Rhythms in Speech.

Speech can be defined as the human ability to communicate through a sequence of vocal sounds. Consequently, speech requires an emitter (the speaker) capable of generating the acoustic signal and a receiver (the listener) able to successfully decode the sounds produced by the emitter (i.e., the acoustic signal). Time plays a central role at both ends of this interaction. On the one hand, speech production requires precise and rapid coordination, typically within the order of milliseconds, of the upper vocal tract articulators (i.e., tongue, jaw, lips, and velum), their composite movements, and the activation of the vocal folds. On the other hand, the generated acoustic signal unfolds in time, carrying information at different timescales. This information must be parsed and integrated by the receiver for the correct transmission of meaning. This chapter describes the temporal patterns that characterize the speech signal and reviews research that explores the neural mechanisms underlying the generation of these patterns and the role they play in speech comprehension.

Molecular diversity of genes related to biological rhythms (period and timeless) and insecticide resistance (Na V and ace-1) in Anopheles darlingi.

BACKGROUND: Malaria is a public health concern in the Amazonian Region, where Anopheles darlingi is the main vector of Plasmodium spp. Several studies hypothesised the existence of cryptic species in An. darlingi, considering variations in behaviour, morphological and genetic aspects. Determining their overall genetic background for vector competence, insecticide resistance, and other elements is essential to better guide strategies for malaria control. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the molecular diversity in genes related to behaviour and insecticide resistance, estimating genetic differentiation in An. darlingi populations from Amazonian localities in Brazil and Pacific Colombian region. METHODS: We amplified, cloned and sequenced fragments of genes related to behaviour: timeless (tim) and period (per), and to insecticide resistance: voltage-gated sodium channel (Na V ) and acetylcholinesterase (ace-1) from 516 An. darlingi DNA samples from Manaus, Unini River, Jaú River and Porto Velho - Brazil, and Chocó - Colombia. We discriminated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), determined haplotypes and evaluate the phylogenetic relationship among the populations. FINDINGS: The genes per, tim and ace-1 were more polymorphic than Na V . The classical kdr and ace-1 R mutations were not observed. Phylogenetic analyses suggested a significant differentiation between An. darlingi populations from Brazil and Colombia, except for the Na V gene. There was a geographic differentiation within Brazilian populations considering per and ace-1. CONCLUSIONS: Our results add genetic data to the discussion about polymorphisms at population levels in An. darlingi. The search for insecticide resistance-related mechanisms should be extended to more populations, especially from localities with a vector control failure scenario.

Infrasound tones at sensation threshold level elicit measurable Frequency-Following responses.

Even barely detectable levels of infrasound are often reported to cause annoyance and complaints. We carefully measured the individual sensation threshold of a pure tone and recorded immediately after the brain's frequency-following response (FFR) at this intensity using the same stimulator. In contrast to 87-Hz tones, 8-Hz tones elicit an FFR already at sensation threshold. Control stimuli with trains of 1-kHz tone pips having the repetition rate of the infrasound tone frequency and sensation threshold intensities evoked no significant FFR. Thus, slow periodicity, causing synchronous activation of auditory nuclei, is not explaining the FFR to low-level infrasound alone.

Re-estimation of juvenile Isurus oxyrinchus growth in the Mexican Pacific through a multimodel inference approach and verification of growth band periodicity.

