Self-compassion among Undergraduate Nursing Students at a State University in Indonesia during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of self-compassion and investigate the relationships between sociodemographic variables and self-compassion among undergraduate nursing students at a state university in Indonesia during the COVID-19 Pandemic. METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional design. Samples were selected using a proportionate stratified random sampling technique (n=260). Data were collected using an Indonesian version of the Self-compassion Scale, which consists of 6 subscales: self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, and overidentification. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis. RESULTS: 60% of students had moderate self-compassion. Students scored the highest in self-kindness (3,93±1,02) and over-identification (3,58±0,94), indicating that they often tried to love themselves when they felt emotional pain and often get carried away when something upsetting happened. Subsequently, a significant correlation was found between age and self-compassion (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Self-compassion among nursing students should be improved through interventions such as compassion literacy, mindfulness training, and compassion-based experiential techniques.

Physiological response to self-compassion versus relaxation in a clinical population.

BACKGROUND: Compassion-focused imagery (CFI) can be an effective emotion-regulation technique but can create threat-focused responses in some individuals. However, these findings have been based on tasks involving receiving compassion from others. AIMS: This study sought to compare responses CFI involving self-compassion to relaxation and a control task, and to see whether any threat-responses to self-compassion and relaxation decrease with practice. METHOD: 25 participants with depression/anxiety symptoms and high self-criticism and/or low self-compassion engaged in three tasks (control task, relaxation imagery, and CFI) at three or four separate testing sessions, every three days. Heart-rate variability (HRV) was used to explore group-level differences between tasks. Additionally, we identified how many individuals showed a clinically significant change in HRV in response to compassion (compared to baseline) and how many showed such a change during relaxation (compared to baseline). RESULTS: During session 1, more individuals had a clinically significant increase in HRV in response to CFI (56%) than in response to relaxation (44%), and fewer had a clinically significant decrease in HRV during CFI (16%) than during relaxation (28%). Comparing the group as a whole, no significant differences between tasks were seen. Repeated sessions led to fewer positive responses to CFI, perhaps reflecting habituation/boredom. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings suggest that in high self-critics (those most likely to find self-compassion difficult), self-compassionate imagery is no more challenging than standard relaxation tasks. For both compassion and relaxation, some individuals respond positively and others negatively. For those who are not benefiting, practice alone is not sufficient to improve response. Effects may differ for other compassion tasks. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial number: NCT04647318.

Validación del instrumento Self-Compassion Scale para valoración de la autocompasión en estudiantes y médicos en Chile / Validation of the 12 items self-compassion scale in Chile

BACKGROUND: Self-compassion is understood as a mental framework when facing difficulties in life or personal insufficiency. It arises in response to the negative aspects of self-esteem. It is assessed using the 26 item and six factor Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) in the United States and Spain but not in Chile. AIM: To validate the 12-item version (SCS-12) of the self-compassion scale. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A back translation process of the original SCS-12 scale was carried out and then it was reviewed by 6 experts. The scale was applied to a sample of 359 medical students and 795 physicians. For internal validity, confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were performed for one, two, three, and six factors. For external validity, bivariate correlations were made with variables about mental health, burnout, symptoms of depression and anxiety. Finally, a path analysis was carried out to study the relationship between the six factors and mental health. RESULTS: The CFA for the six-factor model presents the best fit for both groups of respondents (χ2 = 216.17, df = 80, p < .01; comparative fit index (CF)I = .96; Tucker-Lewis index (TL)I = .94; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = .05 [.04, .06]; Standarized Root Mean-Square(SRMR) = .04 and χ2 = 85.97, df = 39, p < .01; CFI = .97; TLI = .95; RMSEA = .06 [.04, .07]; SRMR = .04). The external validity was adequate. CONCLUSIONS: The 12-item version of the linguistically adapted Self-Compassion Scale instrument applied to medical students and physicians in Chile, had adequate internal validity and psychometric properties.

[Validation of the 12 items self-compassion scale in Chile]. / Validación del instrumento Self-Compassion Scale para valoración de la autocompasión en estudiantes y médicos en Chile.

