Factores asociados al rechazo de contracepción posparto en un Hospital Público / Factors associated with postpartum contraceptive refusal in a public hospital, 2021

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados al rechazo de la contracepción posparto en un Hospital Público, 2021. Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico, transversal; incluyó 251 puérperas inmediatas atendidas en un Hospital Público entre mayo y junio del 2021. La variable principal fue rechazo de la contracepción posparto y factores asociados: sociodemográficos, obstétricos, personal-cultural, institucional. Se usó un cuestionario válido y confiable. Además, la prueba Chi cuadrado de Pearson y Regresión de Poisson para el análisis estadístico y se tuvo aprobación de Comité de Ética. Resultados: El 16,7 % rechazó los contraceptivos modernos. El nivel educativo bajo (p < 0,011; RPa: 4,51; IC: 1,42-14,35), la percepción de una mala situación económica (p = 0,001; RPa: 3,65; IC: 1,72-7,76), las complicaciones durante el trabajo de parto y dos horas posparto (p = 0,041; RPa: 8,16; IC: 1,09-61,19), el embarazo planificado (p = 0,002; RPa: 2,51; IC: 1,38-4,55), la experiencia negativa de contracepción (p = 0,000; RPa: 11,26; IC: 5,85-21,66), la actitud negativa de la pareja (p = 0,006; RPa: 4,90; IC: 1,57-15,31) y la percepción de conocimiento insuficiente sobre contracepción (p = 0,049; RPa: 0,53; IC: 0,28-0,996); se asociaron al rechazo de contracepción en el posparto. Conclusión: El nivel educativo bajo, la percepción de una mala situación económica, las complicaciones durante el trabajo de parto y dos horas posparto, el embarazo planificado, la experiencia negativa de contracepción, la actitud negativa de la pareja, se asocian al rechazo de contracepción posparto; la percepción de conocimiento insuficiente sobre contracepción se asoció a la disminución de rechazo(AU)

Objective: To determine the factors associated with the refusal of postpartum contraception in a Public Hospital, 2021. Methods: Observational, analytical, cross-sectional study; included 251 immediate postpartum women treated in a Public Hospital between May and June 2021. The main variable was rejection of postpartum contraception and associated factors: sociodemographic, obstetric, personal-cultural, and institutional. A valid and reliable questionnaire was used. In addition, Pearson's Chi-square test and Poisson's regression were used for statistical analysis and the Ethics Committee was approved. Results: 16.7% rejected modern contraceptives. Low educational level (p < 0.011; PRa: 4.51; CI: 1.42-14.35), the perception of a bad economic situation (p = 0.001; RPa: 3.65; CI: 1.72-7.76), complications during labor and two hours postpartum (p = 0.041; PRa: 8.16; CI: 1.09-61.19), planned pregnancy (p = 0.002; PRa: 2.51; CI: 1.38-4.55), negative experience of contraception (p = 0.000; PRa: 11.26; CI: 5.85-21.66), the negative attitude of the partner (p = 0.006; RPa: 4.90; CI: 1.57-15.31) and the perception of insufficient knowledge about contraception (p = 0.049; RPa: 0.53; CI: 0.28-0.996); were associated with contraceptive rejection in the postpartum period. Conclusion: Low educational level, perception of a poor economic situation, complications during labor and two hours postpartum, planned pregnancy, negative contraceptive experience, negative partner attitude, are associated with postpartum contraceptive rejection; The perception of insufficient knowledge about contraception was associated with a decrease in rejection(AU)

Barriers to pregnancy prevention for adolescents in rural Haiti: perceptions of healthcare providers.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about healthcare providers' (HCPs) contraceptive views for adolescents in Haiti, who experience high rates of unintended pregnancy. We sought to describe HCPs' perspectives on barriers and facilitators to contraceptive care delivery in rural Haiti. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey and qualitative interviews with HCPs in two rural communities in Haiti from 08/2021-03/2022. We assessed demographics, clinical practice behaviors and explored contraception perspectives according to Theory of Planned Behavior constructs: attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (e.g., people's perceptions of their ability to perform a given behavior, barriers and facilitators of a behavior).15-17 We used descriptive statistics to report proportions and responses to Likert scale and multiple-choice questions. Guided by content analysis, we analyzed interview transcripts through thematic inductive coding and team debriefing. RESULTS: Among 58 respondents, 90% (n = 52) were female and 53% (n = 31) were nurses. Most reported always (n = 16, 28%) or very often (n = 21, 36%) obtaining a sexual history for adolescents. A majority agreed/strongly agreed that clinicians should discuss pregnancy prevention (n = 45, 78%), high-risk sexual behaviors (n = 40, 69%), and should prescribe contraception (n = 41, 71%) to adolescents. The most frequently cited provider-level barriers (i.e., significant or somewhat of a barrier) included insufficient contraception knowledge (n = 44, 77%) and time (n = 37, 64%). HCPs were concerned about barriers at the patient-level (e.g. adolescents' fear of parental notification [n = 37, 64%], adolescents will give inaccurate information about sexual behaviors [n = 25, 43%]) and system-level (e.g. resistance to providing care from administration [n = 33, 57%]). In interviews (n = 17), HCPs generally supported contraception care for adolescents. Many HCPs echoed our quantitative findings on concerns about privacy and confidentiality. HCPs reported concerns about lack of contraception education leading to misconceptions, and community and parental judgement. HCPs expressed interest in further contraception training and resources and noted the importance of providing youth-friendly contraceptive care. CONCLUSIONS: While HCPs support contraceptive care, we identified actionable barriers to improve care for adolescents in rural Haiti. Future efforts should include increasing HCP knowledge and training, community and parent coalition building to increase contraception support and offering youth-friendly contraceptive care to offset risk for related adverse health outcomes in adolescents in rural Haiti.