An update of the age and growth for juveniles of the short fin mako shark (I. oxyrinchus) from the Mexican Pacific is presented, based on the analysis of growth band counts from dorsal vertebrae of 198 individuals [110 females, 74-231 cm of total length (TL) and 88 males, 72-231 cm TL) caught during 2008-2018. New available information on vertebral growth band periodicity (biannual deposition in juveniles) and the convenience of using vertebrae form the dorsal region over the cervical region to count growth bands, as well as a multimodel approach, were used. The von Bertalanffy (VB) growth model, Gompertz, logistic and two parameters of VB (2-VB) were fitted to the length-at-age. Only ages ≤6 years were used for the fitting of the models and their performance was compared with the small-sample bias-corrected form of the Akaike information criterion (AICc), their differences ( ∆ i ) and weights ( w i ). Following a multimodel inference approach, the model averaged asymptotic length ( L ¯ inf ), length-at-age 0 ( L ¯ 0 ) and their unconditional standard error ( SE ¯ ), were estimated for each sex scenario using the three-parameter version of each model. The precision of growth band counts was acceptable for the different methods used and by two different readers. The centrum edge analysis (CEA) and marginal increment analysis (MIA) did not support the hypothesis of biannual band pair formation for juveniles, likewise for adults the periodicity could not be verified due to the small sample of large animals. Age was estimated assuming the formation of two pairs of growth bands per year during the first 5 years and one pair of bands per year afterwards considering direct validation information. The estimated ages in years ranged from 0-14 for females and 0-6 for males. The Kimura likelihood ratio test showed no differences in the growth curves of juveniles by sex (P > 0.05). According to the AICc, the 2-VB model better fitted the length-at-age data for combined sexes (Linf = 386.4 cm, k = 0.12 years-1 , L0 = 70 cm). The model averaged L ¯ inf and L ¯ 0 were 378.3 cm ( SE ¯ = 64.5 ) and 69.5 cm ( SE ¯ = 6.3 ), respectively. The growth parameters determined for juveniles of I. oxyrinchus are similar to those estimated in other regions, showing relatively fast growth rate as previously reported, medium longevity in comparison to other shark species and natural mortality close to that reported in the last stock assessment for the North Pacific Ocean. These life-history parameters should be considered to evaluate the population in the region and to develop better fishery management and conservation measures.

Activation of the central but not the medial and cortical amygdala during anticipation for daily nursing in the rabbit.

Rabbits have remarkable nursing behavior: after parturition, does visit daily their pups for nursing only once with circadian periodicity. Before the nursing events, they present increased activity and arousal, which shift according to the timing of scheduled nursing, either during the day or night. Brain areas related to maternal behavior and neuroendocrine cells for milk secretion are also entrained. The daily return of the doe for nursing at approximately the same hour suggests a motivational drive with circadian periodicity. Previously, we reported the activation of the mesolimbic system at the time of nursing, but not 12 h before that. Aiming at a better understanding of the mechanism of this anticipatory behavior, we explored the participation of the limbic regions of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, as well as the possible activation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis, specifically the corticotropin-releasing factor cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of does at different times before and after nursing. The medial and cortical amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and corticotropin cells showed activation only after nursing. However, the central amygdala was also activated before nursing. We conclude that the medial and the cortical amygdala form part of the afferent olfactory pathway for entrainment, and the central amygdala participates in the anticipatory motivational circuit of the control of periodic nursing. The lack of activation of corticotropin cells before nursing is consistent with the possible harmful effects of the doe's high glucocorticoid levels on the developing pups.

Biological rhythms disruption mediates the association between mother's diagnosis of bipolar disorder and offspring's emotional/behavioral problems.

OBJECTIVE: The current study assesses whether the association between diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder (BD) in mothers and emotional and behavioral problems (EBP) in their offspring is mediated by a disruption in the offspring's biological rhythms. METHODS: A probabilistic sample of 492 public school children (ages 7-8, 48 % female) were assessed for biological rhythms disruption and EBP using the Biological Rhythms Interview for Assessment in Neuropsychiatry for Kids and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, respectively. Mothers' mental health (BD = 64) was evaluated using a standardized clinical interview. A mediation analysis was conducted to assess the effect of the mother's diagnosis of BD on the EBP of their offspring in relation to the offspring's biological rhythms disruptions. RESULTS: When compared to offspring of mothers without BD, offspring of mothers with BD showed greater difficulty in maintaining biological rhythms and higher prevalence of EBP. Using the presence of EBP as the outcome, 75 % of the effect of mother's BD diagnosis was mediated by offspring's biological rhythms disruption. CONCLUSIONS: Biological rhythms disruption in children fully mediates the effect of the mother's diagnosis of BD on the child's EBP. These data encourage the development of further studies to find effective strategies to prevent and treat biological rhythms disruption in offspring of mothers with BD.

