Synergistic effect of gellan gum and guar gum on improving the foaming properties of soy protein isolate-based complexes: Interaction mechanism and interfacial behavior.

Interactions among multi-component play a critical role in modulating the foaming properties of aerated foods. This study evaluated the mechanisms of synergistic improvement of gellan gum (GEG) and guar gum (GUG) on the foaming properties of soy protein isolate (SPI)-based complex. The results showed that the GEG/GUG ratio was closely related to the intermolecular interactions of SPI-based ternary complex and the dynamical changing of its foaming properties. The SPI/GEG/GUG ternary complex with a GEG/GUG ratio of 2/3 exhibited the highest foamability (195 %) and comparable foam stability (99.17 %), which were 32.95 % and 2.99 % higher than that of SPI/GEG binary complex. At this ratio, GUG promoted the interactions between SPI and GEG, and bound to complex's surface through hydrogen bonding, resulting in the increase of particle size and surface charge, and the decrease of surface hydrophobicity. Although this reduced the diffusion of complex onto the air/water interface, it increased permeation rate and molecular rearrangement behavior, which were the potential mechanisms to improve the foaming properties. Additionally, the synergistic effect of GEG and GUG also enhanced the elastic strength and solid characteristics of foam systems. This study provided a theoretical guidance for the targeted modulation of foaming properties of multi-component aerated foods.

The study of galactomannans with different molecular weights and their ability to form microparticles suitable for pulmonary delivery.

The influence of locust bean gum (LBG) galactomannans (GMs) molecular weight (Mw) to assemble microparticulate systems was evaluated, and carriers for deep lung delivery were developed. A commercial batch of LBG with a mannose/galactose (M/G) ratio of 2.4 (batch 1) was used to study the influence of different microwave partial acid hydrolysis conditions on carbohydrate composition, glycosidic linkages, and aqueous solutions viscosity. The microwave treatment did not affect the composition, presenting 4-Man (36-42 %), 4,6-Man (27-35 %), and T-Gal (24-25 %) as the main glycosidic linkages. Depolymerization led to a viscosity reduction (≤0.005 Pa·s) with no major impact on polysaccharide debranching. The structural composition of the LBG galactomannans were further elucidated with sequence-specific proteins using carbohydrate microarray technologies. A second batch of LBG (M/G 3.3) was used to study the impact of GMs with different Mw on microparticle assembling, characteristics, and insulin release kinetics. The low-Mw GMs microparticles led to a faster release (20 min) than the higher-Mw (40 min) ones, impacting the release kinetics. All microparticles exhibited a safety profile to cells of the respiratory tract. However, only the higher-Mw GMs allowed the assembly of microparticles with sizes suitable for this type of administration.

Improved gastric residence time of famotidine by raft-forming drug delivery system using DOE.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the raft-forming suspension of famotidine as an anti-reflux formulation to improve the oral bioavailability of narrow absorption window drugs by enhancing gastric residence time (GRT) and preventing gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHOD: Various combinations of raft-forming agents, such as Tragacanth gum (TG), guar gum (GG), and xanthan gum (XG), were evaluated alongside sodium alginate (SA) to develop an effective raft. Preformulation studies and preliminary screening were conducted to identify the most suitable raft-forming agent, and GG was chosen due to its mucilaginous properties. The formulation was optimized using a 32 full factorial design, with the quantities of GG and SA as independent factors and apparent viscosity and in-vitro drug release (%) as dependent factors. The in vivo floating behavior study was performed for optimized and stabilized formulation. RESULTS: Among the tested batches, F6 was selected as the optimized formulation. It exhibited desirable characteristics such as adequate raft weight for extended floating in gastric fluid, improved apparent viscosity, and a significant percentage of drug release at 12 h. A mathematical model was applied to the in-vitro data to gain insights into the drug release mechanism of the formulation. The stability of the suspension was assessed under accelerated conditions, and it demonstrated satisfactory stability. The formulation remains floating in the Rabbit stomach for more than 12 h. CONCLUSION: It concludes that the developed formulation has enhanced bioavailability in the combination of GG and SA. The floating layer of the raft prevents acid reflux, and the famotidine is retained for an extended period of time in the gastric region, preventing excess acid secretion. The developed formulations are effective for stomach ulcers and GERD, with the effect of reducing acid secretion by H2 receptor antagonists.