Unplanned pregnancy in the extreme South of Brazil: prevalence, trends, and associated factors. / Gravidez não planejada no extremo Sul do Brasil: prevalência, tendência e fatores associados.

The study aims to estimate the proportion of puerperae with an unplanned pregnancy, evaluate trends and identify factors associated with its occurrence in Rio Grande-RS, Brazil. Trained interviewers applied a single, standardized questionnaire to all puerperae residing in the municipality in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2019. The chi-square test compared proportions and the Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment in the multivariate analysis. The prevalence ratio (PR) was the effect measure employed. The study includes 12,415 puerperae (98% of the total). The unplanned pregnancy rate was 63.3% (95%CI: 62.5%-64.1%). After adjusting, the highest PR for not planning pregnancy were observed among younger, black women, living without a partner, with more significant household agglomeration, lower schooling, and household income, multiparous and smokers. The rate of unplanned pregnancy is high and stable, with a higher propensity among women those with the highest risk of unfavorable events during pregnancy and childbirth. Reaching these women in high schools, companies, services and health professionals, in addition to the mass media, can be strategies to prevent unplanned pregnancy.

Este estudo estimou a proporção de puérperas que não planejaram a gravidez, avaliou tendência e identificou fatores associados à sua ocorrência no município de Rio Grande-RS. Entre 01/01 e 31/12 de 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 e 2019 entrevistadoras treinadas aplicaram questionário único e padronizado a todas as puérperas residentes neste município. Utilizou-se teste qui-quadrado para comparar proporções e regressão de Poisson com ajuste da variância robusta na análise multivariável. A medida de efeito utilizada foi razão de prevalências (RP). O estudo incluiu 12.415 puérperas (98% do total). A prevalência de não planejamento foi 63,3% (IC95%: 62,5%-64,1%). Após ajuste, as maiores RP para não planejamento da gravidez foram observadas entre mulheres de menor idade, cor da pele preta, com companheiro, maior aglomeração domiciliar, pior escolaridade e renda familiar, maior paridade e tabagistas. Houve pequeno aumento na prevalência de não planejamento da gravidez no final do período principalmente entre àquelas com maiores riscos de eventos desfavoráveis na gestação e parto. Alcançar estas mulheres nas escolas de ensino médio, empresas, serviços e profissionais de saúde, além de meios de comunicação de massa, pode auxiliar na prevenção desse tipo de gravidez.

Transição para a maternidade não planejada após os 35 anos: teoria de situação específica / Transition to unplanned motherhood after age 35: situation-specific theory

Resumo: A saúde sexual e reprodutiva é um pilar fundamental do sistema de saúde brasileiro, assinalando a importância das políticas públicas e programas voltados para a promoção dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos. Nessas políticas, mulheres com 35 anos ou mais recebem pouca ou nenhuma atenção em relação a esse tema, pois as políticas estão voltadas para prevenção de doenças. Há uma crescente prevalência de gravidezes não planejadas nessa faixa etária e estudos não têm conseguido apreender conhecimentos acerca das experiências de mulheres que vivenciam a transição para a maternidade não planejada em idade avançada, a fim de aprimorar o cuidado a essas e promover uma transição bem-sucedida. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma Teoria de Situação Específica para o cuidado de Enfermagem à mulher com 35 anos ou mais em transição para a maternidade de uma gestação não planejada, a partir da Teoria das Transições. O estudo caracteriza-se como teórico-exploratório de natureza qualitativa, que utilizou a Abordagem Integrativa para o desenvolvimento de Teorias de Situação Específica em enfermagem, guiada pela estratégia teoria-pesquisa-teoria, de Afaf Meleis. O processo metodológico envolveu um exercício reflexivo dedutivo, iniciando com a derivação dos conceitos centrais da Teoria das Transições. Seguiu-se a indução por meio de pesquisa de campo qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturadas de seis gestantes que não planejaram a gestação, com média de idade de 41 anos, ocorridas entre julho de 2022 a julho de 2023 no prénatal de alto risco de um hospital universitário do Sul do Brasil. Ainda indutivamente, produziuse dados a partir da reanálise de uma dissertação de Mestrado do grupo de pesquisa, bem como de revisão integrativa da literatura e da experiência com pesquisas prévias no tema, a fim de fundamentar o desenvolvimento da Teoria de Situação Específica. Foram desenvolvidas a partir disso declarações do metaparadigma, pressupostos e proposições. A teoria desenvolvida explica a transição para a maternidade não planejada em mulheres com 35 anos ou mais, contextualizando-a como um fenômeno social complexo, influenciado por fatores socioeconômicos, culturais, individuais e coletivos. A teoria explica como a maternidade tardia, especialmente quando não planejada, emerge como um papel em constante transformação, permeado por percepções diversas sobre o significado de ser mãe nessa fase da vida, desafiando frequentemente expectativas e crenças prévias. À medida que a experiência se amplia, concepções anteriores sobre a maternidade são questionadas, e novas são formadas, conduzindo a um processo de empoderamento e redefinição pessoal. Esta transição para a maternidade, marcada pela pluralidade de perspectivas e experiências, destaca a complexidade e a individualidade de cada mulher. Foi desenvolvida uma representação gráfica com as relações entre as declarações do metaparadigma., assim como nove proposições e cinco pressupostos. Esta teoria se baseia em vertentes do conhecimento científico atual para justificar sua construção, ressaltando a importância de compreender as experiências humanas e os contextos sociais onde ocorrem. A Teoria de Situação Específica atingiu o objetivo na medida em que propõe uma estrutura teórica em que o cuidado de enfermagem facilita os processos de transição e promove a interação entre cliente, ambiente, saúde e enfermagem. Além disso, possibilita que o enfermeiro provoque e estimule mudanças significativas nos resultados das transições por meio das terapêuticas de cuidado de enfermagem, evidenciando a necessidade de um cuidado personalizado e contextualizado, que leve em consideração a complexidade das experiências de maternidade tardia não planejada.