Possible sleep bruxism and biological rhythm in school children.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether children with possible sleep bruxism (PSB) had alterations in biological rhythm and to explore the possible factors involved, such as sleep characteristics, screen time, breathing, sugary food consumption, and clenching teeth during wakefulness reported by parents/guardians. METHODOLOGY: Data were collected through online interviews with 178 parents/guardians of students aged 6 to14 years from Piracicaba, SP, BR, when the BRIAN-K scale was answered, which is composed of four domains (1) sleep; (2) daily routine activities; (3) social behavior; (4) eating; questions about predominant rhythms (willingness, concentration, and change day to night). Three groups were formed: (1) without PSB (WPSB), (2) with PSB sometimes (PSBS), and (3) with PSB frequently (PSBF). RESULTS: Sociodemographic variables were similar between groups (P > 0.05); the total value of the BRIAN-K was significantly higher for the PSBF group (P < 0.05); the first domain (sleep) presented significantly higher values for the PSB groups (P < 0.05); no significant difference for other domains and predominant rhythms occurred (P > 0.05). The involved factor that differed between groups was clenching teeth, as the number of children with PSBS was significantly higher (χ2, P = 0.005). The first domain of the BRIAN-K (P = 0.003; OR = 1.20), and clenching teeth (P = 0.048; OR = 2.04) were positively associated with PSB. CONCLUSION: Difficulties in maintaining sleep rhythm and clenching teeth during wakefulness reported by parents/guardians may determine a greater chance to increase the frequency of PSB. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Good sleep seems to be important to maintain a regular biological rhythm and may reduce the frequency of PSB in the 6-14 age group.

Reproductive behavior of Pantaneiros sheep, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

The objective was to evaluate fertility, cyclicality behavior, and sexual performance of Pantaneiro sheep throughout the year's photoperiods in Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment one, the ewes used aged between 2 and 4 years, distributed in three homogeneous groups of 54 animals and subjected to reproductive evaluation in three different predefined luminosity periods, consisting of autumn (11h 45 min.), spring (12h 30 min.), and summer (12h 55 min.). The characteristics studied were body weight (BW), body condition score (BCC), estrus distribution (EST), percentage of pregnant females per cycle (%P), plasma progesterone (PP), and fertility (F) in the three predefined seasons. The mating system used was controlled natural nocturnal and lasted for 45 days. Experiment two, evaluated the ram sexual activity. The males (10) were individually exposed to four ovariectomized ewes. The ewes cycled during evaluated seasons, and the highest fertility was observed in animals with BCC >2.75. The PP concentration differed among periods, and higher conception rates (F) were observed in autumn and spring. The rams (75%) had a medium of sexual performance when they performed more than two ejaculations in 20 min throughout the seasons. Pantaneiro sheep of both genders had a similar fertility index, with early and constant activity throughout the year, displaying no photoperiodism or seasonality.

Determinação do período de estabilidade de soluções volumétricas rotineiramente utilizadas em laboratórios de análises químicas / Determination of the stability period of volumetric solutions routinely used in chemical analysis laboratories / Determinación del período de estabilidad de las soluciones volumétricas utilizadas habitualmente en los laboratorios de análisis químicos

As soluções volumétricas são rotineiramente utilizadas nos laboratórios, principalmente nos processos de síntese de produtos e nas análises quantitativas de matéria-prima e/ou produto acabado, entretanto poucos são os estudos que abordam a estabilidade destas soluções. Considerando que a qualidade das soluções volumétricas pode afetar os procedimentos de análises químicas e consequentemente induzir a erros, e ainda que, a Farmacopeia Brasileira (2010) não cita tempo máximo de utilização dessas soluções padronizadas, a avaliação da estabilidade das mesmas é importante. Sendo assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a estabilidadede 10 soluções volumétricas, empregadas rotineiramente em laboratórios de análises químicas, com o intuito de estabelecer o período que essas soluções permanecem estáveis, isto é, sem sofrer alteração na concentração. As metodologias de preparo e padronização das soluções volumétricas seguiram os métodos descritos na Farmacopeia Brasileira (2010), sendo as mesmas padronizadas no momento do preparo e a cada 20 dias, por um período de 180 dias. As soluções contendo ácidos e bases, bem como as soluções de iodato de potássio e nitrato de prata, permaneceram constantes durante o período de análises. As soluções de EDTA, iodo, nitrito de sódio, permanganato de potássio e tiossulfato de sódio apresentaram estabilidade inferior a 180 dias, tornando necessária a realização de padronização periódica. As soluções volumétricas utilizadas nos laboratórios apresentam diferentes estabilidades, o que ressalta a importância da determinação do período que as mesmas se mantêmcom as concentrações estáveis, evitando possíveis alterações de resultados nas análises químicas.

