Estudo experimental comparativo da resistência tensional da safena magna no tornozelo e na região inguinal / Experimental comparative assay of tensile resistance of greater saphenous vein from ankle and groin

Resumo Contexto A veia safena magna é usada como material de remendo em vários tipos de reconstrução arterial, incluindo no trauma e endarterectomias de carótida e femoral. Houve relatos de ruptura do remendo de safena, particularmente de veias colhidas na região do tornozelo. Há uma necessidade de medição objetiva da resistência tecidual da safena magna. Objetivos Mensurar a força tensional suportada pela veia safena magna e analisar a correlação entre resistência e diâmetro da veia. Métodos As veias foram coletadas durante operações de safenectomia por varizes dos membros inferiores. Foram analisados apenas segmentos sem refluxo. Foram analisados 10 membros de oito pacientes, com um total de 20 espécimes. Os espécimes foram submetidos a ensaio de tração em equipamento eletrônico, obtendo-se os valores de tensão máxima do material em quilogramas-força por centímetro quadrado (kgf/cm2; força máxima dividida pela área de secção transversa do segmento submetido à tração). Resultados A tensão máxima suportada pela veia safena do tornozelo variou de 74,02 a 190,10 kgf/cm2, e a tensão máxima da veia safena da crossa variou de 13,53 a 69,45 kgf/cm2 (p < 0,0001). O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson entre o diâmetro da veia distendida e a tensão máxima suportada foram iguais a -0,852 (correlação inversa moderada a forte). Conclusões A resistência tecidual da veia safena magna do tornozelo é maior do que a da crossa em mulheres submetidas a operação de varizes; há correlação negativa entre o diâmetro da veia e sua resistência tecidual nessa mesma população.

Abstract Background The great saphenous vein is used as patch material in several types of arterial reconstruction, including trauma and carotid and femoral endarterectomy. There have been reports of saphenous patch blowout, particularly of patches constructed with veins harvested from the ankle. There is a need for objective measurement of the resistance of saphenous vein tissues. Objectives To measure the tensile strength of the great saphenous vein harvested at the ankle and groin and analyze the correlation between diameter and tissue strength. Methods Venous samples were harvested during elective saphenous stripping in patients with symptomatic varicose veins. Only segments without reflux were included. Ten limbs from eight patients were studied, providing 20 samples in total. Venous segments were opened along their longitudinal axis and fitted to electronic traction assay equipment to obtain values for material maximum tension in kilograms-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2; the maximum force resisted by the segment, divided by its cross-sectional area). Results The average maximum tension in the ankle saphenous vein group ranged from 74.02 to 190.10 kgf/cm2 and from 13.53 to 69.45 kgf/cm2 in the groin saphenous vein group (p < 0.0001). The Pearson coefficient for the correlation between vein diameter and maximum tension was -0.852 (moderate to strong inverse correlation). Conclusions Ankle saphenous vein tissue from female patients operated for varicose veins has significantly higher resistance than saphenous vein tissue from the groin and there is an inverse relation between vein diameter and resistance of tissue from the same population.

Associação entre variação anatômica da veia safena magna e insuficiência venosa em pacientes à ultrassonografia vascular dos membros inferiores / Association between anatomical variation of the great saphenous vein and venous failure in patients undergoing vascular ultrasound of the lower limbs

97 Artigo Original Associação entre Variação Anatômica da Veia Safena Magna e Insuficiência Venosa em Pacientes Submetidos à Ultrassonografia Vascular dos Membros Inferiores Association between Anatomical Variation of the Great Saphenous Vein and Venous Failure in Patients Undergoing Vascular Ultrasound of the Lower Limbs Ana Cristina Lopes Albricker, 2,3 Ane Graziela Ferreira Andrade, 1 Danila Simões Almeida, 1 Gisely Simões Almeida, 1 Jaider Matheus Monteiro de Andrade, 1 Paola Souza dos Santos, 1 Marcio Vinícius Lins Barros 1,3 Faculdade de Saúde e Ecologia Humana, 1 Vespasiano, MG; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais; 2 Centro Especializado em Ultrassonografia, 3 Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil Resumo Introdução: A anatomia venosa pode apresentar significativa variabilidade, com ampla incidência de afluentes venosos, veias duplicadas, tributárias ou acessórias relacionadas às veias safenas. O reconhecimento e a identificação destas variações são importantes no manejo terapêutico destes pacientes, sendo que a ultrassonografia vascular é o método de escolha na avaliação do sistema venoso periférico. Objetivos: avaliar a associação entre variação anatômica da veia safena magna (VSM) e insuficiência venosa dos membros inferiores em pacientes com varizes primárias dos membros inferiores. Métodos: Foram avaliados consecutivamente pacientes com clínica de varizes de membros inferiores no período de 2014 a 2015, excluindo pacientes com história de cirurgia prévia e trombose venosa profunda. A ecografia vascular foi realizada para exame do sistema venoso superficial, em especial ao estudo da VSM, determinando os diversos padrões de variação anatômica deste vaso e sua associação com a presença de insuficiência venosa e classificação CEAP. Resultados: foram examinados 422 membros inferiores de 211 pacientes, com idade entre 21 e 86 anos, média de 45,7 anos, sendo 81% do sexo feminino, com predomínio de CEAP 1 (43,8%) e 2 (46,2%). Refluxo na VSM foi encontrado em 35,1%. A presença de variação anatômica foi encontrada em 8,8% dos pacientes sendo mais frequente em terço distal da coxa e proximal da perna (27,3%), não sendo observado associação entre a variação anatômica da VSM e CEAP (p = 0,25). Observou-se associação estatisticamente significativa entre ausência de variação anatômica e de insuficiência de VSM (p = 0,03). Conclusão: no presente estudo observou-se variação anatômica da veia safena magna em cerca de 9% dos pacientes, com associação significativa entre insuficiência de veia safena magna e ausência de variação anatômica