Abstract: Sexual and reproductive health is a fundamental pillar of the Brazilian healthcare system, highlighting the importance of public policies and programs aimed at promoting sexual and reproductive rights. In these policies, women aged 35 and older receive little or no attention regarding this issue, as the policies are focused on disease prevention. There is an increasing prevalence of unplanned pregnancies in this age group, and studies have not been able to capture knowledge about the experiences of women undergoing the transition to unplanned motherhood at an older age, in order to improve care for these women and promote a successful transition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a Specific Situation Theory for nursing care of women aged 35 and older transitioning to motherhood from an unplanned pregnancy, based on the Transition Theory. The study is characterized as theoretical-exploratory with a qualitative nature, using the Integrative Approach for the development of Specific Situation Theories in nursing, guided by Afaf Meleis's theory-research-theory strategy. The methodological process involved a deductive reflective exercise, starting with the derivation of the central concepts of the Transition Theory. This was followed by induction through qualitative field research, with semi-structured interviews of six pregnant women who had unplanned pregnancies, with an average age of 41 years, conducted between July 2022 and July 2023 in the high-risk prenatal care of a university hospital in Southern Brazil. Inductively, data was also generated from the reanalysis of a master's thesis from the research group, as well as from an integrative literature review and experience with previous research on the topic, to support the development of the theory. From this, metaparadigm statements, assumptions, and propositions were developed. The developed theory explains the transition to unplanned motherhood in women aged 35 and over, contextualizing it as a complex social phenomenon, influenced by socioeconomic, cultural, individual, and collective factors. The theory elucidates how late motherhood, especially when unplanned, emerges as a role in constant transformation, permeated by diverse perceptions about the meaning of being a mother at this stage of life, often challenging previous expectations and beliefs. As the experience broadens, previous conceptions about motherhood are questioned, and new ones are formed, leading to a process of empowerment and personal redefinition. This transition to motherhood, marked by a plurality of perspectives and experiences, highlights the complexity and individuality of each woman. A graphic representation of the relationships between the metaparadigm statements was developed, along with nine propositions and five assumptions. This theory is based on strands of current scientific knowledge to justify its construction, emphasizing the importance of understanding human experiences and the social contexts in which they occur. The Specific Situation Theories achieved its objective insofar as it proposes a theoretical framework in which nursing care facilitates transition processes and promotes the interaction between client, environment, health, and nursing. Moreover, it enables the nurse to provoke and stimulate significant changes in transition outcomes through nursing care therapeutics, highlighting the need for personalized and contextualized care that considers the complexity of the experiences of unplanned late motherhood.

What is the importance of family planning in multiple sclerosis? A study in the Brazilian population.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple Sclerosis is a disease of young females at a reproductive age. OBJECTIVE: discuss family planning in the context of providing care for women with MS. METHOD: patients with Multiple Sclerosis, female, aged between 18 and 45 years, from 01/Nov/2021 to 16/Jan/2022 participated, all of whom answered a questionnaire made available on the Google forms platform. RESULTS: A total of 233 responses were validated. Most patients discuss family planning during their medical care (61.4 %), use low-efficacy contraceptive methods (68.7 %) and do not plan to become pregnant (70.1 %). There is a high rate of use of disease-modifying treatments (88.9 %). Among those who had already become pregnant, most of them became pregnant before diagnosis and were statically younger than patients who became pregnant after diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Family planning should be discussed early on and be actively initiated by the health care professional assisting the patient and incorporated into the routine consultation. We suggest efforts should be put into ensuring a decrease in the rate of unplanned pregnancy in this population. Also, it is crucial to guarantee effective contraception in patients who express the wish not to become pregnant and are using disease-modifying treatments.

Doble protección anticonceptiva en estudiantes de obstetricia: Un estudio de factores asociados / Contraceptive dual protection in midwifery students: A study of associated factors

Objetivo: Determinar los factores que se asocian con el uso de la doble protección anticonceptiva en estudiantes de obstetricia de una universidad pública de Lima, Perú. Métodos: Estudio analítico transversal, realizado en 217 estudiantes de obstetricia de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Se aplicó la prueba chi cuadrado, además de la razón de prevalencia cruda y ajustada. Resultados: La prevalencia del uso de la doble protección anticonceptiva fue 41,5 %. En el análisis bivariado los factores asociados incluyeron la edad de 25 a 29 años (razón de prevalencia cruda: 1,57), procedencia de Lima (razón de prevalencia cruda: 2,07), embarazo previo (razón de prevalencia cruda: 1,91), aborto previo (razón de prevalencia cruda: 1,92), antecedente de infecciones de transmisión sexual en la pareja (razón de prevalencia cruda: 1,81), conocimiento sobre la doble protección (razón de prevalencia cruda: 3,16) y orientación en planificación familiar (razón de prevalencia cruda: 1,76). En el análisis multivariado, el conocimiento sobre la protección anticonceptiva mantuvo la asociación significativa (razón de prevalencia ajustada: 2,44). Conclusión: El conocimiento sobre la protección anticonceptiva es el único factor reproductivo que se asoció con una mayor probabilidad de uso de este método(AU)

Objective: To determine which factors are associated with the use of dual protection in obstetrics students from a public university in Lima, Peru. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study, done in 217 obstetrics students from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. The chi-squared test was applied, in addition to the raw and adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) Results: The prevalence of the use of dual protection was 41.5%. In the bivariate analysis, the factors associated with it included: age from 25 to 29 years old (raw prevalence ratio: 1.57), Lima as a place of origin (raw prevalence ratio: 2.07), previous pregnancy (raw prevalence ratio: 1.91), previous abortion (raw prevalence ratio: 1.92), antecedent of STI in the couple (raw prevalence ratio: 1.81), knowledge about dual protection (raw prevalence ratio: 3,16), and orientation in family planning (raw prevalence ratio: 1.76). In the multivariate analysis, knowledge about contraceptive protection maintained its significant association (adjusted prevalence ratio: 2.44). Conclusions: Knowledge about contraceptive protection is the only reproductive factor that was associated with a higher probability of using this method(AU)

An exploratory study of the factors associated with use of contraceptive methods in young Chilean women aged 17-29 years.