Volumetric solutions are routinely used in laboratories, mainly in product synthesis processes and in quantitative analyzes of raw materials and/or finished products, however there are few studies that address the stability of these solutions. Considering that the quality of volumetric solutions can affect chemical analysis procedures and consequently induce errors, and even though the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia (2010) does not mention the maximum time for using these standardized solutions, the evaluation of their stability is important. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the stability of 10 volumetric solutions, routinely used in chemical analysis laboratories, in order to establish the period that these solutions remain stable without changing their concentrations. The methodologies for preparing and standardizing the volumetric solutions followed the methods described in the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia (2010), being standardized at the time of preparation and every 20 days, for a period of 180 days. Solutions containing acids and bases, as well as potassium iodate and silver nitrate solutions, were stable during the analysis period. The solutions of EDTA, iodine, sodium nitrite, potassium permanganate and sodium thiosulfate showed stability less than 180 days, making it necessary to carry out periodic standardization of these solutions. The volumetric solutions used in the laboratories have different stabilities, which highlights the importance of determining the period in which they remain stable, avoiding possible changes in results in chemical analyzes.

Las soluciones volumétricas se utilizan de forma rutinaria en los laboratorios, principalmente en los procesos de síntesis de productos y en el análisis cuantitativo de materias primas y/o productos acabados. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios que aborden la estabilidad de estas soluciones. Considerando que la calidad de las soluciones volumétricas puede afectar los procedimientos de análisis químico y consecuentemente inducir a errores, y también que, la Farmacopea Brasileña (2010) no menciona el tiempo máximo de uso de estas soluciones estandarizadas, la evaluación de su estabilidad es importante. Así, el objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la estabilidad de 10 soluciones volumétricas, utilizadas rutinariamente en los laboratorios de análisis químico, con el fin de establecer el período en que estas soluciones permanecen estables, es decir, sin sufrir alteraciones en la concentración. Las metodologías de preparación y estandarización de las soluciones volumétricas siguieron los métodos descritos en la Farmacopea Brasileña (2010), siendo las mismas estandarizadas en el momento de la preparación y cada 20 días, por un período de 180 días. Las soluciones que contienen ácidos y bases, así como las soluciones de yodato de potasio y nitrato de plata, permanecieron constantes durante el periodo de análisis. Las soluciones de EDTA, yodo, nitrito de sodio, permanganato de potasio y tiosulfato de sodio fueron estables durante menos de 180 días, por lo que fue necesario realizar estandarizaciones periódicas. Las soluciones volumétricas utilizadas en los laboratorios presentan diferentes estabilidades, lo que pone de manifiesto la importancia de determinar el periodo que permanecen con concentraciones estables, evitando posibles cambios en los resultados en los análisis químicos.

Modelling neural entrainment and its persistence: influence of frequency of stimulation and phase at the stimulus offset.

Neural entrainment, the synchronization of brain oscillations to the frequency of an external stimuli, is a key mechanism that shapes perceptual and cognitive processes.Objective.Using simulations, we investigated the dynamics of neural entrainment, particularly the period following the end of the stimulation, since the persistence (reverberation) of neural entrainment may condition future sensory representations based on predictions about stimulus rhythmicity.Methods.Neural entrainment was assessed using a modified Jansen-Rit neural mass model (NMM) of coupled cortical columns, in which the spectral features of the output resembled that of the electroencephalogram (EEG). We evaluated spectro-temporal features of entrainment as a function of the stimulation frequency, the resonant frequency of the neural populations comprising the NMM, and the coupling strength between cortical columns. Furthermore, we tested if the entrainment persistence depended on the phase of the EEG-like oscillation at the time the stimulus ended.Main Results.The entrainment of the column that received the stimulation was maximum when the frequency of the entrainer was within a narrow range around the resonant frequency of the column. When this occurred, entrainment persisted for several cycles after the stimulus terminated, and the propagation of the entrainment to other columns was facilitated. Propagation also depended on the resonant frequency of the second column, and the coupling strength between columns. The duration of the persistence of the entrainment depended on the phase of the neural oscillation at the time the entrainer terminated, such that falling phases (fromπ/2 to 3π/2 in a sine function) led to longer persistence than rising phases (from 0 toπ/2 and 3π/2 to 2π).Significance.The study bridges between models of neural oscillations and empirical electrophysiology, providing insights to the mechanisms underlying neural entrainment and the use of rhythmic sensory stimulation for neuroenhancement.

