Oxigenoterapia por cánula nasal de alto flujo en pacientes con crisis asmática en un departamento de emergencia pediátrica / High flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in patients with asthmatic crisis in the pediatric emergency department

INTRODUCCIÓN: Pocos estudios son concluyentes sobre la utilidad de la Oxigenoterapia por Cánula Nasal de Alto Flujo (CNAF) en pacientes con crisis asmática. OBJETIVO: Determinar la eficacia de la CNAF en niños mayores de 2 años con crisis asmática severa y moderada que no responde al tratamiento inicial. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Ensayo clínico randomizado controlado abierto de pacientes con exacerbación asmática en un Departamento de Emergencia Pediátrica. Se excluyó crisis mediadas por infecciones y comorbilidad. Los pacientes fueron aleatorizados: Grupo 1 CNAF (n: 32) y Grupo 2 Oxigenoterapia Convencional (n: 33). Ambos grupos recibieron el tratamiento farmacológico habitual. El primer punto de corte fue el descenso del PIS en más de 2 puntos a las 2 horas del tratamiento; los puntos secundarios: descenso del PIS a las 6 horas, tiempo de permanencia en la emergencia e ingreso a UCIP. RESULTADOS: Las características basales fueron similares en ambos grupos. La proporción de sujetos con disminución de más de dos puntos en el PIS a las 2 horas de tratamiento Grupo 1: 43,7% IC 95% (28-60) vs Grupo 2: 48,4%; IC 95% (32-64) p 0,447. La estadía media fue 24,8 ± 12,3 horas en el Grupo1 vs 24 ± 14,8 horas en el Grupo2; IC 95% (7,56-5,96) p 0,37. No encontramos diferencias del score y puntaje del esfuerzo respiratorio en mediciones cada 2 horas. Ningún paciente ingresó a cuidados intensivos. CONCLUSIONES: La incorporación de la CNAF al tratamiento de pacientes con crisis asmática no presentó beneficios clínicos ni disminuyó el tiempo de estadía en el DEP.

INTRODUCTION: There are few conclusive studies on the usefulness of High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) Oxygen Therapy in patients with asthmatic crises. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of HFNC in chil dren older than 2 years of age that present severe and moderate asthmatic crises that do not respond to initial treatment. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Open controlled randomized clinical trial of patients with asthma exacerbation in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Infection- and comorbidity-media ted crises were excluded. Subjects were randomized as follows: Group 1 HFNC (n:32) and Group 2 Conventional Oxygen Therapy (n:33). Both groups received the usual pharmacological treatment. The first cut-off point was the decrease of more than 2 points of the PIS after 2 hours of treatment; secondary points were PIS decrease at 6 hours, stay time in the Emergency Room, and PICU admis sion. RESULTS: The patient's baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. The proportion of subjects with more than two points decrease in the PIS after two hours of treatment in Group 1 was 43.7% CI 95% (28-60) vs. Group 2 48.4%; CI 95% (32-64) p 0.447. The mean stay time was 24.8 ± 12.3 hours in Group 1 vs. 24 ± 14.8 hours in Group 2; CI 95% (7.56-5.96) p 0.37. We did not find differences in the respiratory effort score measurements every 2 hours. No patients were admitted to intensive care. CONCLUSIONS: The incorporation of HFNC oxygen therapy in the treatment of patients with asthmatic crises in the Pediatric Emergency Department did not show clinical benefits nor did it diminish the stay time.

High flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in patients with asthmatic crisis in the pediatric emergency department. / Oxigenoterapia por cánula nasal de alto flujo en pacientes con crisis asmática en un departamento de emergencia pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: There are few conclusive studies on the usefulness of High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) Oxygen Therapy in patients with asthmatic crises. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of HFNC in chil dren older than 2 years of age that present severe and moderate asthmatic crises that do not respond to initial treatment. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Open controlled randomized clinical trial of patients with asthma exacerbation in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Infection- and comorbidity-media ted crises were excluded. Subjects were randomized as follows: Group 1 HFNC (n:32) and Group 2 Conventional Oxygen Therapy (n:33). Both groups received the usual pharmacological treatment. The first cut-off point was the decrease of more than 2 points of the PIS after 2 hours of treatment; secondary points were PIS decrease at 6 hours, stay time in the Emergency Room, and PICU admis sion. RESULTS: The patient's baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. The proportion of subjects with more than two points decrease in the PIS after two hours of treatment in Group 1 was 43.7% CI 95% (28-60) vs. Group 2 48.4%; CI 95% (32-64) p 0.447. The mean stay time was 24.8 ± 12.3 hours in Group 1 vs. 24 ± 14.8 hours in Group 2; CI 95% (7.56-5.96) p 0.37. We did not find differences in the respiratory effort score measurements every 2 hours. No patients were admitted to intensive care. CONCLUSIONS: The incorporation of HFNC oxygen therapy in the treatment of patients with asthmatic crises in the Pediatric Emergency Department did not show clinical benefits nor did it diminish the stay time.