OBJECTIVE: To explore factors related to the use of contraceptive methods in young Chilean women with higher education. METHODS: Using the 9th Chilean National Youth Survey, multinomial models were conducted to predict contraceptive methods used during the last intercourse among sexually initiated female college students aged 17-29 years who had already completed high school (n = 1828). RESULTS: The results indicate that using contraceptive methods at onset sexual activity was positively associated with the use of all contraceptive methods (relative risk ratio [RRR]immediate = 3.97, RRRdaily = 2.95, RRRlong-term = 1.82, P < 0.05). Having a previous unintended pregnancy increased the odds of using long-term contraceptive methods (RRR = 2.13, P < 0.05). Increased age of sexual initiation was associated with increased odds of using immediate contraception methods (RRRadolescence = 2.57, RRRyoung adulthood = 3.75, P < 0.05). Substance use was not associated with contraception methods used. Medium socioeconomic status, compared with high, decreased the odds of using immediate and daily contraceptive methods (RRR = 0.26, P < 0.05 for both). Low socioeconomic status was associated with decreased odds of using daily contraception (RRR = 0.39, P < 0.05). Finally, incomplete (RRR = 2.21, P < 0.05) or complete (RRR = 2.38, P < 0.05) professional education increased the odds of immediate contraceptive methods. CONCLUSIONS: To generate family planning policies aimed at university students, individual factors related to sexual behavior should be addressed in accordance with the local reality and with a gender focus.

Impact of unplanned pregnancy on neonatal outcomes: findings of new high-risk newborns in Peru.

BACKGROUND: Unplanned pregnancy is a significant public health problem, especially in low- to middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to determine the neonatal outcomes associated with unplanned pregnancy in a public hospital in southern Peru. METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted from June to August 2021 among 306 mothers and their newborns selected by convenience sampling. After obtaining informed consent, mothers were surveyed during their postpartum hospitalization about their pregnancy intentions. Unintended pregnancy was considered when it was mistimed or unwanted. Neonatal outcomes were assessed by reviewing medical records prior to discharge, evaluating the presence of low birth weight, insufficient birth weight, prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and neonatal mortality. Association was measured in terms of prevalence ratio (PR) and beta coefficient and respective 95% CIs, crude and adjusted for variables that obtained a value of p<0.20 in the crude model (maternal age, education and parity). RESULTS: The overall unplanned pregnancies rate was 65%, of which 40.5% were mistimed pregnancies and 24.5% unwanted pregnancies. Unplanned and mistimed pregnancies were significantly associated with insufficient birth weight [adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR)=2.14; 95% CI 1.01 to 4.56 and aPR=2.43; 95% CI 1.09 to 5.39, respectively] and unwanted pregnancies were significantly associated with preterm birth (aPR=3.49; 95% CI 1.01 to 12.11). Furthermore, adjusted analysis showed that birth weight and gestational age were lower in unplanned, mistimed and unwanted pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: Unplanned pregnancy was associated with lower birth weight and shorter gestational age of newborns. These data collected in a public hospital in a developing country may have significant implications today. If pregnancy intention is not included as a neonatal risk factor, insufficient birth weight and preterm birth could increase because a higher proportion of births will be unplanned.

Women's multi-partner behavior, multi-partner fertility, and pregnancy outcomes: findings from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort.

STUDY QUESTION: Do women with multi-partner fertility or multi-partner behavior conceive more often than women with a single partner? SUMMARY ANSWER: Women with multi-partner behavior conceived more frequently and had more children than non-multi-partner women and multi-partner fertility women. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Some women experience having biological children with more than one partner: those women are considered as multi-partner fertility. Women with multi-partner fertility have more children and are substantially less likely to have planned their first birth. Individuals with multi-partner fertility become parents at a younger age, largely with unintended first births, and often do so outside of marriage, compared to parents with two or more children from only one partner. Unmarried women, particularly, are at greater risk of having unintended births. Studies are still scarce and there is a need to assess the contribution of women's multi-partners fertility and multi-partner behavior to family composition, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This longitudinal birth cohort study evaluated 1215 mothers whose children belonging to the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort were their first pregnancy, and who attended the perinatal, 48-month, 6-year, and 11-year follow-ups. Information was obtained from responses to a questionnaire. The number of years at risk of having children was treated as the exposure, and woman's multi-partner behavior and multi-partner fertility, dichotomized as 'Yes' or 'No', were considered endogenous treatment variables. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Data from mothers with a first pregnancy, and with information available from the perinatal, 48-month, 6-year, and 11-year follow-ups, were evaluated. The exposures studied were women's multi-partner behavior and multi-partner fertility (i.e. conceiving/giving birth), and the outcomes evaluated were the number of pregnancies, the number of children currently alive, and experience of unintended pregnancies from the birth of the child belonging to the 2004 birth cohort until 11 years later. Crude and adjusted risk ratios (RRs) were estimated through Poisson regression with endogenous treatment effects, robust standard errors, and their respective 95% CI. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Multi-partner behavior women had 16% (RR 1.16; 95% CI: 1.08-1.25) and 11% (RR 1.11; 95% CI 1.03-1.19) greater risk of having a new pregnancy and having more children alive, respectively, than those with non-multi-partner behavior. Women with multi-partner fertility had a 23% (RR 1.23; 95% CI: 1.11-1.37) and 20% (RR 1.20; 95% CI: 1.08-1.33) higher risk of having a new pregnancy and having more children alive, respectively, than single-partner fertility mothers. Women who had multiple partners (i.e. behavior), as well as those with multi-partner fertility, showed a lesser proportion of unintended pregnancies when compared to the non-multi-partner ones (34.08%; 95% CI: 28.12-40.60 vs 36.17%; 95% CI: 31.93-40.63), compared to their counterparts' single partners fertility (33.16%; 95% CI: 26.83-40.17 vs 36.26%; 95% CI: 31.85-40.92), although these findings were not statistically significant. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The mothers who were not included in the study owing to missing data for some of the follow-up had 5-11 years of education, a low socio-economic level, and were younger, thus the number of pregnancies may be underestimated because these groups presented a high number of pregnancies and children alive. We did not have information about the complete woman's conjugal history. Therefore, misclassification error of the exposure may be present and, consequently, the measures of association may be underestimated. Furthermore, this study was not truly representative of the Pelotas study female population. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: In this study of multi-partner behavior and fertility, women who have multiple partners may be less likely to get married and have a stable partner. Compared to single-partner women, multi-partner fertility and multi-partner behavior women may predominantly become pregnant for the purpose of having children, rather than accidentally. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This article is based on data from the study 'Pelotas Birth Cohort, 2004' conducted by the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas, with the collaboration of the Brazilian Public Health Association (ABRASCO). From 2009 to 2013, the Wellcome Trust supported the 2004 birth cohort study. The World Health Organization, National Support Program for Centers of Excellence (PRONEX), Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq), Brazilian Ministry of Health, and Children's Pastorate supported previous phases of the study, and also was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001. The authors declare that the supported agencies have no role in any step of performing this study. No conflicts of interest exist. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