BACKGROUND: Self-compassion is understood as a mental framework when facing difficulties in life or personal insufficiency. It arises in response to the negative aspects of self-esteem. It is assessed using the 26 item and six factor Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) in the United States and Spain but not in Chile. AIM: To validate the 12-item version (SCS-12) of the self-compassion scale. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A back translation process of the original SCS-12 scale was carried out and then it was reviewed by 6 experts. The scale was applied to a sample of 359 medical students and 795 physicians. For internal validity, confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were performed for one, two, three, and six factors. For external validity, bivariate correlations were made with variables about mental health, burnout, symptoms of depression and anxiety. Finally, a path analysis was carried out to study the relationship between the six factors and mental health. RESULTS: The CFA for the six-factor model presents the best fit for both groups of respondents (χ2 = 216.17, df = 80, p < .01; comparative fit index (CF)I = .96; Tucker-Lewis index (TL)I = .94; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = .05 [.04, .06]; Standarized Root Mean-Square(SRMR) = .04 and χ2 = 85.97, df = 39, p < .01; CFI = .97; TLI = .95; RMSEA = .06 [.04, .07]; SRMR = .04). The external validity was adequate. CONCLUSIONS: The 12-item version of the linguistically adapted Self-Compassion Scale instrument applied to medical students and physicians in Chile, had adequate internal validity and psychometric properties.

Resiliência: avaliação de pacientes queimados em um hospital de urgência e emergência / Resilience: evaluation of burned patients in an urgency and emergency hospital / Resiliencia: evaluación de pacientes quemados en un hospital de urgencias y emergencias

A recuperação de vítimas de queimaduras é longa e dolorosa e afeta diversas esferas da vida do paciente. A resiliência, que se refere à capacidade humana de enfrentar e se adaptar a eventos adversos, exerce grande importância no processo de recuperação da queimadura. Logo, este trabalho objetiva avaliar a capacidade de resiliência de pacientes queimados, no momento da admissão e da alta hospitalar, em um hospital de emergência e urgência de Goiânia. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, quantitativo e transversal que utiliza a Escala de Resiliência de Connor-Davidson (CD-RISC) como instrumento de mensuração. Na admissão hospitalar, a média da resiliência foi de 71,35, tendo sido observada uma relação significativa entre o fator Amparo da escala CD-RISC e a presença do(a) companheiro(a). O escore de resiliência encontrado nesta pesquisa é consistente com outros achados da literatura científica internacional e nacional referente à expressão da resiliência em vítimas de queimaduras e outros adoecimentos. A relação entre o fator Amparo e a presença de um(a) companheiro(a) enfatiza a importância da rede de apoio familiar na reabilitação do paciente queimado.(AU)

The recovery of burned patients is long and painful and impacts on different areas of people's lives. Resilience, which refers to the human capacity to face and adapt to adverse events, plays a major role in the process of recovery from burns. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the resilience of burned patients, on admission and hospital discharge, in an emergency and urgency hospital in Goiânia. This is a descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional study that uses the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD RISC) as a measuring instrument. At hospital admission, the mean resilience was 71.35, with a significant association between the Support factor on the CD RISC scale and the presence of a partner. The resilience score found in the present study is consistent with other findings in the international and national scientific literature regarding the expression of resilience in victims of burns and other illnesses. The relationship between the Support factor and the presence of a partner emphasizes the importance of the family support network in the rehabilitation of the burned patient.(AU)

La recuperación de los pacientes quemados es larga y dolorosa e impacta en diferentes esferas de la vida de las personas. La resiliencia, que se refiere a la capacidad humana para enfrentar y adaptarse a eventos adversos, juega un papel importante en el proceso de recuperación de las quemaduras. Por tanto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la resiliencia de los pacientes quemados, en el momento del ingreso y el alta, en un hospital de emergencia y urgencia en Goiânia. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y transversal que utiliza la Escala de Resiliencia Connor-Davidson (CD RISC) como instrumento de medida. Al ingreso hospitalario, la resiliencia media fue de 71,35, con associación significativa entre el factor Amparo de la escala CD RISC y la presencia de pareja. El puntaje de resiliencia encontrado en el presente estudio es consistente con otros hallazgos en la literatura científica nacional e internacional sobre la expresión de resiliencia en víctimas de quemaduras y otras enfermedades. La relación entre el factor Amparo y la presencia de pareja enfatiza la importancia de la red de apoyo familiar en la rehabilitación del paciente quemado.(AU)

The effects of short video app-guided loving-kindness meditation on college students' mindfulness, self-compassion, positive psychological capital, and suicide ideation

