomia, alguns autores sugerem que a melhor recomendação é representada pelo ditado: Não faça nada, sente-se!