Manejo das irregularidades menstruais secundárias ao uso de contraceptivos ­ análise das recomendações atuais / Management of menstrual irregularities secondary to contraceptive use ­ analysis of current recommendations

As irregularidades menstruais representam uma série de desordens na quantida- de, duração, frequência ou regularidade do sangramento uterino. Entre suas cau- sas destaca-se o sangramento secundário ao uso de anticoncepcionais, uma razão frequente de descontinuidade dos contraceptivos, podendo aumentar as taxas de gestações não planejadas. Boa parte dos contraceptivos pode levar a mudanças no padrão de sangramento uterino, e a abordagem inicial do sangramentos irregula- res inclui a avaliação de outras possíveis causas, o reforço do uso correto da medi- cação, a tranquilização da paciente quanto à benignidade do quadro e à tendência a melhora com a continuidade do uso. Os anti-inflamatórios podem ser usados como estratégia inicial, e, não havendo resposta satisfatória, há alternativas espe- cíficas para cada método. Este trabalho visa identificar as recomendações atuais sobre o manejo do sangramento anormal decorrente de contraceptivos, por meio de revisão narrativa de estudos publicados sobre o tema nos últimos vinte anos.

Abnormal uterine bleeding represents a series of disorders in the amount, du- ration, frequency and or regularity of uterine bleeding. Among its causes, uterine bleeding secondary to the use of contraceptives stands out as a frequent reason for contraceptive discontinuity, which could lead to unplanned pregnancies. Most contraceptives can cause changes in the pattern of uterine bleeding, and the ini- tial approach of the abnormal bleeding includes assessing other possible cau- ses, reinforcing the correct use of medication, and reassuring the patient about the benignity of the condition and the tendency to improve with the continuity of the treatment. Anti-inflammatory drugs can be used as an initial strategy, and, if there is no satisfactory answer, there are specific alternatives for each contracep- tive method. This work aims to identify them current recommendations on the management of abnormal bleeding resulting from contraceptives use, through a narrative review of studies published on the subject in the last twenty years.

Descripción de las personas gestantes afiliadas a OSEP que solicitan una interrupción del embarazo / Description of pregnant people affiliated to osep who request a pregnancy interruption

En 2021 entró en vigencia en Argentina la Ley N.º 27.610. El objetivo es describir características de afiliadas a OSEP que solicitaron interrupción del embarazo (SIE).Trabajo observacional descriptivo. Se analizaron las variables del 0800 del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación de todas las personas que SIE con OSEP, entre el 24/01 y 31/12/2021. Los datos fueron analizados con SPSS Statistics. Se utilizaron moda, mediana, porcentaje, tasa y el chi2. Se recibieron 427 SIE, se concretaron 330 (77,3%). Solicitaron ive: media 28,59 años. Modo 19 y 33 años. Concretaron ive: modo 22 años. 84,5% se realizó ambulatorio con misoprostol. De las SIE, 50,4% eran solteras, 43,4% trabajaba, 59,1% tenía secundario completo. Se desconoce 32,8%. De las SIE, 52,7% refirió haber estado utilizando MAC (54,2% preservativo; 37,4% anticonceptivos orales; 2,8% métodos "naturales"; 2,2% DIU). La mayor cantidad fue de zonas urbanas del Gran Mendoza. Sin embargo, se observan tasas elevadas en zonas rurales respecto de algunas zonas urbanas y más pobladas. Se observó progresión de SIE a lo largo del año. Un 11% después de SIE decidió continuar con el embarazo. Aparentemente ninguna de las variables tuvo relación con esa decisión. El MAC utilizado fue mayormente preservativo y anticonceptivos orales. Esto podría indicar falta de educación y poco acceso a métodos de larga duración. La problemática de interrupción es transversal. En base a los resultados de este trabajo, las personas sin pareja conviviente, ante un embarazo no planificado serían las que SIE. Ninguna otra variable parece actuar como determinante. Tampoco del paso de la solicitud a la interrupción efectiva o a la continuación del embarazo. Hay que aumentar la accesibilidad a MAC en zonas rurales (AU)