ntroduction: Venous anatomy may present significant variability, with a wide incidence of venous tributaries, duplicate or accessory veins related to saphenous veins. The recognition and identification of these variations are important in the therapeutic management of these patients, and vascular ultrasonography is the method of choice in the evaluation of the peripheral venous system. Objectives: To evaluate the association between anatomic variance of the great saphenous vein (VSM) and venous insufficiency of the lower limbs in patients with primary varicose veins of the lower limbs. Methods: Patients with varicose veins were consecutively evaluated in the period from 2014 to 2015, excluding patients with a history of previous surgery and deep venous thrombosis. Vascular ultrasound was performed to examine the superficial venous system, in particular to the VSM study, determining the different patterns of anatomical variation of this vessel and its association with the presence of venous insufficiency and CEAP classification. Results: 422 lower limbs of 211 patients, aged between 21 and 86 years, mean age of 45.7 years, 81% female, with a predominance of APC 1 (43.8%) and 2 (46.2% %). Reflux in the VSM was found in 35.1%. The presence of anatomical variation was found in 8.8% of the patients, being more frequent in the distal third of the thigh and proximal of the leg (27.3%). No association was found between the anatomical variation of MSV and CEAP (p = 0.25). There was a statistically significant association between no anatomic variation and the presence of VSM insufficiency (p = 0.03). Conclusion: in the present study, anatomic variation of the great saphenous vein was observed in about 9% of the patients, with a significant association between insufficiency of the great saphenous vein and no anatomical variation

Padrões de refluxo nas veias safenas em homens com insuficiência venosa crônica / Patterns of saphenous reflux in men with chronic venous insufficiency

Resumo Contexto A insuficiência venosa crônica (IVCr) é frequente e predomina nas mulheres, mas ainda há poucas informações sobre o refluxo nas veias safenas na população masculina. Objetivos Identificar os diferentes padrões de refluxo nas veias safenas magnas (VSMs) e parvas (VSPs) em homens, correlacionando esses dados com a apresentação clínica conforme a classificação Clínica, Etiológica, Anatômica e Fisiopatológica (CEAP). Métodos Foram avaliados 369 membros inferiores de 207 homens pela ultrassonografia vascular (UV) com diagnóstico clínico de IVCr primária. As variáveis analisadas foram a classificação CEAP, o padrão de refluxo nas VSMs e VSPs e a correlação entre os dois. Resultados Nos 369 membros avaliados, 72,9% das VSMs apresentaram refluxo com predominância do padrão segmentar (33,8%). Nas VSPs, 16% dos membros inferiores analisados apresentaram refluxo, sendo o mais frequente o padrão distal (33,9%). Dos membros classificados como C4, C5 e C6, 100% apresentaram refluxo na VSM com predominância do refluxo proximal (25,64%), e 38,46% apresentaram refluxo na VSP com equivalência entre os padrões distal e proximal (33,3%). Refluxo na junção safeno-femoral (JSF) foi detectado em 7,1% dos membros nas classes C0 e C1, 35,6% nas classes C2 e C3, e 64,1% nas classes C4 a C6. Conclusões O padrão de refluxo segmentar é predominante na VSM, e o padrão de refluxo distal é predominante na VSP. A ocorrência de refluxo na JSF é maior em pacientes com IVCr mais avançada.

Abstract Background Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is frequent and predominantly affects women, but there is a lack of information about saphenous vein reflux in the male population. Objective To identify different patterns of reflux in the great and small saphenous veins of men and correlate them with clinical presentation graded according to the Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology (CEAP) classification. Methods A total of 369 lower limbs in 207 men with a clinical diagnosis of primary CVI of the lower limbs were evaluated using vascular ultrasound (VU). The variables analyzed were CEAP clinical classification, patterns of reflux in the great and small saphenous veins, and the correlations between them. Results A total of 369 limbs were evaluated and in 72.9% of them the great saphenous vein (GSV) had reflux, predominantly the segmental pattern (33.8%), while in 16% of the lower limbs analyzed the small saphenous vein (SSV) had reflux, among which the most frequent pattern was distal (33.9%). All limbs classified as C4, C5, or C6 had GSV reflux, predominantly proximal (25.64%), while 38.46% had SSV reflux compatible with distal and proximal reflux patterns (33.3%). Reflux was detected at the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) in 7.1% of limbs graded C0 and C1, in 35.6% of C2 and C3 limbs and in 64.1% of C4 to C6 limbs. Conclusion The predominant reflux patterns are segmental at the GSV and distal at the SSV. The frequency of SFJ reflux is higher in patients with more advanced CVI.