A comprehensive review of the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying gum and resin synthesis in Ferula species.

Ferula spp. are plants that produce oleo-gum-resins (OGRs), which are plant exudates with various colors. These OGRs have various industrial applications in pharmacology, perfumery, and food. The main constituents of these OGRs are terpenoids, a diverse group of organic compounds with different structures and functions. The biosynthesis of OGRs in Ferula spp., particularly galbanum, holds considerable economic and ecological importance. However, the molecular and genetic underpinnings of this biosynthetic pathway remain largely enigmatic. This review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the biosynthesis of OGRs in Ferula spp., highlighting the major enzymes, genes, and pathways involved in the synthesis of different terpenoid classes, such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and triterpenes. It also examines the potential of using omics techniques, such as transcriptomics and metabolomics, and genome editing tools, such as CRISPR/Cas, to increase the yield and quality of Ferula OGRs, as well as to create novel bioactive compounds with enhanced properties. Moreover, this review addresses the current challenges and opportunities of applying gene editing in Ferula spp., and suggests some directions for future research and development.

Design of Stretchable and Conductive Self-Adhesive Hydrogels as Flexible Sensors by Guar-Gum-Enabled Dynamic Interactions.

The limited elasticity and inadequate bonding of hydrogels made from guar gum (GG) significantly hinder their widespread implementation in personalized wearable flexible electronics. In this study, we devise GG-based self-adhesive hydrogels by creating an interpenetrating network of GG cross-linked with acrylic, 4-vinylphenylboronic acid, and Ca2+. With the leverage of the dynamic interactions (hydrogen bonds, borate ester bonds, and coordination bonds) between -OH in GG and monomers, the hydrogel exhibits a high stretchability of 700%, superior mechanical stress of 110 kPa, and robust adherence to several substrates. The adhesion strength of 54 kPa on porcine skin is obtained. Furthermore, the self-adhesive hydrogel possesses stable conductivity, an elevated gauge factor (GF), and commendable durability. It can be affixed to the human body as a strain sensor to obtain precise monitoring of human movement behavior. Our research offers possibilities for the development of GG-based hydrogels and applications in wearable electronics and medical monitoring.

Changes in intestinal microbiota and biochemical parameters in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome induced by the prolonged addition of soluble fibers to usual drug therapy.

OBJECTIVES: Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) is a soluble dietary fiber;in addition to improving bowel movements, it maintains intestinal health by producing short-chain fatty acids. However, majority of clinical studies on PHGG have been concluded within a month and excluded usual drug therapy. Hence, this study aimed to determine the effects of long-term consumption of PHGG, in combination with drug therapy, on gut bacteria ratios, laboratory values for inflammatory response, and fecal characteristics. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study was performed in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Crohn's disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC), by the administration of PHGG for six months while they continued their usual treatment. PHGG treatment caused significant changes in patients with IBS, including an increase in the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, a significant decrease in Bacteroides abundance, and normalization of the Bristol scale of stool. In patients with UC, non-significant normalization of soft stools and decrease in fecal calprotectin were observed. Adverse events were not observed in any of the groups. CONCLUSION: Thus, it would be beneficial to include PHGG in the usual drug therapies of patients with IBS. J. Med. Invest. 71 : 121-128, February, 2024.

Optimization of guar gum-based anti-browning coating for prolonging the shelf life of cut potatoes.

The impact of guar gum (GG), crude algae ethanolic extract (CAEE), and turmeric essential oil (TEO) incorporated edible coating formulations on the quality of cut potatoes was investigated at room temperature (27 ±â€¯3 °C, 70-85 % RH) storage using a rotatable central composite design. Besides, 30 % glycerol, 5 % calcium chloride, and 3 % ascorbic acid (w/w) were added to the coating solution as additives. The surface color, respiration rate, water vapor transmission rate, visible mold growth, and sensory analysis were assessed after seven days of storage. The inclusion of ascorbic acid and TEO in edible coating demonstrated a more effective delay in browning. The coated potatoes had lower OTR, CTR, and WVTR values for GG concentrations of 0.5 to 1 g/100 mL than the control. Compared to additives, higher concentrations of GG improved response parameters. The WVTR value of coated potatoes was significantly impacted by the interaction between CAEE and TEO with GG. Incorporating CAEE and TEO into the formulations of guar gum led to a reduction in the permeability of the coating to oxygen and water vapor. The seven days of extended shelf life compared to two days of control were observed with the optimized coating formulation. Furthermore, the application of the coating treatment proved effective in preventing enzymatic browning and creating a barrier against moisture and gases, contributing to prolonged freshness during extended storage periods.