In 2021, Law No. 27610 entered into force in Argentina. The objective is to describe characteristics of people with OSEP who requested termination of pregnancy (PWRTP). Descriptive observational work. The variables of the 0800 of the Ministry of Health of Argentina of all the PWRTP with OSEP, between 01/24 and 12/31/2021, were analyzed. Data were analyzed with SPSS Statistics. Mode, median, percentage, rate and chi2 were used. PWRTP: 427 requests were received, 330 (77.3%) were completed. PWRTP: mean 28.59 years. Mode 19 and 33 years. People who had an abortion: mode 22 years. 84.5% were performed on an outpatient basis with misoprostol. 50.4% of the PWRTP were single, 43.4% worked, 59.1% had completed high school, 32.8% unknown, 52.7% reported having been using contraceptive methods (CM): 54.2% condoms; 37.4% oral contraceptives; 2.8% "natural" methods; 2.2% IUDs. The largest amount was from urban areas of Mendoza. However, high rates are observed in rural areas. A progression of the amount of PWRTP was observed throughout the year. 11% after requesting an abortion decided to continue with the pregnancy. Apparently none of the variables was related to that decision. The CM used were mostly condoms and oral contraceptives. This may indicate a lack of education and poor access to long-acting CM. The problem of interruption is transversal. People without a cohabiting partner, faced with an unplanned pregnancy, are the ones who RTP. No other variable seems to act as a determinant. Nor from the transition from the request to the effective interruption or continuation of the pregnancy. We must increase the accessibility to CM in rural areas (AU)

Unplanned pregnancy in Brazil: national study in eight university hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of unplanned pregnancy in eight public university hospitals, distributed in the five regions that make up Brazil. METHODS: A secondary analysis of a national multicenter cross-sectional study, carried out in eight public university hospitals between June 1 and August 31, 2020, in Brazil. Convenience sample including women who gave birth within sixty consecutive days and met the following criteria: over 18 years old; gestational age over 36 weeks at delivery; with a single and live newborn, without malformations. RESULTS: Sample composed of 1,120 postpartum women, of whom 756 (67.5%) declared that the pregnancy had not been planned. The median prevalence of unplanned pregnancy was 59.7%. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy across hospitals differed significantly: Campinas (54.8%), Porto Alegre (58.2%), Florianópolis (59%), Teresina (61.2%), Brasília (64.3%), São Paulo (64.6%), Campo Grande (73.9%) and Manaus (95.3%) (p < 0.001). Factors significantly associated with unplanned pregnancy were maternal age, black color, lower family income, greater number of children, greater number of people living in household, and not having a partner. CONCLUSION: In the studied sample, about two thirds of the pregnancies were declared as unplanned. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancies was related to social and demographic factors and varied significantly across the university hospitals evaluated.

Unwanted or Mistimed Pregnancy and Developmental Issues in Ecuadorian Children Aged 3 to 5: A Doubly Robust Estimate Using Data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018.

BACKGROUND: Past studies in high-income countries have shown an association between unintended (unwanted or mistimed) pregnancy and child development; no national-level studies in low-and-middle-income countries have been conducted. Moreover, extant studies often adjust for potential mediators, underestimating the average population effect. METHODS: We aimed to estimate the effect of unintended pregnancy on early childhood development in Ecuadorian children aged 3 to 5, participating in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018. We used a design-based doubly robust estimate. First, we used propensity score matching (1:1) to identify a subsample equally likely to come from a desired vs. unintended pregnancy based on geographic area, household income, paternal intendedness, the mother's current marital status, age, ethnicity, and educational level, depressive symptoms, and the child's gender and age. Then, we used a logistic regression model to explore the relation of maternal pregnancy intentions with adequate development, as defined by the Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI). While exempt from review by an Institutional Review Board, this secondary research was conducted in accord with prevailing ethical principles. RESULTS: Among 1694 observations representing 162,285 Ecuadorian children, unintended pregnancy associated with inadequate development (odds ratio: 1.56; 95% confidence interval: 1.06; 2.29), after adjusting for all relevant confounders. Unintended pregnancy was also negatively associated with all four ECDI domains, socio-emotional development being the most affected. DISCUSSION: Our doubly robust design found evidence of the relation between the maternal perception of pregnancy and early child development. Addressing this relation to achieve reproductive justice entails considering a wide spectrum of population health and legal interventions to allow adequate access to education, contraception, and safe abortion. Moreover, pre- and post-natal check-ups could screen for unintended pregnancy and provide support accordingly.

What is already known on this subject? Studies from developed countries have shown an association between unintended pregnancy and early child development. Such contexts are not transferable to developing economies and cultures.What this study adds? Using a doubly robust estimate and avoiding known mediators, we provide the first national-level average population effect estimation of unintended pregnancy on child development from low-and-middle-income countries. Ecuadorian children born from unintended pregnancies had a 42% increased risk of having inadequate development, as measured by the Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI), at ages 3 to 5 compared to wanted children. Inadequate development was found in each of the ECDI domains: numeracy and literacy, social-emotional development, physical development, and approaches to learning.

O uso dos métodos anticoncepcionais por estudantes de Medicina: uma revisão narrativa / Medical students' use of contraceptive methods: a narrative review

Anticoncepção são todas as técnicas e métodos utilizados para evitar a concepção. Os estudantes de Medicina se destacam nesse contexto, por representarem uma população em um período no qual a gravidez e doenças sexualmente transmissíveis são emergenciais. Logo, este estudo analisou a eficácia dos métodos contraceptivos na comunidade acadêmica médica e verificou se há ou não diferença na taxa de eficácia, em comparação com a população em geral. Sendo assim, realizou- -se uma revisão narrativa e encontraram-se 2.182 artigos; desses, 1.513 cumpriram o critério de inclusão, porém somente quatro artigos atendiam a todos os critérios e foram utilizados. A conclusão do estudo foi de que a taxa de Pearl é maior na população estudada devido ao mau uso dos contraceptivos, necessitando da melhora na qualidade da educação sexual nas universidades de Medicina ao redor do mundo, a fim de se evitarem a perpetuação da má utilização de contraceptivos e a desinformação no meio acadêmico médico.

