Pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa: un reto actual para la laparoscopia.

OBJECTIVE: To present the results of our case series on laparoscopic nephrectomy in xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP). METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted that included 143 patients treated with laparoscopic nephrectomy for non-functioning kidney, of whom 15 had XGP, within the time frame of 2011 to 2019. The demographic and clinical data were collected, along with the intraoperative results, complications, and days of hospital stay. RESULTS: Transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy was successfully performed on 15 patients with XGP, with no need for conversion. Mean intraoperative time was 124.4 minutes (range 70-240) and intraoperative blood loss was 148.5 ml (range 30-550), with no blood transfusion required. No intraoperative complications occurred but there was one postoperative complication (6.6%), classified as Clavien-Dindo I (surgical wound infection). Mean hospital stay was 2.85 days (range 2-7). CONCLUSIONS: Nephrectomy is the definitive management for XGP, and the laparoscopic approach should be considered a treatment modality, despite the fact that the pathology involves a severe chronic inflammatory process. Its benefits are reduced surgery duration, less blood loss, a lower complication rate, and fewer days of hospital stay, when performed by a skilled and experienced surgeon.

OBJETIVO: Presentar los resultados de nuestra serie de nefrectomía laparoscópica en pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa (PXG). MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo que incluyó 143 pacientes tratados con nefrectomía laparoscópica por exclusión renal, de los cuales 15 fueron por PXG, en el periodo comprendido de 2011 a 2019. Se recolectaron datos demográficos y clínicos, resultados transoperatorios, complicaciones y días de estancia hospitalaria. RESULTADOS: Se realizó nefrectomía laparoscópica transperitoneal de forma exitosa en 15 pacientes con PXG, sin necesidad de conversión. El tiempo transoperatorio promedio fue de 124.4 minutos (rango: 70-240). El sangrado transoperatorio fue de 148.5 ml (rango: 30-550), sin requerimiento de transfusión sanguínea. No se reportaron complicaciones transoperatorias; se presentó una complicación en el posoperatorio (6.6%) clasificada como Clavien-Dindo I (infección de la herida quirúrgica). La estancia hospitalaria promedio fue de 2.85 días (rango: 2-7). CONCLUSIONES: El manejo definitivo de la PXG es la nefrectomía, y el abordaje laparoscópico debe ser considerado como una modalidad de tratamiento a pesar de ser una patología que presenta un proceso inflamatorio grave y crónico, obteniéndose beneficios como disminución en el tiempo quirúrgico, menor sangrado, menor tasa de complicaciones y menos días de estancia hospitalaria cuando es realizado por un cirujano experimentado.

Perioperative outcomes and risk factors for major complications associated with nephrectomy for Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a multicenter study.

PURPOSE: To determine the risk factors associated with major complications in patients with histologically confirmed Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) who underwent nephrectomy. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective study was performed including patients who underwent nephrectomy between 2018 and 2022 with histopathological diagnosis of XGP. Clinical and laboratory parameters at the initial presentation were evaluated. Data on extension of XGP was recorded as per the Malek clinical-radiological classification. Characteristics of nephrectomy and perioperative outcomes were obtained. The primary outcome was major complications, defined as a CD ≥ grade 3 and the need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Secondary outcomes included the comparison of complications evaluating the nephrectomy approach (transperitoneal, retroperitoneal, and laparoscopic). A sub-analysis stratifying patients who needed ICU admission and Malek classification was performed. RESULTS: A total of 403 patients from 10 centers were included. Major complications were reported in 98 cases (24.3%), and organ injuries were reported in 58 patients (14.4%), being vascular injuries the most frequent (6.2%). Mortality was reported in 5 cases (1.2%). A quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score ≥ 2, increased creatinine, paranephric extension of disease (Malek stage 3), a positive urine culture, and retroperitoneal approach were independent factors associated with major complications. CONCLUSION: Counseling patients on factors associated with higher surgical complications is quintessential when managing this disease. Clinical-radiological staging, such as the Malek classification may predict the risk of major complications in patients with XGP who will undergo nephrectomy. A transperitoneal open approach may be the next best option when laparoscopic approach is not feasible.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in a pediatric patient.