In-situ biosynthesized plant exudate gums­silver nanocomposites as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium.

Natural gums due to availability, multifunctionality, and nontoxicity are multifaceted in application. In corrosion inhibition applications, their performance, in unmodified form is unsatisfactory because of high hydration rate, solubility issues, algal and microbial contamination, as well as thermal instability. This work attempts to enhance the inhibitive performance of Berlinia grandiflora (BEG) and cashew (CEG) exudate gums through various modification approaches. The potential of biogenic BEG and CEG gums-silver (Ag) nanocomposites (NCPs) for corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 M HCl is studied. The nanocomposites were characterized using the FTIR, UV-vis, and TEM techniques. The corrosion studies through the gravimetric and electrochemical (PDP, EIS, LPR, and EFM) analyses reveal moderate inhibition performance by the nanocomposites. Furthermore, the PDP results reveal that both inhibitors are mixed-type with maximum corrosion inhibition efficiencies (IEs) of 61.2 % and 54.2 % for BEG-Ag NCP and CEG-Ag NCP, respectively at an optimum concentration of 1.0 %. Modification of these inhibitors with iodide ion (KI) significantly increased the IE values to 90.1 % and 88.5 % for BEG-Ag NCP and CEG-Ag NCP at the same concentration. Surface observation of the uninhibited and inhibited steel samples using SEM/EDAX, 3D Surface profilometer, and AFM affirm that the modified nanocomposites are highly effective.

Preparation and properties of a metal-organic frameworks polymer material based on Sa-son seed gum capable of simultaneously absorbing liquid water and water vapor.

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) technology has attracted significant attention as an effective strategy to tackle the global shortage of freshwater resources. Work has focused on the use of hydrogel-based composite adsorbents in water harvesting and water conservation. The approaches adopted to make use of hygroscopic inorganic salts which subject to a "salting out" effect. In this study, we report the first use of modified UIO-66-NH2 as a functional steric cross-linker and Sa-son seed gum was used as polymeric substrate to construct super hygroscopic hydrogels by free radical copolymerization. The maximum water uptake on SMAGs (572 cm3·g-1) outperforms pure UIO-66-NH2 (317 cm3·g-1). Simultaneously, our first attempt to use it for anti-evaporation applications in an arid environment (Lanzhou, China) simulating sandy areas. The evaporation rate of the anti-evaporation material treated with 0.20 % super moisture-absorbent gels (SMAGs) decreased by 6.1 % over 64 h period under natural condition in Lanzhou, China. The prepared material can not only absorb liquid water but also water vapor, which can provide a new way for water collection and conservation technology. The design strategy of this material has wide applications ranging from atmospheric water harvesting materials to anti-evaporation technology.

Towards scalable and degradable bioplastic films from Moringa oleifera gum/poly(vinyl alcohol) as packaging material.

The use of plant gum-based biodegradable bioplastic films as a packaging material is limited due to their poor physicochemical properties. However, combining plant gum with synthetic degradable polymer and some additives can improve these properties. Keeping in view, the present study aimed to synthesize a series of bioplastic films using Moringa oleifera gum, polyvinyl alcohol, glycerol, and citric acid via thermal treatment followed by a solution casting method. The films were characterized using analytical techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, AFM, TGA, and DSC. The study examined properties such as water sensitivity, gas barrier attributes, tensile strength, the shelf life of food, and biodegradability. The films containing higher citric acid amounts showed appreciable %elongation without compromising tensile strength, good oxygen barrier properties, and biodegradation rates (>95%). Varying the amounts of glycerol and citric acid in the films broadened their physicochemical properties ranging from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity and rigidity to flexibility. As all the films were synthesized using economical and environmentally safe materials, and showed better physicochemical and barrier properties, this study suggests that these bioplastic films can prove to be a potential alternative for various packaging applications.

In-depth understanding of transport behavior of sulfided nano zerovalent iron/reduced graphene oxide@guar gum slurry: Stability and mobility.

Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI), which has the advantages of small particle size, large specific surface area, and high reactivity, is often injected into contaminated aquifers in the form of slurry. However, the prone to passivation and agglomeration as well as poor stability and mobility of NZVI limit the further application of this technology in fields. Therefore, sulfided NZVI loaded on reduced graphene oxide (S-NZVI/rGO) and guar gum (GG) with shear-thinning properties as stabilizers were used to synthesize S-NZVI/rGO@GG slurries. SEM, TEM, and FT-IR confirmed that the dispersion and anti-passivation of NZVI were optimized in the coupled system. The stability and mobility of the slurry were improved by increasing the GG concentration, enhancing the pH, and decreasing the ionic strength and the presence of Ca2+ ions, respectively. A modified advection-dispersion equation (ADE) was used to simulate the transport experiments considering the strain and physicochemical deposition/release. Meanwhile, colloidal filtration theory (CFT) demonstrated that Brownian motion plays a dominant role in the migration of S-NZVI/rGO@GG slurry, and the maximum migration distance can be increased by appropriately increasing the injection rate. Extended-Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory showed that the excellent stability and migration of S-NZVI/rGO@GG slurry mainly came from the GG spatial forces. This study has important implications for the field injection of S-NZVI/rGO@GG slurry. According to the injection parameters, the injection range of S-NZVI/rGO@GG slurry is effectively controlled, which lays the foundation for the promotion of application in actual fields.

Impact of flaxseed gum on the aggregate structure, pasting properties, and rheological behavior of waxy rice starch.

This study examines the effects of flaxseed gum (FG) on the aggregate structure, pasting and rheological properties of waxy rice starch (WRS). Results display an increase in the ordered molecular structure (R1047/1024), relative crystallinity (RC), compactness (α), and microphase heterogeneity (ε, density degree of nanoaggregates, from 3.52 to 4.23) for WRS-FG complexes. These suggested FG facilitated the development of more organized molecular and crystalline structures of WRS, accompanied by the formation of ordered nanoaggregates with higher density (i.e., nano-aggregation structure). Also, FG addition resulted in the formation of enhanced gel network structure characterized by thicker layer walls and more uniform pores. These structural transformations contributed to a rise in gelatinization temperature (To, from 56.90 °C to 62.10 °C) and enthalpy (ΔH), as well as alterations in paste viscosities (PV, from 1285.00 mPa·s to 1734.00 mPa·s), and the rigidity of network structure (e.g., decreased loss tangent). These results indicate that FG could effectively regulate the techno-functional properties of WRS by rationally controlling the starch intrinsic structures of starch. And this study may improve the pasting and gelling properties of starch, thus driving the development of high-quality starchy foods and prolonging their shelf life, especially for glutinous rice flour products.

A multifunctional Ag NPs/guar gum hydrogel as versatile platform for catalysts, antibacterial agents, and construction of oil-water separation interfaces.

The frequently encountered wastewater contaminations, including soluble aromatic compound and dye pollutants, pathogenic bacteria, and insoluble oils, have resulted in significant environmental and human health issues. It poses a challenge to utilize identical materials for the treatment of complex wastewater. Herein, in this research, multifunctional Ag NPs/guar gum hybrid hydrogels were fabricated using a facile in situ reduction and self-crosslinking method for efficient remediation of complex wastewater. The Ag NPs/guar gum hybrid hydrogel showed remarkable remodeling, adhesive, and self-healing characteristics, which was favorable for its versatile applications. The combination of Ag NPs with the guar gum skeleton endowed the hybrid hydrogel with exceptional catalytic activity for reducing aromatic compounds and dye pollutants, as well as remarkable antibacterial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the Ag NPs/guar gum hybrid hydrogel could be employed to coat a variety of substrates, including cotton fabrics and stainless steel meshes. The hydrogel coated cotton fabrics and meshes presented superhydrophilicity/underwater superoleophobicity, excellent antifouling capacity, and outstanding recyclability, which could be successfully applied for efficient separation of oil-water mixtures. The findings of this work provide a feasible and cost-effective approach for the remediation of intricate wastewater.

Superabsorbent quaternary ammonium guar gum hydrogel with controlled release of humic acid for soil improvement and plant growth.