Anatomy of the sural nerve related to calcaneal tendon, intermalleolar line and small saphenous vein / Anatomía del nervio sural en relación con el tendón calcáneo, la línea intermaleolar y la vena safena parva

Sural nerve (SN) courses from the posterior aspect of leg to the lateral side of ankle and foot. Anatomy of the SN is of clinical importance due to its involvement in nerve biopsy, nerve graft harvesting including injuries during calcaneal tendon repair. Despite substantial knowledge in the literature, more easily located landmarks and data regarding the symmetry are still needed. Ninety-eight lower extremities from 31 males and 18 females were dissected in this study. The SN originated from the union between the medial and lateral sural cutaneous nerves in 52.0 % of the legs. The distance from the union point to the intermalleolar line (IML) was 16.3±8.4 (SD) cm. The ratio of this distance to the fibular length (apex of head to lateral malleolus or LM) was 0.47±0.23 cm. In 84.7 % of the legs, the SN initially coursed medial to and then crossed the lateral border of calcaneal tendon at the distance of 8.4±2.1 cm above the IML. The ratio to the fibular length was 0.25±0.06 cm. At the level of IML, the SN was posterior to the most prominent part of the LM in 95.9 % of the legs with the distance of 2.6±0.5 cm. At the closest point, the SN was lateral to the small saphenous vein in 74.5 % of the legs and the distance from this point to the IML was 10.6±4.7 cm. The ratio to the fibular length was 0.31±0.14 cm. Side difference or asymmetry was observed in a substantial number of specimens. These data are crucial for not only localizing the SN during biopsy and graft harvesting but also avoiding the nerve injury during relevant surgical procedures.

El nervio sural (NS) transcurre por la región posterior de la pierna, el tobillo y el pie. La anatomía del NS es de importancia clínica durante la realización de una biopsia, el desarrollo de injerto de nervio, incluyendo lesiones del nervio durante la reparación del tendón calcáneo. A pesar del conocimiento sustancial en la literatura, aún se necesitan puntos de referencia más fáciles de localizar e información sobre la simetría. Noventa y ocho miembros inferiores de 31 hombres y 18 mujeres fueron disecados. El NS se originó a partir de la unión entre los nervios cutáneo sural medial y cutáneo sural lateral en el 52,0 % de las piernas. La distancia desde el punto de unión a la línea intermaleolar (IML) fue de 16,3±8,4 (SD) cm. La relación de esta distancia a la longitud de la fíbula (vértice de la cabeza al maléolo lateral o LM) fue de 0,47±0,23 cm. En el 84,7 % de las piernas, el NS se ubicó inicialmente medial y luego cruzó el margen lateral del tendón calcáneo a una distancia de 8,4±2,1 cm proximal a la IML. La relación de longitud de la fíbula fue de 0,25±0,06 cm. A nivel de la IML, el NS se localizaba posterior a la parte más prominente de la LM en el 95,9 % de las piernas, con una distancia de 2,6±0,5 cm. En el punto más cercano, el NS se localizaba lateral a la vena safena parva en 74,5 % de las piernas y la distancia desde este punto hasta la IML fue de 10,6±4,7 cm. La relación de longitud de la fíbula fue 0,31±0,14 cm. La diferencia entre los lados o asimetría se observó en un número considerable de ejemplares. Estos datos son esenciales no sólo para localizar el NS durante la biopsia y la realización del injerto sino también para evitar la lesión del nervio durante procedimientos quirúrgicos relevantes.

Distribution of saphenous vein valves and its pratical importance / Distribuição das válvulas da veia safena magna e sua importância prática

Objective: Among the veins used as a graft in myocardial revascularizations and ends, great saphenous vein is the most used. Knowing the presence and location of valves has great importance when evaluating the surgical anatomy of the great saphenous vein. Despite major surgical application and many works involving great saphenous vein, the number of valves present in it from the saphenous hiatus to the medial epicondyle of the femur is still described inaccurately. The objective of this study is to quantify the valves of the great saphenous vein from the saphenous hiatus to the medial epicondyle of the femur to determine the best portion of the great saphenous vein to perform revascularization surgeries. Methods: This is a crosssectional observational study in which it was analyzed great saphenous vein extracted from 30 cadavers. It was measured the length of the veins; (diameter) at its proximal, middle and distal, quantifying the number of valves in each one and the total number of valves at the great saphenous vein. Results: The frequency of valves in the great saphenous vein taken from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the saphenous hiatus was 4.82, ranging between 2 and 9. Moreover, there is a significant difference in the number of valves in the proximal and distal relative to the average. Conclusion: the median and distal portions of the saphenous vein in the thigh, are the best options for the realization of bridges due to the fact that these portions have fewer valves which therefore would tend to decrease the risk of complications connected with the valves in these grafts. .

Objetivo: Dentre as veias empregadas para revascularizações do miocárdio e de extremidades, a veia safena magna é a mais utilizada. Conhecer a presença e localização de válvulas é de grande importância quando se avalia a anatomia cirúrgica da veia safena magna. Apesar de grande aplicação cirúrgica e de muitos trabalhos envolvendo a veia safena magna, o número de válvulas presente nela desde o hiato safeno até o epicôndilo medial do fêmur ainda é descrito de forma imprecisa. O objetivo do presente trabalho é quantificar as válvulas da veia safena magna desde o hiato safeno até o epicôndilo medial do fêmur para determinar a melhor porção da veia safena magna para a realização de cirurgias de revascularização. Métodos: Este é um estudo transversal e observacional em que foram analisadas veias safena magna extraídas de 30 cadáveres. Foram realizadas as medidas das variáveis do comprimento das veias; (diâmetro) em suas porções proximal, média e distal; quantificação do número de válvulas nestas e número de válvulas total na veia safena magna. Resultados: A frequência de válvulas da veia safena contadas desde o epicôndilo medial do fêmur até o hiato safeno foi de 4,82, podendo variar entre 2 e 9. Além disso, houve diferença significante do número de válvulas da porção proximal em relação à média e distal. Conclusão: As porções média e distal da veia safena magna na coxa são as melhores opções para a realização de pontes em decorrência do fato destas porções terem menor quantidade de válvulas o que, portanto, tenderia a diminuir o risco de complicações relacionadas as válvulas nestes enxertos. .