Mortalidade por suicídio na cidade de São Paulo: caracterização, tendências e análise de efeito idade-período-coorte (1996-2018) / Suicide mortality in the city of São Paulo: characterization, trends, and age-period- cohort effect analysis (1996-2018)

Introdução - Globalmente, o suicídio é a causa de morte violenta mais frequente. No Brasil, a taxa de suicídio está crescendo. Para a saúde pública, é fundamental conhecer a magnitude e tendência dos suicídios para criar estratégias de prevenção, visando à diminuição desses óbitos evitáveis. Objetivo - Descrever a mortalidade por suicídio no Município de São Paulo entre 1996 e 2018, analisando tendências temporais e os efeitos independentes de idade, período e coorte de nascimento. Métodos - Foram calculadas taxas de mortalidade por suicídio brutas, específicas e padronizadas por idade. A mortalidade proporcional foi descrita segundo sexo, idade, raça/cor, escolaridade, estado civil, meios utilizados, regiões de residência e períodos. Modelos lineares generalizados foram ajustados para avaliar a tendência temporal do suicídio segundo sexo, idade e meios utilizados e estimar a Variação Percentual Anual das taxas. Análises de idade-período-coorte estratificadas por sexo foram realizadas para estimar separadamente os efeitos do tempo calendário, da idade e da coorte de nascimento sobre o suicídio. Resultados - Foram registrados 11.204 óbitos por suicídio no período. A taxa de mortalidade por suicídio foi de 5,2 óbitos (por 100 mil habitantes), e a razão de taxas entre sexos foi de 3,7. A região Centro apresentou a maior taxa, e a região Sul, a menor. Em ambos os sexos, as taxas por enforcamento, envenenamento e precipitação cresceram no período, e as por meios não especificados tiveram queda. Para os homens, o meio mais comum utilizado foi o enforcamento, independentemente de idade, estado civil, escolaridade, raça/cor ou período. O uso das armas de fogo foi o segundo mais frequente, mas as taxas por esse meio tiveram queda de -11,3% ao ano (IC 95% -15,7 : -6,6) até 2001, crescimento de 4,9% (IC 95% 0,4 : 9,6) até 2006 e queda de -5,6% (IC 95% -7,4 : -3,7) até 2018. Não foi identificada tendência nas taxas de homens de 10 a 19 anos (p = 0,74). Em homens adultos, houve tendência de queda de -5,6% ao ano (IC 95% -7,3 : -4,0) até 2002, crescimento de 2,6% (IC 95% 1,7 : 3,5) até 2012 e queda de -3,1% (IC 95% -4,7 : -1,5) até 2018. Em homens idosos, houve tendência de queda de -2,8% (IC 95% -4,1 : -1,5) até 2012, seguida de crescimento de 4,6% (IC 95% 0,8 : 8,5). Em homens adultos e idosos, foram identificados efeitos significativos de idade e período, mas não de coorte de nascimento. Para as mulheres, enforcamento, envenenamento e precipitação foram os meios mais comuns, e os suicídios por armas de fogo caíram -6,6% (IC 95% -9,0 : -4,1) em todo o período. Houve tendência de queda de -4,2% (IC 95% -6,9 : -1,4) nas mulheres da faixa de 10 a 19 anos e de - 1,1% (IC 95% -2,1 : -0,1) nas demais faixas até 2008. Idosas tiveram queda permanente nas taxas. Nas mulheres de 10 a 59 anos, as taxas cresceram 8,7% (IC 95% 5,3 : 12,3) entre 2008 e 2012. Houve queda no período final de -1,1% (IC 95% -2,1 : -0,1) nas mulheres de 10 a 39 anos e de -9,4% (IC 95% -13,2 : -5,6) nas de 40 a 59 anos. Em mulheres adultas, houve efeitos de idade, período e coorte, com crescimento linear no risco de suicídio a partir das gerações nascidas após 1970. Em mulheres idosas, houve efeitos significativos apenas de idade. Conclusões - Em geral, houve uma queda no suicídio de homens e mulheres. Homens idosos são o único grupo etário com tendência recente de crescimento. Além destes, as populações com maior risco atualmente são as mulheres entre 20 e 39 anos, bem como as nascidas após 1970. Suicídios por armas de fogo tiveram expressiva redução após mudança legislativa dos anos 2000. Recomenda-se mais pesquisas na área da epidemiologia do suicídio no Brasil, considerando a subnotificação desse tipo de óbito e o crescimento de suas taxas no país.