Growing plants in karst areas tends to be difficult due to the easy loss of water and soil. To enhance soil agglomeration, water retention, and soil fertility, this study developed a physically and chemically crosslinked hydrogel prepared from quaternary ammonium guar gum and humic acid. The results showed that non-covalent dynamic bonds between the two components delayed humic acid release into the soil, with a release rate of only 35 % after 240 h. The presence of four hydrophilic groups (quaternary ammonium, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and carbonyl) in the hydrogel more than doubled the soil's water retention capacity. The interaction between hydrogel and soil minerals (especially carbonate and silica) promoted hydrogel-soil and soil­carbonate adhesion, and the adhesion strength between soil particles was enhanced by 650 %. Moreover, compared with direct fertilization, this degradable hydrogel not only increased the germination rate (100 %) and growth status of mung beans but also reduced the negative effects of excessive fertilization on plant roots. The study provides an eco-friendly, low-cost, and intelligent system for soil improvement in karst areas. It further proves the considerable application potential of hydrogels in agriculture.

A comparative study on the rheological properties of concentrated xanthan gum in combination with gum arabic or gum arabic-based emulsion.

A goal of this study is to explore the difference in rheological properties of xanthan gum (XG)-based mixtures with gum arabic (GA) or GA-based emulsion (GAE). The stability of GAE was improved by thickening with XG. The intrinsic viscosity of all mixtures decreased as GA concentration increased, implying an XG conformational transition from the disordered to the ordered form. All mixtures except for an XG-GA mixture at 6.0 % GA attained a higher consistency index value than XG alone, indicating synergistic interactions between the components. At a high GA concentration (>3.0 %), the XG-GAE mixture showed higher relative apparent viscosity values than the XG-GA mixture. All mixtures except for an XG-GA mixture at 6.0 % GA showed higher elastic modulus and lower viscous modulus values than XG alone. Consequently, all mixtures showed lower tan δ values (0.26-0.30) than XG alone (0.31). Moreover, with a high GA concentration (>1.5 %), the XG-GAE mixtures achieved lower relative tan δ values than XG-GA mixture. These results indicate that XG formed a higher weak gel-like network with GAE than GA. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the interaction between XG and GA is influenced by conformational changes in the latter in both aqueous and emulsion systems.

Effectiveness of Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum on Cognitive Function and Sleep Efficiency in Healthy Elderly Subjects in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, and Parallel-Group Study.

The consumption of functional foods in a daily diet is a promising approach for the maintenance of cognitive health. The present study examines the effects of water-soluble prebiotic dietary-fiber, partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), on cognitive function and mental health in healthy elderly individuals. Participants consumed either 5 g/day of PHGG or a placebo daily for 12 weeks in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and parallel-group study. An assessment of cognitive functions, sleep quality, and subjective mood evaluations was performed at baseline and after 8 and 12 weeks of either PHGG or placebo intake. The visual memory scores in cognitive function tests and sleepiness on rising scores related to sleep quality were significantly improved in the PHGG group compared to the placebo group. No significant differences were observed in mood parameters between the groups. Vigor-activity scores were significantly improved, while the scores for Confusion-Bewilderment decreased significantly in the PHGG group when compared to the baseline. In summary, supplementation with PHGG was effective in improving cognitive functions, particularly visual memory, as well as enhancing sleep quality and vitality in healthy elderly individuals (UMIN000049070).

Exploring the Effectiveness of Carboxymethylated and Crosslinked Albizia procera Gum in Diltiazem Hydrochloride Matrix Tablets: A Comparative Analysis.

This study investigates the efficacy of modified Albizia procera gum as a release-retardant polymer in Diltiazem hydrochloride (DIL) matrix tablets. Carboxymethylated Albizia procera gum (CAP) and ionically crosslinked carboxymethylated Albizia procera gum (Ca-CAP) were utilized, with Ca-CAP synthesized via crosslinking CAP with calcium ions (Ca2+) using calcium chloride (CaCl2). Fourier Transform (FT) IR analysis affirmed polymer compatibility, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) assessed thermal behavior and crystallinity, respectively. Zeta potential analysis explored surface charge and electrostatic interactions, while rheology examined flow and viscoelastic properties. Swelling and erosion kinetics provided insights into water penetration and stability. CAP's carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COO-) heightened divalent cation reactivity, and crosslinking with CaCl2 produced Ca-CAP through -CH2-COO- and Ca2+ interactions. Structural similarities between the polymers were revealed by FTIR, with slight differences. DSC indicated modified thermal behavior in Ca-CAP, while Zeta potential analysis showcased negative charges, with Ca-CAP exhibiting lower negativity. XRD highlighted increased crystallinity in Ca-CAP due to calcium crosslinking. Minimal impact on RBC properties was observed with both polymers compared to the positive control as water for injection (WFI). Ca-CAP exhibited improved viscosity, strength, controlled swelling, and erosion, allowing prolonged drug release compared to CAP. Stability studies confirmed consistent six-month drug release, emphasizing Ca-CAP's potential as a stable, sustained drug delivery system over CAP. Robustness and accelerated stability tests supported these findings, underscoring the promise of Ca-CAP in controlled drug release applications.