Contraception is all the techniques and methods that are used to prevent conception. Medical students stand out in this context because they represent a population in a period in which pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases are emergencies. Therefore, this study analyzed the effectiveness of contraceptive methods in the medical academic community and verified whether or not there is difference in the rate of effectiveness compared to the general population. A narrative review was conducted and 2,182 articles were found, of these 1,513 met the inclusion criteria, but only four articles met all the criteria and were used. The conclusion of the study was that Pearl's rate is lower in the studied population due to the misuse of contraceptives, requiring improvement in the quality of sex education in medical universities around the world in order to avoid perpetuation of misuse of contraceptives and misinformation in the medical academic environment.

Prevalencia de anticoncepción en mujeres en edad fértil de Sabaneta, Antioquia / Prevalence of contraception among fertile women in Sabaneta, Antioquia

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de anticoncepción en mujeres en edad fértil del municipio de Sabaneta y sus posibles factores asociados. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en mujeres del municipio de Sabaneta a través de un muestreo estratificado por zona y grupo etario, posterior a este, se realizó un muestreo aleatorio sistemático; se incluyeron 354 mujeres. La recolección de la información se hizo mediante una encuesta. En cuanto al análisis de los datos se utilizó el OR con su IC (95%) y prueba de Chi Cuadrado (X2) con un valor p significativo <0,05. Resultados: la prevalencia de anticoncepción encontrada fue del 62%, el método más común fue la esterilización femenina con un 35,6%. Conclusión: el uso de métodos anticonceptivos en las mujeres del municipio de Sabaneta es menor a la media nacional, y esta posiblemente influenciada por la edad, el estado civil, el nivel educativo(AU)

Objective: To determine the prevalence of contraception among fertile women in the municipality of Sabaneta and its possible associated factors. Methods: we performed a cross-sectional study on women of the municipality of Sabaneta, a stratified sampling was carried out by zone and age group, then a systematic sampling; 354 women were included. Data were collected through a survey. OR with its CI (95%) and Chi-squared test (X2) were used for data analysis with a significant p value <0.05. Results: the prevalence of contraception was 62%. Female sterilization was the most frequently used method (35.6%). Conclusion: the use of contraceptive methods among women in Sabaneta is lower than the national average and may be affected by age, marital status, educational level(AU)

Unplanned pregnancy in Brazil: national study in eight university hospitals / Gravidez não planejada no Brasil: estudo nacional em oito hospitais universitários

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of unplanned pregnancy in eight public university hospitals, distributed in the five regions that make up Brazil. METHODS A secondary analysis of a national multicenter cross-sectional study, carried out in eight public university hospitals between June 1 and August 31, 2020, in Brazil. Convenience sample including women who gave birth within sixty consecutive days and met the following criteria: over 18 years old; gestational age over 36 weeks at delivery; with a single and live newborn, without malformations. RESULTS Sample composed of 1,120 postpartum women, of whom 756 (67.5%) declared that the pregnancy had not been planned. The median prevalence of unplanned pregnancy was 59.7%. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy across hospitals differed significantly: Campinas (54.8%), Porto Alegre (58.2%), Florianópolis (59%), Teresina (61.2%), Brasília (64.3%), São Paulo (64.6%), Campo Grande (73.9%) and Manaus (95.3%) (p < 0.001). Factors significantly associated with unplanned pregnancy were maternal age, black color, lower family income, greater number of children, greater number of people living in household, and not having a partner. CONCLUSION In the studied sample, about two thirds of the pregnancies were declared as unplanned. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancies was related to social and demographic factors and varied significantly across the university hospitals evaluated.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar a prevalência de gestação não planejada (GNP) em oito hospitais públicos universitários, distribuídos nas cinco regiões que compõem o Brasil. MÉTODOS Análise secundária de um estudo transversal multicêntrico nacional, realizado em oito hospitais universitários públicos, entre 1º de junho e 31 de agosto de 2020, no Brasil. Amostra por conveniência incluindo mulheres que deram à luz em período de sessenta dias consecutivos e atenderam aos seguintes critérios: maiores de 18 anos; idade gestacional acima de 36 semanas no parto; com recém-nascido único e vivo, sem malformações. RESULTADOS Amostra composta por 1.120 puérperas, das quais 756 (67,5%) declararam que a gravidez não tinha sido programada. A mediana da prevalência de GNP foi de 59,7%. Observou-se diferença significativa na prevalência de GNP entre os hospitais: Campinas (54,8%), Porto Alegre (58,2%), Florianópolis (59%), Teresina (61,2%), Brasília (64,3%), São Paulo (64,6%), Campo Grande (73,9%) e Manaus (95,3%) (p < 0,001). Foram fatores significativamente associados a GNP a idade materna, cor negra, menor renda familiar, maior número de filhos, maior número de pessoas convivendo em casa e não ter parceiro. CONCLUSÃO Na amostra estudada, cerca de dois terços das gestações foram declaradas como não programadas. A prevalência de gestação não planejada teve relação com fatores sociais e demográficos e variou significativamente entre os hospitais universitários avaliados.