INTRODUCTION: Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis consists of a chronic infectious and inflammatory process of the renal parenchyma, a variant of chronic obstructive pyelonephritis. It is more prevalent in middle-aged adults, rare in pediatric patients, with less than 300 cases reported in children worldwide. REPORT: Preschooler, aged 2 years and 11 months, male, with 2 months of abdominal distention, increased temperature and intense pallor, associated with microcytic anemia refractory to the use of ferrous sulfate. 1 week before, he had a bulging in his left flank and a hard palpable mass there. Imaging exams (ultrasound and tomography) revealed an overall enlargement of the left kidney, destruction of the renal parenchyma and intense calyceal dilation, forming the "bear's paw" sign, with a staghorn calculus in the pelvis. He underwent treatment with antibiotic therapy and total nephrectomy, with a specimen sent for pathological examination. DISCUSSION: a disease of uncertain incidence in the pediatric age group, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is more prevalent in male children and affects mainly the left kidney, being frequently associated with the presence of stones. Clinically, it has nonspecific symptoms, the most common being abdominal distension and asthenia. Laboratory exams shows microcytic, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and increased inflammation, pyuria, hematuria and proteinuria, in addition to bacterial growth in urine culture. The diagnosis is anatomopathological, but it can be hinted by contrasted CT scan, with the classical sign of the "bear's paw". Treatment may include nephrectomy and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.

La importancia de la evidencia y de la adherencia a los protocolos clínicos en bienestar de los pacientes. Caso clínico de morbimortalidad / The importance of timely and safe care. Report of one case

We report a 32-year-old woman with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis undergoing a nephrectomy for left xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with a coralliform calculus and septic shock. Her clinical evolution was torpid, subfebrile, with persistent elevation of inflammatory parameters and with the finding of intra-abdominal collections interpreted as post-surgical. Finally faced with microbiological evidence of infection of the collections, the patient was operated and tended to improve. Subsequently, she underwent a difficult mechanical ventilation weaning, identifying the abrupt discontinuation of benzodiazepines as a contributing factor to agitation. We report this patient for educational purposes and to reinforce some quality-of-care concepts such as safety and opportunity of healthcare.

[The importance of timely and safe care. Report of one case]. / La importancia de la evidencia y de la adherencia a los protocolos clínicos en bienestar de los pacientes. Caso clínico de morbimortalidad.

We report a 32-year-old woman with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis undergoing a nephrectomy for left xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with a coralliform calculus and septic shock. Her clinical evolution was torpid, subfebrile, with persistent elevation of inflammatory parameters and with the finding of intra-abdominal collections interpreted as post-surgical. Finally faced with microbiological evidence of infection of the collections, the patient was operated and tended to improve. Subsequently, she underwent a difficult mechanical ventilation weaning, identifying the abrupt discontinuation of benzodiazepines as a contributing factor to agitation. We report this patient for educational purposes and to reinforce some quality-of-care concepts such as safety and opportunity of healthcare.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy outside gerota fascia and en bloc ligation of the renal hilum for management of inflammatory renal diseases

ABSTRACT Objectives This study aims to improve laparoscopic nephrectomy techniques for inflammatory renal diseases (IRD) and to reduce complications. Materials and Methods Thirty-three patients underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy for IRD, with a method of outside Gerota fascia dissection and en-bloc ligation and division of the renal pedicle. Operative time, blood loss, complications, analgesia requirement, post-operative recovery of intestinal function and hospital stay were recorded. The degrees of perinephric adhesion were classified based on the observation during operation and post-operative dissection of the specimen, and the association of different types of adhesion with the difficulty of the procedures was examined. Results Among 33 cases, three were converted to hand-assisted laparoscopy, and one was converted to open surgery. Mean operative time was 99.6±29.2min, and blood loss was 75.2±83.5 mL. Postoperative recovery time of intestinal function was 1.6±0.7 days and average hospital stay was 4.8±1.4 days. By classification and comparison of the perinephric adhesions, whether inflammation extending beyond Gerota fascia or involving renal hilum was found to be not only an important factor influencing the operative time and blood loss, but also the main reason for conversion to hand-assisted laparoscopy or open surgery. Conclusions In laparoscopic nephrectomy, outside Gerota fascia dissection of the kidney and en-bloc ligation of the renal pedicle using EndoGIA could reduce the difficulty of procedure and operative time, with satisfactory safety and reliability. Inflammation and adhesion extending beyond Gerota fascia or involving renal hilum is an important predictor of the difficulty related to laparoscopic nephrectomy for IRD.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy outside gerota fascia and En bloc ligation of the renal hilum for management of inflammatory renal diseases.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to improve laparoscopic nephrectomy techniques for inflammatory renal diseases (IRD) and to reduce complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy for IRD, with a method of outside Gerota fascia dissection and en-bloc ligation and division of the renal pedicle. Operative time, blood loss, complications, analgesia requirement, post-operative recovery of intestinal function and hospital stay were recorded. The degrees of perinephric adhesion were classified based on the observation during operation and post-operative dissection of the specimen, and the association of different types of adhesion with the difficulty of the procedures was examined. RESULTS: Among 33 cases, three were converted to hand-assisted laparoscopy, and one was converted to open surgery. Mean operative time was 99.6±29.2min, and blood loss was 75.2±83.5 mL. Postoperative recovery time of intestinal function was 1.6±0.7 days and average hospital stay was 4.8±1.4 days. By classification and comparison of the perinephric adhesions, whether inflammation extending beyond Gerota fascia or involving renal hilum was found to be not only an important factor influencing the operative time and blood loss, but also the main reason for conversion to hand-assisted laparoscopy or open surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In laparoscopic nephrectomy, outside Gerota fascia dissection of the kidney and en-bloc ligation of the renal pedicle using EndoGIA could reduce the difficulty of procedure and operative time, with satisfactory safety and reliability. Inflammation and adhesion extending beyond Gerota fascia or involving renal hilum is an important predictor of the difficulty related to laparoscopic nephrectomy for IRD.

Pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa: estudio retrospectivo de 8 casos / Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a retrospective study of 8 cases

Hemos revisado las características clínicas, radiológicas y patológicas de la pielonefritis xan-togranulomatosa junto con la evolución de la enfermedad y una revisión bibliográfica de la misma. Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo en nuestro centro, obteniendo una muestra de 8 casos confirmados por anatomía patológica a través de los que describimos las características clínicas y diagnósticas. De los 8 casos (1 varón y 7 mujeres), 6 de ellos debutaron como cólico renal complicado, 1 se presentó con astenia y pérdida de peso y el otro caso fue un hallazgo incidental. El diagnóstico inicial se realizó mediante ecografía en 2 casos y TC en todos los casos, siendo confirmados todos mediante estudio histopatológico.

We have revised the clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics of Xanthogranuloma-tous pyelonephritis (XGP), together with the evolution of the disease and a literature review of the same. A retrospective study was performed at our center, obtaining a sample of 8 pathologically confirmed cases which we used to describe the clinical and diagnostic features. Of the 8 cases (1 male and 7 female), 6 of them presented complicated renal colic, one presented asthenia and weight loss and the other case was an incidental finding. The initial diagnosis was achieved with ultrasonography in 2 of the cases and with CT in all of the cases, all being confirmed by a histopathological study.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis--are there predictive factors for success?

OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic nephrectomy for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is currently associated with great operative difficulty and surgical complications. Herein, we report on our single-center experience and describe predictive factors for successfully accomplishing this procedure. METHOD: Between March 1998 and April 2010, 66 patients (27 men and 39 women) underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy for the treatment of a unilateral nonfunctioning kidney. These patients had previous diagnoses of renal chronic inflammation associated with calculi and previous pyonephrosis. All of the nephrectomies were performed using the transperitoneal approach, and a similar technique was used for radical nephrectomy. RESULTS: Laparoscopic nephrectomy for the treatment of renal chronic inflammation was successful in 58/66 cases (87.9%). Eight cases were converted to the open technique because of difficulty in progression, which was related to the discovery of dense adhesions in the hilar or perirenal region. One major (colonic lesion) and two minor (wound infection) complications occurred in the conversion group. A diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis was confirmed pathologically for all of the specimens. Of the factors examined, a longitudinal renal length greater than 12 cm (laparoscopy group - 7.2±1.8 cm, versus open group - 13.6±1.5 cm; p<0.05) and time to access the renal vessels (laparoscopy group - 32±18 min, versus open group - 91±11 min; p<0.05) were associated with a higher conversion rate. Although the number of patients in the conversion group was small, the majority of these patients received right-sided nephrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic nephrectomy for the treatment of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is feasible and associated with low levels of morbidity. Factors including the time required to control the renal vessels, renal length and right-sided nephrectomy were associated with higher chances of conversion into an open procedure.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: are there predictive factors for success?

OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic nephrectomy for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is currently associated with great operative difficulty and surgical complications. Herein, we report on our single-center experience and describe predictive factors for successfully accomplishing this procedure. METHOD: Between March 1998 and April 2010, 66 patients (27 men and 39 women) underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy for the treatment of a unilateral nonfunctioning kidney. These patients had previous diagnoses of renal chronic inflammation associated with calculi and previous pyonephrosis. All of the nephrectomies were performed using the transperitoneal approach, and a similar technique was used for radical nephrectomy. RESULTS: Laparoscopic nephrectomy for the treatment of renal chronic inflammation was successful in 58/66 cases (87.9%). Eight cases were converted to the open technique because of difficulty in progression, which was related to the discovery of dense adhesions in the hilar or perirenal region. One major (colonic lesion) and two minor (wound infection) complications occurred in the conversion group. A diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis was confirmed pathologically for all of the specimens. Of the factors examined, a longitudinal renal length greater than 12 cm (laparoscopy group - 7.2±1.8 cm, versus open group - 13.6±1.5 cm; p<0.05) and time to access the renal vessels (laparoscopy group - 32±18 min, versus open group - 91±11 min; p<0.05) were associated with a higher conversion rate. Although the number of patients in the conversion group was small, the majority of these patients received right-sided nephrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic nephrectomy for the treatment of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is feasible and associated with low levels of morbidity. Factors including the time required to control the renal vessels, renal length and right-sided nephrectomy were associated with higher chances of conversion into an open procedure.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: clinical experience with 41 cases.

OBJECTIVES: Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is an uncommon inflammation of the renal parenchyma that occurs in the presence of chronic obstruction and suppuration. In this retrospective study, a review of the features of 41 recent cases of XGP is presented and compared with current published data. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical, surgical, and radiologic features of 41 cases of XGP and compared the data of this Brazilian population with that from current published reports. RESULTS: XGP was diagnosed in 19.2% of all nephrectomies performed for pyelonephritis during the period analyzed. Of the 41 patients with XGP, 85.4% were women and 14.6% were men. All patients were symptomatic, and the most common symptoms were fever, flank or abdominal pain, weight loss, lower urinary tract symptoms, and gross hematuria. The most frequent computed tomography findings included hydronephrosis, kidney enlargement, poor excretion of contrast medium, and air in the urinary tract. All patients had renal calculi, 34.1% of which were staghorn calculi. All patients underwent nephrectomy. For the few cases in which laparoscopy was performed, the conversion rate was high. CONCLUSIONS: XGP is a common histologic variant of surgically managed pyelonephritis, corresponding to almost 20% of such cases. As described in other series, we found a population that largely consisted of middle-age women. The clinical presentation was characterized mainly by pain and constitutional symptoms. The main etiologic agent isolated was Escherichia coli, and in all cases, calculi were present. Computed tomography can be considered the best imaging study to diagnose XGP, and in the few cases managed by laparoscopy, high conversion rates were observed.

Fístula nefrobrônquica em paciente com infecção por "Pasteurella aerogenes" / Nephrobronchial fistula due to Pastereula aerogenes infection

Apresenta-se o caso de uma paciente com nefrolitíase que, após submeter-se a uma litotripsia, evoluiu com pielonefrite xantogranulomatosa, fístula nefrobrônquica, abscesso pulmonar e septicemia. O tratamento incluiu drenagem da loja renal, drenagem tubular da pleura e do abscesso pulmonar por toracotomia e nefrectomia direita. A bactéria isolada, tanto da loja renal, quanto do abscesso pulmonar, foi a Pasteurella aerogenes, sendo este o primeiro caso na literatura médica mundial relacionado a este patógeno

Pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa en la infancia. Presentación de 3 casos / Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children. Presentation of 3 cases

Se analizan las historias clínicas de 3 pacientes en edades pediátricas, los cuales se estudiaron y cuyo diagnóstico fue de pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa, en el período comprendido entre 1985 y 1995. Dos enfermos pertenecían al sexo masculino y 1 al femenino. Todos los pacientes tenían antecedentes de sepsis urinaria, y se comportaron, desde el punto de vista radiológico: 1 con ausencia de eliminación renal, otro con ureteronefrosis y el último como una variedad pseudotumoral renal. A los 3 se les realizó nefrectomía y evolucionaron satisfactoriamente, lo que precisó el diagnóstico posoperatorio. Se revisó la literatura médica nacional e internacional (AU)

Pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa en la infancia: presentación de 3 casos / Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children: presentation of 3 cases

Se analizan las historias clínicas de 3 pacientes en edades pediátricas, los cuales se estudiaron y cuyo diagnóstico fue de pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa, en el período comprendido entre 1985 y 1995. Dos enfermos pertenecían al sexo masculino y 1 al femenino. Todos los pacientes tenían antecedentes de sepsis urinaria, y se comportaron, desde el punto de vista radiológico: 1 con ausencia de eliminación renal, otro con ureteronefrosis y el último como una variedad pseudotumoral renal. A los 3 se les realizó nefrectomía y evolucionaron satisfactoriamente, lo que precisó el diagnóstico posoperatorio. Se revisó la literatura médica nacional e internacional

Pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa: comunicación de tres casos en Tepatitlán, Jalisco, México / Xantogranulomatous pyelonephritis: report of three cases in Tepatitlán, Jalisco

Se presentan tres casos de pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa, dos varones con litiadis coraliforme (uno de ellos diabético), y el tercero, una mujer diabética sin litiasis. Los estudios de imágenes aportaron datos suficientes para establecer el diagnóstico preoperatorio primario de pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa. El tratamiento consistió en triple esquema de antibióticos, y nefrectomía con drenaje

Nefropatías atípicas como causa de nefrectomías en la edad pediátrica / Atypical nephropaties leading to nephrectomy in children

El porcentaje de unidades renales que deben ser extirpadas en la edad pediátrica ha disminuido, gracias al desarrollo de técnicas de diagnóstico precoz y a la aparición de tratamientos quirúrgicos alternativos como la cirugía de banco, las embolizaciones selectivas y el gran avance de la edoscopía renal.Sin embargo un cierto número de patologías nefrourológicas no tienen otra alternativa que la nefrectomía para eliminar el riesgo vital que suponen para el enfermo.Se presentan tres nefropatías, atípicas en la edad pediátrica,cuya evolución obligó a la extirpación del riñón patológico.Se trataba de una pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa que afectaba todo el riñón derecho una hematuria esencial de evolución maligna cuyo diagnóstico etiológico no pudo ser establecido,incluso en el estudio histopatológico y una hipertención secundaria a múltiples anuerismas intrarenales localizados exclusivamente en el riñón derecho

Nefropatías atípicas como causa de nefrectomías en la edad pediátrica / Atypical nephropaties leading to nephrectomy in children

El porcentaje de unidades renales que deben ser extirpadas en la edad pediátrica ha disminuido, gracias al desarrollo de técnicas de diagnóstico precoz y a la aparición de tratamientos quirúrgicos alternativos como la cirugía de banco, las embolizaciones selectivas y el gran avance de la edoscopía renal.Sin embargo un cierto número de patologías nefrourológicas no tienen otra alternativa que la nefrectomía para eliminar el riesgo vital que suponen para el enfermo.Se presentan tres nefropatías, atípicas en la edad pediátrica,cuya evolución obligó a la extirpación del riñón patológico.Se trataba de una pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa que afectaba todo el riñón derecho una hematuria esencial de evolución maligna cuyo diagnóstico etiológico no pudo ser establecido,incluso en el estudio histopatológico y una hipertención secundaria a múltiples anuerismas intrarenales localizados exclusivamente en el riñón derecho

Pielonefrite xantogranulomatosa: relato de cinco casos e revisäo da literatura / Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: report of five cases and review of the literature

Os autores descrevem cinco casos de pielonefrite xantogranulomatosa em mulheres com idades variando entre 22 e 67 anos e fazem uma revisäo da literatura a respeito dessa instigante afecçäo. Uma paciente (caso 3) apresentou-se em franca insuficiência renal e com sinais de doença bilateral. Todas as pacientes foram submetidas à nefrectomia. Em dois casos (4 e 5) suspeitou-se do diagnóstico no pré-operatório: ambas as pacientes exibiam uma massa no flanco esquerdo acompanhada, no caso 4, de um extenso derrame pleural ipsilateral e, no caso 5, de drenagem de material purulento ao nível da regiäo lombar. No caso 1, no sexto dia pós-operatório, desenvolveu-se uma fístula estercoral, fazendo-se necessária a realizaçäo de uma colostomia transversa seguida, nove meses depois, da reconstituiçäo do trânsito intestinal.