Vivência materna no cuidado da criança com asma / Mothers' experience in caring for children with asthma / Experiencia materna en el cuidado de niños con asma

Objetivo: compreender o comportamento materno no cuidado à criança com asma. Método: estudo qualitativo, orientado pelo referencial do método etnográfico, realizado no período de julho de 2013 a janeiro de 2014. Participaram 12 mães de crianças com asma grave, de 6 a 7 anos de idade, selecionadas por equipes da estratégia saúde da família do município de Teresina-PI. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: as categorias extraídas dos discursos foram: a mãe diante do diagnóstico de asma infantil; a mãe e a crise de asma infantil; a mãe e o serviço de saúde do bairro. Conclusão: identificou-se que as mães apresentaram reduzido conhecimento sobre manejo adequado da doença e demonstraram insatisfação em relação ao serviço de saúde do bairro. Evidenciou-se a necessidade do desenvolvimento de atividades educativas para a redução da morbidade da asma na população estudada.

Objective: to understand mothers' behavior in caring for children with asthma. Method: this qualitative study, guided by the ethnographic method, was conducted from July 2013 to January 2014. Participants were 12 mothers of 6 to 7 year olds with severe asthma selected by family health strategy teams in the municipality of Teresina, Piauí. The research project was approved by the research ethics committee. Results: the categories extracted from the accounts were: the mother and the child's diagnosis of asthma; the mother and the child's asthma crisis; the mother and the neighborhood health service. Conclusion: mothers were found to know little about proper management of the disease and displayed dissatisfaction with the neighborhood health service. There emerged a need for educational activities to reduce asthma morbidity in the study population.

Objetivo: comprender el comportamiento materno en el cuidado del niño con asma. Método: estudio cualitativo, orientado por el referencial del método etnográfico, realizado en el período de julio de 2013 a enero de 2014. Participaron 12 madres de niños con asma grave, de 6 a 7 años de edad, seleccionadas por equipos de la estrategia salud de la familia del municipio de Teresina-PI. El proyecto de investigación fue aprobado por Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados: las categorías extraídas de los discursos fueron: la madre ante el diagnóstico de asma del niño; la madre y la crisis de asma del niño; la madre y el servicio de salud del barrio. Conclusión: se identificó que las madres tenían poco conocimiento sobre el cuidado adecuado de la enfermedad y demostraron insatisfacción en cuanto al servicio de salud del barrio. Quedó evidente la necesidad del desarrollo de actividades educativas para la reducción de la morbilidad del asma en la población estudiada.

Crisis asmática / Asthmatic crisis

El Asma es una de las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes como causa de morbilidad y mortalidad a nivel mundial. Existe evidencia que la prevalencia durante los últimos 20 años ha ido en aumento, especialmente en niños. La misma varía desde el 1% hasta más del 30% en las diferentes poblaciones, inclusive, según los últimos estudios esta prevalencia va en aumento en la gran mayoría de los países, especialmente en niños jóvenes (AU). Se presenta la fisiopatogenia del asma, diagnóstico, anamnesis, examen físico y complementarios, clasificación, esquema de tratamiento, niveles de control del asma, tratamiento farmacológico, un cuadro de la estimación de gravedad de la crisis de asma, y un algoritmo de tratamiento de la crisis según su gravedad

Ventilación mecánica no invasiva en el manejo del estado asmático en pediatría / Noninvasive ventilation in the status asthmaticus in pediatrics

La ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VMNI) ha tenido interés creciente en los últimos 15 años como indicación en la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda hipoxemica en niños, adolescentes y adultos. Sin embargo, se adolece de revisiones sistemáticas y de estudios aleatorizados, doble ciegos y randomizados que fundamenten inequívocamente su utilidad, efectividad y eficiencia, aun mas en el escenario de asma aguda sumada a intervenciones protocolizadas desde los servicios de urgencia. En este artículo se revisan algunas consideraciones desde las justificaciones fisiopatológicas a resultados en investigación observacionales.