Violência sexual e aborto legal: possibilidades e desafios da atuação psicológica / Sexual offence and legal abortion: opportunities and challenges from psychological working / Violencia sexual y aborto legal: posibilidades y desafíos de la atención psicológica

A violência sexual e o aborto legal são temas tabus em nossa sociedade. No campo da saúde, a(o) psicóloga(o) atua em fases distintas, seja na avaliação psicológica do pedido pelo aborto legal, que culminará ou não em sua aquiescência; seja no momento posterior à solicitação, no atendimento em enfermarias ou ambulatorial. Partindo de relato de experiência, este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre as possibilidades e desafios da atuação psicológica no atendimento em saúde para pessoas em situação de gestação decorrente de violência sexual e que buscam pelo aborto legal. Para tanto, dividimos o artigo em três momentos. No primeiro deles, será possível encontrar dados conceituais, estatísticos e históricos sobre ambos os temas, trazendo recortes nacionais e internacionais. No segundo, trazemos apontamentos sobre o que chamamos de "eixos norteadores", ou seja, dialogamos com aspectos fundamentais para o trabalho nesta seara, sendo eles gênero, família, sexualidade e trauma. Por fim, no terceiro, aprofundamos a reflexão sobre o atendimento psicológico atrelado aos conceitos já discutidos, analisando de forma crítica principalmente um dos pontos mais espinhosos da atuação: a avaliação para aprovação (ou recusa) do pedido pelo aborto. Apoiamo-nos no referencial psicanalítico e defendemos que esta atuação psicológica é primordialmente uma oferta de cuidado, comprometido com as demandas das pessoas atendidas e com a promoção de saúde mental, e consideramos que o papel da psicologia é essencial para o reconhecimento do sofrimento e dos efeitos do abandono socioinstitucional na vida do público atendido.(AU)

Sexual abuse and legal abortion are taboo subjects in our society. On the health area, the psychologist works on different fields, such as psychological evaluation from the request of legal abortion, that will end or not on its approval, and also in a further moment, either the care on wards or ambulatorial treatment. Relying on a case report, this article aims to contemplate the possibilities and challenges from psychological work on healthcare to pregnant women from sexual violence and seek legal abortion. For this purpose, we divide this article in three moments. On the first, it will find definitions, statistics, and historical data about both issues, including national and international information. On the second, we bring notes called 'guiding pillar,' that is, we interact with fundamental aspects from this area, such as gender, family, sexuality, and trauma. On the third one, in-depth discussions we dwell on psychological care tied to the concepts previously addressed, critically analyzing one of the hardest moments of working in this area: the evaluation to approve (or refuse) the request for abortion. We lean over psychoanalytic thoughts and argue that this psychological work is primarily an offer of care, committed to the needs from those who seek us and to promoting good mental health and, also, we consider that psychology is essential to acknowledge the suffering and the effects of social and institutional neglect on the lives of the people seen.(AU)

La violencia sexual y el aborto son temas tabús en nuestra sociedad. En el campo de la salud, el(la) psicólogo(a) actúa en diferentes fases: en la evaluación psicológica de la solicitud del aborto legal, que culminará o no en su obtención, y/o en el momento posterior a la solicitud en la atención en enfermería o ambulatorio. Desde un reporte de experiencia, este artículo pretende reflexionar sobre las posibilidades y los desafíos de la Psicología en la atención en salud para personas en estado de embarazo producto de violencia sexual y que buscan un aborto legal. Para ello, este artículo está dividido en tres momentos. En el primer, presenta datos conceptuales, estadísticos e históricos sobre los dos temas, trayendo recortes nacionales e internacionales. En el segundo, comenta los llamados "ejes temáticos", es decir, se establece un diálogo con aspectos fundamentales para el trabajo en este ámbito, como género, familia, sexualidad y trauma. Por último, en el tercer, profundiza en la reflexión sobre la atención psicológica asociada a los conceptos discutidos, analizando de forma crítica uno de los puntos más espinosos de la actuación: la evaluación para la aprobación (o negativa) de la solicitud de aborto. Se utilizó el referencial psicoanalítico y se argumenta que esta atención psicológica es sobre todo una forma de cuidado, comprometida con las demandas de las personas atendidas y la promoción de la salud mental, y el papel de la Psicología es esencial para reconocer el sufrimiento y los efectos del abandono socioinstitucional en la vida del público atendido.(AU)

Contraception for Adolescents and Young Women with Type 2 Diabetes-Specific Considerations.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reviews how to address contraception in young women with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The presence of obesity and comorbidities associated with insulin resistance increases the risk of thromboembolic disease and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies have shown that adolescents with T2D are at high risk of unintended pregnancy with poor outcomes for the mother and offspring. Adolescents with T2D without severe obesity, micro- or macrovascular disease, or other cardiovascular risk factors can use any contraceptive method. However, only nonhormonal or progestin-only methods may be used when morbid obesity, severe hypertension, micro- or macrovascular disease, or multiple cardiovascular risk factors are present. The medical team must provide preconceptional counseling and contraception to reduce adolescent pregnancies in young women with T2D. Progestin-only or nonhormonal long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) should be recommended for women with T2D with compliance issues or adverse cardiovascular risk profiles.

Unplanned Pregnancy and Depressive Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This is a cross-sectional study conducted with pregnant women who underwent prenatal care at basic health units in São Luís City, Maranhão State, Brazil. The authors used a semistructured questionnaire to assess the socioeconomic, demographic, and clinical characteristics of pregnant women as well as the Edinburgh Scale to investigate depressive symptoms. In order to assess the association between the explanatory variable and the outcome variable, Poisson logistic regression was performed with statistical significance at p < 0.05. A total of 205 women were interviewed, most aged between 18 and 29 years (66.83%). Of this total, 74.63% had not planned their pregnancy and 26.67% had depressive symptoms. The variables unplanned pregnancy (PR = 1.41; CI = 0.99−2.00; p = 0.05) and not undergoing psychological counseling (PR = 1.42; CI = 0.51−0.83; p ≤ 0.01) correlated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy. It is thus possible to link the variables unplanned pregnancy (p > 0.05) and not undergoing psychological counseling (p = 0.001) to depression. Therefore, it is important to monitor the mental health of pregnant women, especially in situations of vulnerability.