Distribution of saphenous vein valves and its practical importance.

OBJECTIVE: Among the veins used as a graft in myocardial revascularizations and ends, great saphenous vein is the most used. Knowing the presence and location of valves has great importance when evaluating the surgical anatomy of the great saphenous vein. Despite major surgical application and many works involving great saphenous vein, the number of valves present in it from the saphenous hiatus to the medial epicondyle of the femur is still described inaccurately. The objective of this study is to quantify the valves of the great saphenous vein from the saphenous hiatus to the medial epicondyle of the femur to determine the best portion of the great saphenous vein to perform revascularization surgeries. METHODS: This is a cross sectional observational study in which it was analyzed great saphenous vein extracted from 30 cadavers. It was measured the length of the veins; (diameter) at its proximal, middle and distal, quantifying the number of valves in each one and the total number of valves at the great saphenous vein. RESULTS: The frequency of valves in the great saphenous vein taken from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the saphenous hiatus was 4.82, ranging between 2 and 9. Moreover, there is a significant difference in the number of valves in the proximal and distal relative to the average. CONCLUSION: the median and distal portions of the saphenous vein in the thigh, are the best options for the realization of bridges due to the fact that these portions have fewer valves which therefore would tend to decrease the risk of complications connected with the valves in these grafts.

Sartorial branch of saphenous nerve: anatomical relationship with bony landmarks and great saphenous vein / Ramo sartorial del nervio safeno safeno: relación anatómica con puntos de referencia óseos y de la vena safena magna

Sartorial branch of saphenous nerve (medial crural cutaneous nerve) originates at the medial side of the knee and descends along the great saphenous vein (GSV) to innervate the medial aspect of the leg. Its anatomy is of concern in surgical procedures and anesthetic block. However, the measurement data related to palpable bony landmarks with comparison between sexes and sides are lacking. Dissection was done in 95 lower limbs from both sexes. We found that the nerve pierced the deep fascia alone in most cases (92.6%). This piercing point was always distal to the adductor tubercle with the distance of 5-6 cm which was 15% of the leg length (the distance between the adductor tubercle and medial malleolus). The nerve was 7 cm medial to the tibial tuberosity. At the mid-level of leg length, the nerve was slightly over 4 cm medial to the anterior tibial margin. The nerve terminally divided 7 cm proximal to the medial malleolus. Furthermore, the anatomical relationship between the nerve and the GSV was highly variable. The nerve was constantly anterior, posterior or deep to the GSV in 8.4%, 15.8% and 2.1%, respectively. Crossing between the two structures was observed in 57.9% of specimens and the distance to the medial malleolus was 18 cm. Symmetry was found in most parameters and significant gender differences were observed in some distances. These results are important for avoiding the sartorial nerve injury and locating the nerve during relevant procedures.

El ramo sartorial del nervio safeno (nervio cutáneo medial de la pierna) se origina en el lado medial de la rodilla y desciende a lo largo de la vena safena magna (VSM) para inervar la cara medial de la pierna. Su anatomía es motivo de preocupación en los procedimientos quirúrgicos y en el bloqueo anestésico. Sin embargo, los datos de medición relacionados con puntos de referencia óseos palpables y la comparación entre los lados y en ambos sexos son escasas. Se realizó la disección en 95 miembros inferiores de ambos sexos. Se encontró que el nervio perforó la fascia profunda en la mayoría de los casos (92,6%). Esta punta de perforación fue siempre distal al tubérculo del músculo aductor magno a una distancia de 5-6 cm, que representaba el 15% del largo de la pierna (la distancia entre el tubérculo del aductor magno y el maléolo medial). El nervio se localizaba 7 cm medial a la tuberosidad tibial. Al nivel del tercio medio en ambas piernas, el nervio estaba a una distancia un poco mayor a 4 cm medial al margen anterior de la tibia. El nervio se dividía 7 cm proximal al maléolo medial. Por otra parte, la relación anatómica entre el nervio y la VSM fue muy variable. El nervio era constantemente anterior, posterior o profundo a la VSM en 8,4%, 15,8% y 2,1%, respectivamente. Cruce entre las dos estructuras anatómicas se observó en el 57,9% de las muestras y la distancia hasta el maléolo medial fue de 18 cm. La simetría se encuentra en la mayoría de los parámetros y diferencias de sexo significativas se observaron en algunas distancias. Estos resultados son importantes para evitar la lesión del nervio sartorial y localizar el nervio durante los procedimientos pertinentes.

Small saphenous vein: where does reflux go? / Veia safena parva: para onde se dirige o refluxo?