Introduction - Globally, suicide is the most frequent cause of violent death. The suicide rate is growing in Brazil. It is essential to know the magnitude and trends of suicide for prevention strategies, aiming to reduce these preventable deaths. Objective - To describe suicide mortality in the city of São Paulo between 1996 and 2018, analyzing temporal trends and the independent effects of age, period and birth cohort. Methods - Crude, age-specific, and agestandardized suicide mortality rates were calculated. Proportional mortality was described according to sex, age, race/color, education, marital status, suicide methods, city regions and periods. Generalized linear models were fitted to assess the temporal trend of suicide according to sex, age, and methods, and to estimate the Annual Percent Change of the rates. Sex-stratified age-period-cohort analyzes were performed to estimate the effects of calendar time, age, and birth cohort on suicide. Results - There were 11,204 deaths from suicide in the period. Suicide mortality rate was 5.2 deaths (per 100,000 inhabitants), and sex rate ratio was 3.7. The central region had the highest rate and the southern region the lowest. Suicide rates by hanging, poisoning and precipitation increased over the period, and decreased for unspecified methods, for both sexes. For men, the most common method was hanging, regardless of age, marital status, education, race/color or period. Firearms were the second most frequent method, but firearmspecific rates decreased -11.3% per year (95% CI -15.7 : - 6.6) until 2001, increased 4.9% (95% CI 0.4 : 9.6) until 2006, and decreased -5.6% (95% CI - 7.4 : -3.7) until 2018. No trend was identified in the rates for 10 to 19-year-old men (p = 0.74). Adult men rates decreased -5.6% per year (95% CI -7.3 : -4.0) until 2002, increased 2.6% (95% CI 1.7 : 3.5) until 2012, and decreased -3.1% (95% CI -4.7 : -1.5) until 2018. Elderly men rates decreased -2.8% (95% CI -4.1 : -1.5) until 2012, followed by a 4.6% increase (95% CI 0.8 : 8.5). Significant age and period effects were identified for adult and elderly men suicide, but no birth cohort effect. For women, hanging, poisoning and precipitation were the most common methods, and firearmspecific rates decreased -6.6% (95% CI -9.0 : -4.1) throughout the period. Women rates decreased -4.2% (95% CI -6.9 : -1.4) in the 1019 age range and -1.1% (95% CI -2.1 : - 0.1) in the other ranges until 2008. Elderly women had a permanent decrease in rates. The rates for 10 to 59-year-old women increased 8.7% (95% CI 5.3 : 12.3) between 2008 and 2012. In the final period, 10 to 39-year-old women rates decreased -1.1% (95% CI -2.1 : -0.1), and 40 to 59 rates decreased -9.4% (95% CI -13.2 : -5.6). There were age, period, and cohort effects for adult women, with a linear increase in suicide risk from generations born after 1970. Only age effects were detected for elderly women suicide. Conclusion - In general, suicide declined for men and women. Elderly men are the only age group with a recent increasing trend. Other populations at risk today are 20 to 39-year-old women, as well as women born after 1970. Firearm suicides had a significant reduction after legislative change in the 2000s. Further research in Brazilian suicide epidemiology is recommended, considering the typical underreporting of suicide and the increase on its national rates.

La Historiografía de la Ciencia de la Información y sus periodizaciones: una aproximación / The Historiography of Information Science and its periodization: an approach

Se examinaron determinados esquemas de periodización de la Historiografía de la Ciencia de la Información. Utilizando la revisión documental como instrumento metodológico, se revisaron las fuentes de información que contenían la producción historiográfica de los estudiosos de la Ciencia de la Información elegidos. Se discutió la interrelación existente entre Historia e Historiografía y se valoró el significado de las periodizaciones históricas. Se examinó la problemática histórica de la Ciencia de la Información, y se detallaron las propuestas de periodización de los autores seleccionados. Se fundamentó la propuesta de periodización del autor del texto(AU)