Abstract Objective The study investigated the effects of a short video app guided loving-kindness meditation (LKM) on college students' mindfulness, self-compassion, positive psychological capital, and suicide ideation. The purpose of the study is to investigate the intervention effect of LKM training on suicidal ideation among college students with the help of the short video application and to provide an empirical basis for the exploration of early suicide intervention strategies for college students. Methods We recruited 80 college students from a university in China. The final 74 eligible participants were divided into two groups: app use group (n = 37) and the control group (n = 37). The app group accepted an 8-week app use interference, while the control group underwent no interference. We measured four major variable factors (mindfulness, self-compassion, positive psychological capital, and suicide ideation) before and after the app use intervention. Results In the app group, self-compassion and positive psychological capital were significantly higher, and suicide ideation was significantly lower than the control group. In the control group, there were no noticeable differences in any of the four variables between the pre-test and post-test. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that the short video app guided LKM may help to improve self-compassion, and positive psychological capital, and reduce suicide ideation. The finding of the short video app-guided LKM's effect extends our understanding of the integrative effects of positive psychology and digital media on the reduction of suicide ideation.

Colombian Adaptation of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS).

BACKGROUND: Self-Compassion is crucial for assessing how people relate to their suffering in moments of personal difficulty. The objective of this study was to check the psychometric properties of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) in a Colombian sample. METHOD: The Spanish version of the SCS was adapted to the Colombian context via a content validity technique. This version was administered to 751 Colombians from the general community. Psychometric analysis was performed using R studio packages. RESULTS: 7 models were tested, the best fit was found for the bifactor ESEM model (χ2/df = 0.86, CFI = 1, TLI= 1, RMSEA= 0.00, SRMR= 0.01). This model produced optimal reliability indices (ωh = 0.83, FD= 0.93, H= 0.96). CONCLUSIONS: The study produced initial psychometric evidence of the structure of the SCS in Colombia, with evidence of a general factor in the bifactor ESEM model. More research is needed to justify the complete usage of the SCS in the country.

Influence of Sociodemographic and Emotional Factors on the Relationship between Self-Compassion and Perceived Stress among Men Residing in Brazil during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The analysis of sociodemographic and emotional factors is essential to understanding how men perceive stress and practice self-compassion. In health crises, this problem becomes an emergency for public health. This study aimed to analyze the influence of sociodemographic and emotional factors on the relationship between self-compassion and the perceived stress of men residing in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a nationwide cross-sectional study carried out between June and December 2020 with 1006 men who completed a semi-structured electronic questionnaire. Data were collected using the snowball technique. Perceived stress was measured by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14), and self-compassion was assessed using the Self-Compassion Scale. Most men had low self-compassion (51.5%; n = 516) and a moderate level of perceived stress (60.9%; n = 613), while 15.9% (n = 170) had a high level of stress. The prevalence of men in the combined situation of low self-compassion and high perceived stress was 39.4% (n = 334). Living with friends had a higher prevalence of low self-compassion and high perceived stress. The prevalence of common mental disorders was high (54.3%). Men with low levels of self-compassion reported higher levels of perceived stress; however, this association was moderated by emotional and sociodemographic variables. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual and contextual factors in public policies promoting men's mental health.

Autoeficácia, mindfulnesse autocompaixão: possíveis interlocuções a partir da Psicologia Positivana educação superior / Self-efficacy, mindfulness and self-compassion: possible interconnections from Positive Psychology in higher education

O objetivo deste estudo foi refletir as possíveis interlocuções entre autoeficácia, mindfulnesse autocompaixão em Psicologia Positivana educação superior. Neste trabalho, a discussão se deu da seguinte forma: (i) autoeficácia de Albert Bandura à Psicologia Positiva; (ii) mindfulnessem Psicologia Positiva: da tradição à ciência do bem-estar; (iii) autocompaixão em Psicologia Positiva: sob a ótica de Kristin Neff; (iv) possíveisinterlocuções entre autoeficácia, mindfulnesse autocompaixão em Psicologia Positivana educação superior; e (v) considerações finais. Nos estudos encontrados para inclusão nesta revisão narrativa, foram relatados que autoeficácia, mindfulnesse autocompaixão, sob o olhar da Psicologia Positiva, são fatores protetivos diante do adoecimento psicológico e promotores de um melhor desempenho acadêmico em estudantes universitários. Com isso, entende-se que são construtos imprescindíveis para o gerenciamento e enfrentamento das dificuldades acadêmicas que favorecem o bom ajustamento psicológico em alunos no ensino superior.