BACKGROUND:The anatomy of small saphenous vein (SSV) is very variable because of its complex embryological origin. SSV incompetence often causes reflux that goes to the perforating veins, sometimes not respecting the anatomical course. OBJECTIVE: To analyze differences in reflux direction and reentry in the SSV. METHODS:In this prospective, observational study, 60 lower limbs with SSV incompetence of 43 patients were assessed using a color Doppler ultrasound protocol. RESULTS: Reentry variations were grouped into four types and subtypes. Percentage results were: Type A, perforating veins on the medial side = 25/60 cases (41.66%); subtypes: Cockett, Sherman, paratibial and vertex; Type B, lateral malleolus and perforating veins on the lateral side (fibular 17-26 cm) = 15/60 cases (25%); subtypes: fibular and malleolus; Type C, two branches = 19/60 cases (31.66%); subtypes: gastrocnemius and Cockett, gastrocnemius and malleolus, and/or fibular, Cockett and malleolus, Cockett-vertex and fibular; Type D, reflux in the superficial system = 1/60 cases (1.66%. CONCLUSION:On most of the lower limbs assessed, reflux did not follow the classical anatomic course. Our findings demonstrated a high degree of variation in reflux/reentry, but no SSV anatomical variations. Reflux seems to, either look for the most accessible anatomical connection for reentry or be originated in the distal area and then reach the SSV.

CONTEXTO:A veia safena parva (VSP) apresenta grande variabilidade anatômica graças à sua complexa origem embriológica. Na VSP insuficiente, o refluxo que se dirige para a perfurante de reentrada nem sempre obedece ao mesmo trajeto anatômico. OBJETIVO: Estudar a variabilidade da direção do refluxo da VSP e sua reentrada. MÉTODOS:Neste estudo prospectivo e observacional, 60 membros inferiores com insuficiência de VSP em 43 pacientes foram avaliados por protocolo de eco-color Doppler. RESULTADOS: As variações de reentrada foram agrupadas em quatro tipos, com seus respectivos subtipos. A porcentagem dos achados foi: Tipo A, perfurantes de face medial = 25/60 casos (41,66%), subtipos Cockett, Sherman, paratibiais e do vértice; Tipo B, maléolo externo e perfurantes da face lateral (externa) (fibulares 17-26 cm) = 15/60 casos (25%), subtipos fibulares e maléolo; Tipo C, em dois ramos = 19/60 casos (31,66%), subtipos gastrocnêmias e Cockett, gastrocnêmias e maléolo e/ou fibulares, Cockett e maléolo, Cockett-vértice e fibular; Tipo D, terminação no sistema superficial = 1/60 casos (1,66%). CONCLUSÃO: Na maior parte desta casuística, o refluxo não obedeceu ao percurso anatômico clássico. Demonstrou-se a variabilidade do trajeto do refluxo ou sua reentrada, e não a variabilidade anatômica da veia safena parva. Pode-se interpretar que o refluxo buscaria, como reentrada, a conexão anatômica mais acessível, ou então se originaria no setor distal, alcançando depois a veia safena parva.

Comparison between the traditional and the new training model using rabbits in the assessment / Comparação entre o tradicional e o novo modelo de treinamento utilizando coelhos para a avaliação

PURPOSE: Compare the new training model for vessel ligation with the traditional using rabbits in the assessment. METHODS: From 106 academics of the Division of Operative Technique and Experimental Surgery, 36 were divided into two groups and offered them two training models of ligature. The group was invited to participate to an experimental procedure with rabbits and reproduce the technique trained. The procedure consisted of performing ligatures in saphenous veins of the legs of rabbits. The students were evaluated by objective criteria by an observer evaluator and answered a questionnaire at the end of the procedure. RESULTS: The medical students who have had training with the new model had a higher number of hits compared to the other group performing ligatures without clamping with hemostatic forceps (p<0.05). There was also a higher number of hits for the new model group to perform ligation temporary and permanent ligation with the use of forceps (p>0.05). The questionnaires indicated that the new model develops more ability to work in groups (p=0.088). CONCLUSIONS: The project promotes the implementation of the new model for training ligature, indicating that the new model is better to the traditional surgical practice.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Comparar o novo modelo de treinamento de ligadura de vaso com o tradicional a partir de modelo experimental com coelhos. MÉTODOS: De 106 acadêmicos da Disciplina de Técnica Operatória e Cirurgia Experimental, 36 foram distribuídos em dois grupos e foram ofertados a eles dois modelos de treinamento de ligadura. O grupo foi convidado a participar de procedimento experimental com coelhos para a reprodução da técnica treinada. O procedimento consistiu da realização de ligaduras nas veias safenas das coxas dos coelhos. Os acadêmicos foram avaliados por critérios objetivos por avaliador observador e responderam a um questionário ao final procedimento. RESULTADOS: Os acadêmicos que tiveram treinamento com o novo modelo tiveram maior número de acertos quando comparado o outro grupo para realização de ligaduras sem clampeamento com pinças hemostáticas (p<0,05). Houve maior número de acertos para realização de ligadura temporária e de ligadura definitiva com uso de pinças (p>0,05) para o grupo do novo modelo. Os questionários indicaram que o novo modelo desenvolve mais a habilidade de trabalho em grupo (p=0,088). CONCLUSÃO: O projeto favorece a implantação do novo modelo para treinamento de ligaduras, indicando que o novo modelo se aproxima mais com a prática cirúrgica que o tradicional.(AU)

Relaciones anatómicas de la vena safena magna con el nervio safeno a nivel talocrural / Anatomical relations of the saphenous magna vein with saphenous nerve at the talocrural level