Certain patterns of periodization of the Historiography of Information Science were examined. Using the documentary review as a methodological instrument, this study reviewed the sources of information containing the historiographical production of the chosen Information Science scholars. The interrelation between History and Historiography was discussed and the meaning of historical periodization was valued. The historical problems of Information Science were examined, and the periodization proposals of the selected authors were detailed. The proposal of periodization of the author of this text was substantiated(AU)

Quantification of multi-oocyte follicles in ovaries of bitches / [Quantificação de folículos multiócitos em ovários de cadelas]

The objective of this study was to quantify the number and frequency of monocyte (MnOF) and multi-oocyte (MtOF) follicles in ovaries of bitches subjected to ovary salpingohysterectomy (OSH). Right and left ovaries of 38 bitches were collected after OSH, prepared, and a histological analysis was carried out. The ovaries were subjected to surface and deep histological cuts; the follicles were classified, and the number of follicles and cumulus oophorus complexes (COC) per follicle were quantified for each histological cut. MnOF and MtOF were found in all ovaries, at different developmental stages; primary follicles were grouped in the ovarian cortex, and follicles at other follicular stages presented a random distribution. MtOF containing two, three, four, or more COC were found in the ovaries of bitches, with a decreasing frequency trend, according to the number of COC in the MtOF. The effect of the age, number of estrus, estrus interval, and number of progenies per delivery was not significant for the number and frequency of MtOF in the ovaries of the bitches, whereas the size, number of pregnancies, use and number of contraceptive applications had some effect on the number and frequency of MtOF in the ovaries of the bitches.(AU)

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, quantificar o número e a frequência de folículos monocitários (MOF) e polioocitários (POF) provenientes de ovários de cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingo-histerectomia (OSH). Para tanto, coletaram-se os ovários (direito e esquerdo) de 38 cadelas após OSH, com posterior preparação e análise histológica. Cada ovário foi submetido a dois cortes histológicos (superficial e profundo) onde se quantificou o número e a classificação dos folículos, bem como o número de complexos cumulus oophorus (COCs) por folículo em cada corte histológico. Observaram-se MOF e POF em todos os ovários estudados, em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento, sendo os folículos primários agrupados no córtex ovariano, frente a uma distribuição aleatória dos outros estádios foliculares. FOPs contendo dois, três, quatro ou mais COCs foram observados nos ovários de todas as fêmeas estudadas, e sua frequência tendeu a diminuir de acordo com o número de COC presente no POF. Não se observou influência da idade, do número e do intervalo de estros, assim como do número de filhotes por gestação sobre o número/frequência de FOP nos ovários das cadelas estudadas, enquanto o porte, o número de gestações, o uso e o número de contraceptivo apresentaram algum grau de influência sobre o número/frequência de FOP nos ovários das cadelas estudadas.(AU)

Cobertura do citopatológico de colo uterino em um município paranaense: impacto da pandemia Sars-Cov-2 / Cervical cytopathological coverage of the a paranaense municipality: impact of pandemic Sars-Cov-2

A pesquisa buscou analisar a cobertura da prevenção do câncer cérvico-uterino em um município do Paraná. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, descritivo, retrospectivo, abordagem quantitativa com dados de fonte secundária, entre 2016-2020, ao concernente faixa etária, adequabilidade e amostras alteradas, motivo e periodicidade. Após o levantamento destes dados, as informações foram tabuladas e em tabelas no Excel 2013, por frequência absoluta e relativa, cálculo da taxa de cobertura e análise descritiva destes dados. Houve captação de 143.936 citopatológicos de colo uterino em no município no quinquênio analisado, 140.302, estavam na faixa etária de 25-64 anos. A maior taxa de cobertura em rastreamento para a idade preconizada foi observada em 2017 (75%), com decréscimo em 2020.O município em estudo não conseguiu alcançar indicadores de cobertura do rastreamento de câncer de colo do útero na idade preconizada, sugerindo falhas na captação ou no rastreamento oportuno, necessitando de novas estratégias de rastreamento, bem como aprimoramento das já existentes, como busca ativa, divulgação da oferta de coleta todos os meses do ano, acompanhamento de gestantes e a captação para realização do citopatológico e a vacinação de adolescentes e jovens adultos contra o HPV. (AU)