The purpose of this study was to reflect on the possible interconnections amongself-efficacy, mindfulness, and self-compassion in positive psychology in higher education. In this paper, the discussion was as follows: (i) self-efficacy from Albert Bandura to positive psychology; (ii) mindfulness in positive psychology: from tradition to the science of well-being; (iii) self-compassion in positive psychology: from Kristin Neff's perspective; (iv) possible interconnections amongself-efficacy, mindfulness, and self-compassion in positive psychology in higher education; and (v) final considerations. In the studies found for inclusion in this narrative review, it was reported that self-efficacy, mindfulness, and self-compassion, from a positive psychology perspective, are protective factors against psychological illness and promoters of better academic performance in college students. Thus, it is understood that these constructs are essential for the management and coping with academic difficulties that favor good psychological adjustment in students in higher education.

The manifestation of emotional distress: Correlations between self-compassion and self-mutilation in Brazilian women with disordered eating behavior.

BACKGROUND: The functions or motives for self-mutilation behavior (SMB) in Eating Disorders are diverse, and the relationship with self-compassion is unclear. Objectives This study aims to evaluate the relationship between SMB and Self-compassion. METHODS: 251 women aged 25.8 years (SD=5.94) and 73.54kg (SD=19.33) completed measures for Binge Eating (BE), Self-Compassion, and SMB. RESULTS: In the total evaluated, 83.27% (n=209) presented BE and 94.02% (n=236) presented at least 1 type of SMB. In comparison between groups, the BE-purging one's reached higher values for BE, and less self-compassion, while BE group presented higher self-compassion values. For the BE-purging group, the behaviors "Cut or carving skin", "Hitting self", "Pulling out one's hair", "Burning skin" and "Picking areas of the body to the point of drawing blood" showed inverse correlations with self-compassion. CONCLUSION: There is an inverse correlation between self-compassion and SMB, and SMB seems to have different functions between BE-purging group vs. BE group.

Associações entre autocompaixão e esquemas iniciais desadaptativos / Associations between self-compassion and early maladaptive schemas / Asociaciones entre autocompasión y esquemas desadaptativos tempranos

Apesar das repetidas relações entre autocompaixão e saúde mental e a relevância dos esquemas iniciais desadaptativos (EID's) para compreensão do funcionamento da personalidade, ainda é internacionalmente escasso o número de estudos que relacionam tais construtos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as relações entre os componentes da autocompaixão e os EID's. A amostra foi composta por 328 estudantes universitários, com idade média de 25,39 (DP=6,99). Como instrumentos, foram utilizados a Escala de Autocompaixão de Neff (SCS) e o Questionário de Esquemas de Young (YSQ-S3). Os resultados mostraram correlações negativas e significativas entre os EID's e os componentes da autocompaixão, sugerindo que quanto maior a intensidade do esquema, menores os níveis de autocompaixão. Compreender a forma como as características individuais se relacionam com os componentes da autocompaixão pode nortear o desenvolvimento de intervenções mais apuradas para a promoção dos benefícios da autocompaixão.

Despite the repeated relationships between self-compassion and mental health and the relevance of the early maladaptive schemas (EMS) to understand personality, the number of studies relating these constructs is still internationally scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between the components of self-compassion and EMS. The sample consisted of 209 university students (medium age of 25.55; SD = 6.96). Measures used were Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) and Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3). The results showed negative and significant correlations between the EMS and the components of self-compassion, suggesting that the greater the intensity of the schema, the lower the levels of self-compassion. Understanding how individual characteristics relate to the components of self-compassion can guide the development of more refined interventions to promote the benefits of self-compassion.

A pesar de las repetidas relaciones entre autocompasión y salud mental y la relevancia de los esquemas desadaptativos tempranos (EDTs) para comprender el funcionamiento de la personalidad, el número de estudios que relacionan estos constructos aún es internacionalmente escaso. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las relaciones entre los componentes de la autocompasión y los EDTs. Respondieron medidas de autocompasión e de EDTs 328 estudiantes universitarios (edad media: 25,39). Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y correlacionales de Pearson (p <0.05). Los resultados mostraron correlaciones negativas y significativas entre los EDTs y los componentes de la autocompasión, lo que sugiere que cuanto mayor es la intensidad del esquema, menores son los niveles de autocompasión. Comprender cómo se relacionan las características individuales con los componentes de la autocompasión puede guiar el desarrollo de intervenciones más refinadas para promover los beneficios de la autocompasión.

Burnout, compassion for others and fear of compassion: a quantitative study in Iranian nurses.