Ventilación mecánica no invasiva en el manejo del estado asmático en pediatría / Noninvasive ventilation in the status asthmaticus in pediatrics

Resumen La ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VMNI) ha tenido interés creciente en los últimos 15 años como indicación en la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda hipoxemica en niños, adolescentes y adultos. Sin embargo, se adolece de revisiones sistemáticas y de estudios aleatorizados, doble ciegos y randomizados que fundamenten inequívocamente su utilidad, efectividad y eficiencia, aun mas en el escenario de asma aguda sumada a intervenciones protocolizadas desde los servicios de urgencia. En este artículo se revisan algunas consideraciones desde las justificaciones fisiopatológicas a resultados en investigación observacionales.

Summary Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has gradually become more relevant in the last 15 years, being it indicated in the event of severe hypoxemic respiratory failure in children, adolescents and adults. However, there is a lack of systematic reviews, randomized and double blind studies that provide significant evidence on its usefulness, effectiveness and efficiency, especially in the event of severe acute asthma, in the context of intervention as per emergency services protocols.This study presents a review of a few considerations arising from pathophysiological justifications and observational studies findings.

Sulfato de magnesio inhalado en el tratamiento del asma aguda / INHALED MAGNESIUM SULFATE FOR THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE ASTHMA

Antecedentes: Las exacerbaciones del asma pueden ser frecuentes y variar en gravedad, desde relativamente leves hasta el estado asmático. El uso del sulfato de magnesio (MgSO4) es una de las muchas opciones de tratamiento disponibles para las exacerbaciones agudas que no se ha estudiado vía inhalada. Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad del sulfato de magnesio inhalado, administrado en el asma aguda, sobre la función pulmonar y en las horas de estancia intrahospitalaria. Métodos: Previa firma de consentimiento informado se incluyó a los pacientes con asma ingresados a urgencias los cuales respondieron un cuestionario sobre cuestiones generales. Por aleatorización simple 1:1 se formaron 2 grupos: a) al que se le aplicó el tratamiento estándar para este padecimiento b) al que además del tratamiento estándar se le administró 500mcgrs de S. Magnesio inhalado por 3 dosis con intervalo de 20 minutos. Se realizaron mediciones clínicas y por flujometría al ingreso, 20, 40 y 60 minutos. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas iniciales entre los grupos de tratamiento con el género, turno o mortalidad. En cuanto a las horas de estancia intrahospitalaria se vio una disminución significativa en el grupo de casos. El Tiempo de Apnea Voluntaria de forma inicial en el grupo tratado con Sulfato de Magnesio alcanzaron mayores tiempos en mayor cantidad de participantes, con una diferencia significativa (p=0.01). Los valores de la FEM se comportaron de forma similar, siendo mayores y con diferencia significativa (0.05) en el grupo de casos. Conclusiones: El magnesio nebulizado no ha sido ampliamente probado, sin embargo en nuestro estudio, parece ser eficaz al mejorar la función pulmonar de los pacientes que ingresan con crisis asmática, disminuir el tiempo de estancia intrahospitalaria y mejoría en la clínica del paciente

Background: Asthma exacerbations can be frequent and range in severity from relatively mild to asthmatics status. The use of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) is one of the many treatment options available during acute exacerbations has not been studied inhaled. Objective: To determine the utility of inhaled magnesium sulfate, administered in acute asthma on lung function and hours of hospital stay. Methods: After obtaining informed consent were included patients admitted to the emergency department with asthma who answered a questionnaire on general issues. For simple randomization 1: 1 2 groups were formed: a) to which was applied the standard treatment for this condition b) that in addition to standard treatment was administered 500mcgrs S. Magnesium inhaled by 3 doses with an interval of 20 minutes. Clinical measurements were made and flowmetry at admission, 20, 40 and 60 minutes. Results: No statistically significant differences between initial treatment group gender, shift or mortality were observed. As for the hours of hospital stay was a significant decrease in the case group. The Apnea Time Volunteer initial shape in the treated group achieved Magnesium Sulfate older times more participants, with a significant difference (p = 0.01). EMF values behaved similarly, with higher and significant difference (0.05) in the case group. Conclusions: nebulized magnesium has not been extensively tested, but in our study, appears to be effective in improving lung function in patients admitted with acute asthma, decrease hospital stay time and improvement in clinical patient

[Mexican Asthma Guidelines: GUIMA 2017]. / Guía Mexicana del Asma: GUIMA 2017.