The research sought to analyze the coverage of cervical cancer prevention in a municipality in Paraná. This is an ecological, descriptive, retrospective, quantitative approach with data from a secondary source, between 2016-2020, concerning age, suitability and changes, reason and frequency. After collecting the data, the information was tabulated and in tables in Excel 2013, by absolute and relative frequency, calculation of the coverage rate and descriptive analysis of this data. There was an uptake of 143,936 cervical cytopathologicals in the city in the five years analyzed, 140,302, were in the age group of 25-64 years. The highest coverage rate in screening for a recommended age was observed in 2017 (75%), with a decrease in 2020. The municipality under study was unable to achieve coverage indicators for cervical cancer screening at the recommended age, suggesting failures in capturing or timely screening, requiring new screening strategies, as well as improvement of existing ones, such as active search, dissemination the offer of collection every month of the year, monitoring of pregnant women and the recruitment to perform the Pap smear and vaccination of adolescents and young adults against HPV. (AU)

Global attractors, extremal stability and periodicity for a delayed population model with survival rate on time scales.

In this paper, we investigate the existence of global attractors, extreme stability, periodicity and asymptotically periodicity of solutions of the delayed population model with survival rate on isolated time scales given by $ x^{\Delta} (t) = \gamma(t) x(t) + \dfrac{x(d(t))}{\mu(t)}e^{r(t)\mu(t)\left(1 - \frac{x(d(t))}{\mu(t)}\right)}, \ \ t \in \mathbb T. $ We present many examples to illustrate our results, considering different time scales.

Associations of plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and cardiovascular outcomes with climatic variations in a large Brazilian population of Campinas, São Paulo state: an eight-year study.

In this eight-year retrospective study, we evaluated the associations between climatic variations and the biological rhythms in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in a large population of Campinas, São Paulo state, Brazil, as well as temporal changes of outcomes of cardiovascular hospitalizations. Climatic variables were obtained at the Center for Meteorological and Climatic Research Applied to Agriculture (University of Campinas - Unicamp, Brazil). The plasma lipid databases surveyed were from 27,543 individuals who had their lipid profiles assessed at the state university referral hospital in Campinas (Unicamp). The frequency of hospitalizations was obtained from the Brazilian Public Health database (DATASUS). Temporal statistical analyses were performed using the methods Cosinor or Friedman (ARIMA) and the temporal series were compared by cross-correlation functions. In normolipidemic cases (n=11,892), significantly different rhythmicity was observed in low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (C) both higher in winter and lower in summer. Dyslipidemia (n=15,651) increased the number and amplitude of lipid rhythms: LDL-C and HDL-C were higher in winter and lower in summer, and the opposite occurred with triglycerides. The number of hospitalizations showed maximum and minimum frequencies in winter and in summer, respectively. A coincident rhythmicity was observed of lower temperature and humidity rates with higher plasma LDL-C, and their temporal series were inversely cross-correlated. This study shows for the first time that variations of temperature, humidity, and daylight length were strongly associated with LDL-C and HDL-C seasonality, but moderately to lowly associated with rhythmicity of atherosclerotic outcomes. It also indicates unfavorable cardiovascular-related changes during wintertime.

Imperfect synchrony in animal displays: why does it occur and what is the true role of leadership?

Synchrony can be defined as the precise coordination between independent individuals, and this behaviour is more enigmatic when it is imperfect. The traditional theoretical explanation for imperfect synchronous courtship is that it arises as a by-product of the competition between males to broadcast leading signals to attract female attention. This competition is considered an evolutionary stable strategy maintained through sexual selection. However, previous studies have revealed that leading signals are not honest indicators of male quality. We studied imperfect courtship synchrony in fiddler crabs to mainly test whether (i) signal leadership and rate are defined by male quality and (ii) signal leadership generates synchrony. Fiddler crab males wave their enlarged claws during courtship, and females prefer leading males-displaying ahead of their neighbour(s). We filmed groups of waving males in the field to detect how often individuals were leaders and if they engaged in synchrony. Overall, we found that courtship effort is not directly related to male size, a general proxy for quality. Contrary to the long-standing assumption, we also revealed that leadership is not directly related to group synchrony, but faster wave rate correlates with both leadership and synchrony. This article is part of the theme issue 'Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology'.