La relación anatómica de la vena safena magna (VSM) y del nervio safeno (NS) en la región talocrural tiene importancia anatomoclínica, sin embargo existen pocos trabajos en la literatura anatómica. Se disecaron 30 pies de cadáveres formolizados de individuos adultos de ambos sexos, describiéndose el origen de la VSM y su relación con el NS en la región talocrural; se midió la distancia entre el NS y la VSM a nivel del ápice, margen anterior y a 1 cm del margen superior del maléolo medial. La VSM se originaba de la unión de la vena marginal medial del pie y el plexo venoso dorsal. La relación anatómica entre la VSM y el NS es variada, cursando el NS en un 63,3 por ciento anterior y 30 por ciento posterior a la VSM y en 6,7 por ciento el NS se dividía en dos ramos los cuales acompañaban anterior y posteriormente a la VSM. La distancia de la VSM y del NS al ápice del maléolo medial fue de 10,75 mm +/- 3,06 y 13,38 +/- 2,82 mm, respectivamente. La distancia de la VSM al margen anterior del maléolo medial fue de 0,53 mm +/- 0,51. Es importante conocer las relaciones de la VSM y del NS para su aplicación clínica, especialmente, en el momento de elegir un acceso venoso periférico no tan frecuente como las venas de la región talocrural.

Despite the clinical and anatomical significance of the anatomical relationship ofthesaphena magna vein (SMV)and thesaphenous nerve in (SN) in the talocrural region there are few studies in the literature. Thirty feet of adult formolized cadavers of both sexes were dissected describing the origin of the SMV and its relation with the SN in the talocrural region. Distance between the SN and the SMV was measured at the apex level, anterior margin and at 1 cm from the upper margin. The SMV originated from the medial marginal vein and dorsal venous arch. Anatomical relation between the SMV and the SN is varied, traveling anterior the SN 63.3 percent, and posterior the SMV 30 percent; in 6.7 percent the SN divided in two branches which joined anterior and posterior to the SMV. The distance of the SMV and the SN medial malleolus apex was 10.75mm +/- 3.06 and 13.38 +/- 2.82 mm. SMV distance to anterior margin of the medial malleolus was 0.53 mm +/- 0.51. The relation between the SMV and SN is important for clinicians particularly at the time of determining peripheral venous access not as frequent in veins of the talocrural region.

The use of autogenous veins for microsurgical repair of the sural nerve after nerve biopsy.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the results of an alternative technique developed to minimize the risk of complications associated with sural nerve biopsy for histopathological analysis. METHODS: Twelve subjects underwent sural nerve biopsy and the defect created in the nerve was bridged by a 50-mm-length segment of the saphenous vein; the control group enrolled 23 patients in whom the entire length of the nerve was harvested to be used as autograft for reconstruction of nerves in the upper limb. Sensory reinnervation was quantified by use of the monofilament test and the static 2-point discrimination test, after a follow-up period of 18 months. RESULTS: The mean time for recovery of protective sensation was 8.7 months in patients submitted to nerve repair, and 10.3 months in the control group (P > .05). The monofilament test and static 2-point discrimination testing demonstrated a mean value of 3.22 and 8 mm (S3), respectively, in the group who underwent sural nerve repair; and 4.17 and 13 mm (S2), respectively, for the control group (P <.05). CONCLUSION: The use of vein as conduits for the repair of the sural nerve did not shorten the time for sensory recovery at the autonomous zone of the nerve; however, the quality of the reinnervation was considered better than the control group. This study suggests that empty veins could be used as conduits to bridge gaps with a length up to 50 mm in cases of injuries of the sural nerve and, possibly, for injuries of other pure sensory nerves as well.

Glycol methacrylate-embedding medium to study morphological alterations of saphenous vein under brief and crescent pressurizations.

PURPOSE: This study sought to evaluate the efficiency of glycol methacrylate-embedding medium to detect morphological alterations of human saphenous vein submitted to brief and crescent pressurizations. METHODS: Saphenous veins of 20 CABG patients were randomly distributed into four experimental groups (control, 100, 200 and 300 mmHg pressures during 15 seconds). To quantify the percentage of endothelium spread over vein surface a microscope magnification of 100x was used for measurements. Morphometric analysis was performed using videomicroscopy with the Leica Qwin software in conjunction with a Leica microscope, videocamera, and an on-line computer. RESULTS: A slight tendency of quantitative increase was observed in all parameters including percentage of endothelium spread over vein surface and thickness of saphenous vein walls (intima and media layers). CONCLUSIONS: The glycol methacrylate-embedding allowed sections with adequate resolution of structural details and revealed to be an extremely useful method to study pressurized human saphenous veins.

Surgical anatomy of the saphenous nerve.

BACKGROUND: During harvest of the saphenous vein (SV), the most important relationship to take into account is the saphenous nerve (SN) to avoid pain and paresthesias after surgery. METHODS: We harvested the SV and SN in 20 cadaveric lower limbs. Relationships between both structures were recorded using a millimetric ruler, and distances were measured from the medial malleolus at the ankle. RESULTS: The SV was superficial to the leg fascia 32 cm above the malleolus in 95% of the legs. During its course in the leg, 40% of SNs are posterior to the SV; 40% are anterior and then posterior to the SV; and 10% are posterior and then hidden by the SV. The SN crosses the SV in 55% of the legs. Three constant branches of the SN were identified: middle-posterior, middle-anterior, and inferior-anterior. The SN ends by splitting 5.9 cm above the malleolus. A vulnerable region occurs in the lowest 13.2 cm, where the SN adheres to the SV. At this level the SN gives off the inferior-anterior branch that crosses the SV in 66% of the legs. Between 21.6 cm and 28.8 cm the SN crosses deep to the SV. CONCLUSIONS: During harvest of the SV, the most vulnerable area is the inferior third of the leg because of venonervous adhesion.