Investigations on physiochemical and biomedical properties of Aloe vera - Sterculia gum copolymeric dressings impregnated with antibiotic-anesthetic drugs to enhance wound healing.

Recently, various innovative advancements have been made in carbohydrate research to design versatile materials for biomedical applications. The current research focuses on the development of copolymeric hydrogel wound dressings (HWD) using a combination of aloe vera (AV) - sterculia gum (SG) - poly (vinylsulfonic acid) (VSA)-based with the aim to enhancing their efficacy in drug delivery (DD) applications. These hydrogel dressings were encapsulated with levofloxacin and lidocaine to address both microbial infection and pain. Copolymers were characterized by FESEM, SEM, EDS, AFM, 13C NMR, FTIR, XRD, and TGA-DTG analysis. Hydrogel exhibited a fluid absorption capacity of 4.52 ± 0.12 g per gram of polymeric dressing in simulated wound conditions. The hydrogels displayed a sustained release of drugs, demonstrating a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. Polymer dressings revealed antibacterial, mucoadhesive, antioxidant, biocompatible and non-cytotoxic properties. Additionally, HWD displayed permeability to O2 and water vapour, yet was impermeable to microbial penetration. Overall, the findings of physiological, biochemical and drug delivery properties demonstrated the suitability of materials for wound dressing applications.

Molecular modification of low-dissolution soy protein isolates by anionic xanthan gum, neutral guar gum, or neutral konjac glucomannan to improve the protein dissolution and stabilize fish oil emulsion.

Herein, the effects of anionic xanthan gum (XG), neutral guar gum (GG), and neutral konjac glucomannan (KGM) on the dissolution, physicochemical properties, and emulsion stabilization ability of soy protein isolate (SPI)-polysaccharide conjugates were studied. The SPI-polysaccharide conjugates had better water dissolution than the insoluble SPI. Compared with SPI, SPI-polysaccharide conjugates had lower ß-sheet (39.6 %-56.4 % vs. 47.3 %) and α-helix (13.0 %-13.2 % vs. 22.6 %) percentages, and higher ß-turn (23.8 %-26.5 % vs. 11.0 %) percentages. The creaming stability of SPI-polysaccharide conjugate-stabilized fish oil-loaded emulsions mainly depended on polysaccharide type: SPI-XG (Creaming index: 0) > SPI-GG (Creaming index: 8.1 %-21.2 %) > SPI-KGM (18.1 %-40.4 %). In addition, it also depended on the SPI preparation concentrations, glycation times, and glycation pH. The modification by anionic XG induced no obvious emulsion creaming even after 14-day storage, which suggested that anionic polysaccharide might be the best polysaccharide to modify SPI for emulsion stabilization. This work provided useful information to modify insoluble proteins by polysaccharides for potential application.

UV blocking edible films based on corn starch/moringa gum incorporated with pine cone extract for sustainable food packaging.

Corn starch (CS) is a good alternative to synthetic polymers due to its sustainability; nevertheless, because of its weak tensile strength, the matrix requires another polymer. Therefore, 0.5 % (w/v) moringa gum (MG) was added. The purpose of this study was to assess how pine cone extract (PCE) affected the physiochemical and mechanical properties of corn starch and moringa gum (CS/MG) films and their use as UV-blocking composites. The findings suggest that the PCE improved the elongation at break from 3.27 % to 35.2 % while greatly reducing the tensile strength. The hydrogen bonding between CS/MG and PCE was visible in the FTIR spectra. The XRD graph indicated that the films were amorphous. In comparison to CS/MG films, PCE-incorporated edible films demonstrated significant UV-blocking ability indicating their potential as sustainable packaging material for light-sensitive food products.