INTRODUCTION: Occupational burnout in nurses is a barrier to job promotion and achievement of job-related goals, resulting in reduced hospital performance. OBJECTIVE: Considering the importance of the role of compassion in occupational burnout among nurses, this cross-sectional study aimed to explore the burnout levels and their relationships with compassion for others and fear of compassion. METHODS: This descriptive correlation study was carried out with 216 nurses who were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method and asked to respond to the Maslach Burnout Inventory, a compassion for others scale and Fears of Compassion Scales (FCS), which includes three subscales; fears of compassion for self, compassion for others, and compassion from others. RESULTS: The results showed that burnout had a negative correlation with compassion for others, but had positive correlations with fear of compassion for others, fear of compassion from others, and fear of self-compassion. Moreover, the results of regression analysis showed that 21% of burnout variance was explained by compassion for others and 29% of its variance was explained by fears of compassion scales. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings, compassion can be considered as a protective factor in preventing burnout among nurses.

Permita-me falar mais alto do que minhas cicatrizes / Allow me to speak louder than my scars / Déjame hablar más fuerte que mis cicatrices

Resumo Neste artigo, escolhi o método autoetnográfico para narrar um processo pós-operatório que mudou minha vida. Compilei uma série de emoções, impressões, poemas e documentos coletados durante cerca de dois anos de recuperação. Ao fazer isso, tentei expandir a discussão e desafiar a noção do modelo médico acerca de um corpo "curado/fixo", e até a ideia capacitista sobre o que seria um corpo "normal/ativo". Este artigo almejou responder a questões como 'o que significa ser um corpo deficiente em recuperação?';'Como o corpo deficiente deveria ser representado?'; e, antes que alguém possa perguntar, 'o que aconteceu com você?', eu busquei uma possível narrativa sobre mim, uma perspectiva centrada no paciente. O artigo está dividido em quatro partes, a saber: 1) 'Aperto de mãos com Dr. Q' - introdução; 2) 'O que está acontecendo?' - diagnóstico médico e suas especificidades; 3) Cura por meio de palavras - processo pós-operatório; e, na sequência, os meus 4) Pensamentos finais. Escrever como pesquisador na interseção entre o pessoal e o acadêmico foi uma decisão combinada da mente e um movimento do coração. Esse modo de escrever é sempre uma linha tênue a ser cruzada, mas com implicações frutíferas tanto para o campo dos estudos da deficiência quanto para a comunidade dos 'não-deficientes'.

Abstract In this paper, I have chosen the auto-ethnographic method to narrate a life-changing post-surgery process, compiling a range of emotions, impressions, poems, and documents collected over the last two years of a significant recovery. In doing so, I attempt to expand the discussion and challenge the medical model notion of a 'cured/fixed' body, even the ableist idea of a 'normal/active' body. This paper aims to answer questions like 'what does it mean to be a disabled body in recovery?' 'How should the disabled body be represented?' And before someone can ask, 'What happened to you?' I will answer, controlling the narrative about me by giving a patient-process perspective. The paper is divided into four parts 1) 'Our handshake' - the introduction; 2) 'What is going on?' - The illness and medical technicalities; 3) Recovering through words - The after-surgery process, and; 4) Final thoughts - always an ongoing process. It was a concerted decision of the mind and a move from the heart to write as a researcher at the intersection between the personal and academic; it is always a blurred line to cross, but one with fruitful implications for the 'not-disabled' and Disability Studies community.

Resumen En este artículo, elegí el método autoetnográfico para narrar un proceso posoperatorio que cambió mi vida, recopilé una serie de emociones, impresiones, poemas y documentos recopilados durante aproximadamente dos años de recuperación. Al hacerlo, traté de expandir la discusión y desafiar la noción del modelo médico de un cuerpo "curado / fijo", e incluso la idea capacitiva de lo que sería un cuerpo "normal / activo". Este artículo tenía como objetivo responder preguntas como '¿qué significa ser un cuerpo discapacitado en recuperación? "¿Cómo debería representarse el cuerpo discapacitado? Y antes de que alguien pueda preguntar: '¿Qué me pasó?', Busqué una posible narrativa sobre mí, una perspectiva centrada en el paciente. El artículo se divide en cuatro partes, a saber: 1) "Apretón de manos con el Dr. Q": introducción; 2) "¿Qué está pasando?": Diagnóstico médico y sus especificidades; 3) Curación a través de palabras - proceso postoperatorio; y luego mis 4) Pensamientos finales. Escribir como investigador en la intersección de lo personal y lo académico fue una decisión combinada de la mente y un movimiento del corazón; Esta forma de escribir es siempre una línea muy fina que cruzar, pero con implicaciones fructíferas tanto para el campo de los estudios de la discapacidad como para la comunidad "no discapacitada".