Glycol methacrylate-embedding medium to study morphological alterations of saphenous vein under brief and crescent pressurizations / Inclusão em glicol metacrilato para estudar alterações morfológicas de veias safenas humanas submetidas a pressurizações breves e crescentes

PURPOSE: This study sought to evaluate the efficiency of glycol methacrylate-embedding medium to detect morphological alterations of human saphenous vein submitted to brief and crescent pressurizations. METHODS: Saphenous veins of 20 CABG patients were randomly distributed into four experimental groups (control, 100, 200 and 300 mmHg pressures during 15 seconds). To quantify the percentage of endothelium spread over vein surface a microscope magnification of 100x was used for measurements. Morphometric analysis was performed using videomicroscopy with the Leica Qwin software in conjunction with a Leica microscope, videocamera, and an on-line computer. RESULTS: A slight tendency of quantitative increase was observed in all parameters including percentage of endothelium spread over vein surface and thickness of saphenous vein walls (intima and media layers). CONCLUSIONS: The glycol methacrylate-embedding allowed sections with adequate resolution of structural details and revealed to be an extremely useful method to study pressurized human saphenous veins.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a inclusão em glicol metacrilato para estudar alterações morfológicas de veias safenas humanas submetidas a pressurizações breves e crescentes. MÉTODOS: Veias safena de 20 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio foram distribuídas ao acaso em quatro grupos experimentais (controle, pressões de 100, 200 e 300 mmHg durante 15 segundos). Para quantificar a percentagem da superfície venosa recoberta por endotélio utilizou-se o aumento de 100x. A análise morfométrica foi realizada utilizando-se videomicroscopia com auxílio do software Leica Qwin em conjunto com um microscópio Leica e videocâmera, acoplados a um computador. RESULTADOS: Observou-se uma leve tendência de aumento quantitativo de todos os parâmetros avaliados, incluindo a percentagem de superfície recoberta por endotélio e a espessura das paredes das veias safenas. CONCLUSÕES: A inclusão em glicol metracrilato permitiu secções com adequada resolução dos detalhes estruturais, revelando-se um método extremamente útil para o estudo de veias safenas humanas pressurizadas.(AU)

Glycol methacrylate-embedding medium to study morphological alterations of saphenous vein under brief and crescent pressurizations / Inclusão em glicol metacrilato para estudar alterações morfológicas de veias safenas humanas submetidas a pressurizações breves e crescentes

PURPOSE: This study sought to evaluate the efficiency of glycol methacrylate-embedding medium to detect morphological alterations of human saphenous vein submitted to brief and crescent pressurizations. METHODS: Saphenous veins of 20 CABG patients were randomly distributed into four experimental groups (control, 100, 200 and 300 mmHg pressures during 15 seconds). To quantify the percentage of endothelium spread over vein surface a microscope magnification of 100x was used for measurements. Morphometric analysis was performed using videomicroscopy with the Leica Qwin software in conjunction with a Leica microscope, videocamera, and an on-line computer. RESULTS: A slight tendency of quantitative increase was observed in all parameters including percentage of endothelium spread over vein surface and thickness of saphenous vein walls (intima and media layers). CONCLUSIONS: The glycol methacrylate-embedding allowed sections with adequate resolution of structural details and revealed to be an extremely useful method to study pressurized human saphenous veins.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a inclusão em glicol metacrilato para estudar alterações morfológicas de veias safenas humanas submetidas a pressurizações breves e crescentes. MÉTODOS: Veias safena de 20 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio foram distribuídas ao acaso em quatro grupos experimentais (controle, pressões de 100, 200 e 300 mmHg durante 15 segundos). Para quantificar a percentagem da superfície venosa recoberta por endotélio utilizou-se o aumento de 100x. A análise morfométrica foi realizada utilizando-se videomicroscopia com auxílio do software Leica Qwin em conjunto com um microscópio Leica e videocâmera, acoplados a um computador. RESULTADOS: Observou-se uma leve tendência de aumento quantitativo de todos os parâmetros avaliados, incluindo a percentagem de superfície recoberta por endotélio e a espessura das paredes das veias safenas. CONCLUSÕES: A inclusão em glicol metracrilato permitiu secções com adequada resolução dos detalhes estruturais, revelando-se um método extremamente útil para o estudo de veias safenas humanas pressurizadas.

Prevalence of varicose veins and venous anatomy in patients without truncal saphenous reflux.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and distribution of primary venous reflux in the lower limbs in patients without truncal saphenous reflux. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One thousand and seven hundred and twelve patients with suspected venous disease were examined by duplex ultrasonography. Seven hundred and thirty-five patients had primary varicose veins with competent saphenous trunks. Limbs with truncal saphenous reflux, deep vein reflux or obstruction, previous injection sclerotherapy or vein surgery, arterial disease and inflammation of non-venous origin were excluded from further consideration. The CEAP classification system was used for clinical staging. Systematic duplex ultrasound examination was undertaken to assess the distribution of incompetent saphenous tributaries. RESULTS: The prevalence of primary reflux with competent saphenous trunks was 43%. Reflux of GSV calf tributaries was the most common. The majority of the limbs (96%) belonged to chronic venous disease classes C1 and C2 of the CEAP classification. CONCLUSIONS: Superficial venous reflux causing varicose veins in the presence competent saphenous trunks is very prevalent in this series in contrast to other studies, presumably reflecting differing patient populations. Our data clearly show that varicose veins may occur in any vein and do not depend on truncal saphenous incompetence. Careful duplex ultrasound evaluation allows the pattern of venous reflux to be established in this group of patient ensuring appropriate management of varices.

Estudo das variações anatômicas da terminação da veia safena parva pelo eco-Doppler colorido / Anatomic variation study of small saphenous vein termination using color Doppler ultrasound

Objetivo: Estudar as diferentes teminações da veia safena parva, através do eco-Doppler colorido, baseado na classificação de Kosinski. Pacientes e Métodos: Mil membros inferiores foram estudados em 500 pacientes (400 mulheres e 100 homens), com média de idade de 49,3=16,6 anos. As variações anatômica da teminação da veia safena parva eram anotadas em um protocolo específico, elaborado para o estudo. As várias terminações foram divididas de acordo com a classificação de Kosinski, em três tipos. Tipo I, terminação na veia poplítea, com dois subtipos: (a)exclusivamente na veia poplítea e (b)na veia poplítea e na veia safena magna. Tipo II, terminações em veias da coxa, com três subtipos: (a) em veias profundas da coxa (veia femoral ou veia da musculatura posterior):(b)em veias profunda da coxa e na veia safena magna,e (C)na veia safena magna. Tipo III, terminação em veias da perna, com dois subtipos: (a)na veia safena magna abaixo do joelho e (b)em veias profundas da perna (gastrocnêmias). Foram,também, anotadas as distâncias da terminação em relação à prega poplítea. Resultados: Em 528(52,8 por cento) membros inferiores foi encontrada terminação do Tipo I, sendo Tipo I(a) em 431 (43,1 por cento) e Tipo I(b)em 97(9,7 por cento) membros inferiores.O Tipo II foi encontrado em 444(44,4 por cento)membros inferiores, sendo Tipo II(a) em 286(28,6).Tipo II(b) em 102(10,2 por cento) e Tipo II(c) em 56(5,6 por cento) dos membros inferiores: e Tipo III foi encontrado em 28,2,8 por cento)membros inferiores, sendo Tipo III(a) em 20(2 por cento) e Tipo III(b)em oito (0,8 por cento). Conclusão: A veia safena parva apresenta variações anatômicas em sua terminação. Frequëntemente, temina em veias da coxa (97,2 por cento) comunicando-se com a veia poplítea em cerca de metade dos casos (52,8 por cento). Raramente termina em veias da perna (2,8 por cento).

[Structural and functional aspects of the human saphenous vein used as aorto-coronary graft in myocardial revascularization]. / Aspectos estructurales y funcionales de la vena safena humana utilizada como puente aorto-coronario en la cirugia de revascularización miocárdica.

The human saphenous vein (HSV) is currently used as a graft in coronary revascularization as well as in some other vascular beds, namely those of the inferior limbs. Since a significant proportion of HSV grafts develop stenosis, many studies have focused on the factors that could promote graft failure. This article reviews the results on structural and functional features that might be concurrent in the production of saphenous vein graft stenosis. The reactivity of HSV to several physiological agonists is analyzed, including those derived from the endothelium with contractile or relaxing properties, since these are relevant inducers of graft spasm and/or modifiers of the expression of graft factors involved in either tissue growth or thrombotic-atherosclerotic processes. Mechanisms that regulate vascular smooth muscle contractile state, in particular the activity of K+ channels of the plasma membrane, are described.

Características macro y microscópicas del corazón y grandes vasos del coipo myocastor coypus de diferentes edades / Macro and microscopic characteristics of the heart and great vessels of the coypu myocastor coypus of different ages

Se realizó un estudio sobre las características macro y microscópicas del corazón y grandes vasos de coipos (myocastor coypus, Molina) de diferentes edades. Asimismo, se estudiaron macroscópicamente las venas superficiales, de probable aplicación en la venopunción. Se utilizaron 44 animales de ambos sexos, incluyendo adultos, prepúberes, recién nacidos y fetos de 120 días de gestación. El corazón y los grandes vasos de 18 animales adultos y prepúberes y de 14 recién nacidos, así como las venas cefálicas y safenas lateral y medial de los adultos y prepúberes, fueron disecados, medidos y fotografiados. También se tomaron muestras de corazón y aorta de animales de todas las edades, las que se fijaron y procesaron histológicamente con los métodos clásicos, para luego colorearla con hematoxilina y eosina, picrosirius-red, hematoxilina férrica de Verhoeff y resorcina-fucsina de Weigert, con y sin oxidación previa con oxona. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el corazón y los grandes vasos son, en general, similares al de otros roedores, aunque con algunas características propias. El peso relativo del corazón osciló entre 0,93 por ciento y 1,03 por ciento. Las venas más apropiadas para la venopunción resultaron ser la cefálica y la safena lateral. El sistema de fibras resultó similar en los adultos y prepúberes a otros roedores. En los fetos, cuando fueron comparados con los recién nacidos, se constataron diferencias de cantidad y de distribución, sobre todo en las fibras del sistema elástico