BACKGROUND: The need for a national guideline, with a broad basis among specialists and primary care physicians was felt in Mexico, to try unifying asthma management. As several high-quality asthma guidelines exist worldwide, it was decided to select the best three for transculturation. METHODS: Following the internationally recommended methodology for guideline transculturation, ADAPTE, a literature search for asthma guidelines, published 1-1-2007 through 31-12-2015 was conducted. AGREE-II evaluations yielded 3/40 most suitable for transculturation. Their compound evidence was fused with local reality, patient preference, cost and safety considerations to draft the guideline document. Subsequently, this was adjusted by physicians from 12 national medical societies in several rounds of a Delphi process and 3 face-to-face meetings to reach the final version. RESULTS: Evidence was fused from British Thoracic Society Asthma Guideline 2014, Global Initiative on Asthma 2015, and Guía Española del Manejo del Asma 2015 (2016 updates included). After 3 Delphi-rounds we developed an evidence-based document taking into account patient characteristics, including age, treatment costs and safety and best locally available medication. CONCLUSIONS: In cooperation pulmonologists, allergists, ENT physicians, paediatricians and GPs were able to develop an evidence-based document for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of asthma and its exacerbations in Mexico.

Antecedentes: Con el objetivo de unificar el manejo del asma en México se estructuró una guía clínica que conjunta el conocimiento de diversas especialidades y la atención en el primer nivel de contacto. Se seleccionaron 3 guías publicadas en el ámbito internacional para su transculturación. Métodos: Conforme a la metodología ADAPTE se usó AGREE II después de la búsqueda bibliográfica de guías sobre asma publicadas entre 2007 y 2015. Se fusionó la realidad local con la evidencia de 3/40 mejores guías. El documento inicial fue sometido a la revisión de representantes de 12 sociedades médicas en varias rondas Delphi hasta llegar a la versión final. Resultados: Las guías base fueron la British Thoracic Society Asthma Guideline 2014, la Global Initiative on Asthma 2015 y la Guía Española del Manejo del Asma 2015. Después de 3 rondas Delphi se desarrolló un documento en el que se consideraron las características de los pacientes según edad, costos de los tratamientos y perfiles de seguridad de los fármacos disponibles en México. Conclusión: Con la cooperación de neumólogos, alergólogos, otorrinolaringólogos, pediatras y médicos generales se llegó a un consenso basado en evidencia, en el que se incluyeron recomendaciones sobre prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento del asma y sus crisis.

Ventilación no invasiva en el paciente con falla respiratoria aguda / Noninvasive ventilation in acute pediatric respiratory failure

Although most cases of respiratory failure resolve with medical treatment and are self-limited, some of them may require a higher level of ventilatory support. Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is an alternative to improve gas exchange in selected patients and may prevent intubation, the use of invasive ventilation and its associated risks. This article describes the use of noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory pathology.

Aunque la mayoría de los casos de falla respiratoria son de evolución favorable y autolimitados algunos pueden requerir soporte ventilatorio de mayor nivel. La ventilación no invasiva (VNI) es una alternativa que mejora el intercambio gaseoso en pacientes seleccionados y puede prevenir la intubación y uso de ventilación invasiva con sus riesgos asociados. Este artículo describe el uso de la ventilación no invasiva en la patología respiratoria aguda.

Ventilación mecánica invasiva en el paciente pediátrico / Pediatric invasive mechanical ventilation

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is an essential tool in the management of severe respiratory failure, and its use is increasingly frequent in pediatric intensive care units. The main objective of mechanical ventilation is to replace the patient’s respiratory work, until thepatient is able to perform it by himself. The understanding of pediatric patient physiology, the pathophysiology of the underlying disease or condition, and the knowledge of how the mechanical ventilator operates and its interaction with the patient will lead to a proportionate management with reduced complications and successful extubation. In this article, we will review some aspects of its history, basic physiological concepts, general indications of onset, some modalities of MV, aspects of ventilatory management of obstructive and restrictivepulmonary pathology, and weaning or weaning and extubation.

La ventilación mecánica constituye una herramienta fundamental en el manejo de la falla respiratoria grave, siendo su uso cada vez más frecuente en las unidades de cuidado intensivo pediátrico. El objetivo principal de la ventilación mecánica, es sustituir el trabajorespiratorio del paciente, hasta que éste sea capaz de realizarlo por sí mismo. El entendimiento de la fisiología del paciente pediátrico, lafisiopatología de la enfermedad o condición de base y el conocimiento del funcionamiento del ventilador mecánico y su interacción conel paciente, conducirán a un manejo proporcionado, con disminución de las complicaciones y una extubación exitosa. En este artículo,revisaremos algunos aspectos de su historia, conceptos fisiológicos básicos, las indicaciones generales de inicio, algunas modalidades deVM, aspectos del manejo ventilatorio de la patología pulmonar obstructiva y restrictiva, y el proceso de “weaning” o destete y extubación.

Estado asmático en pediatría / Pediatric status asthmaticus

The status asmathicus is an important cause of morbidity in children, due to the increasing incidence of asthma in the pediatric population. Its mortality is relatively low, and it concentrates in patients with acute asfictic asthma and during the period of endotracheal peri-intubation in patients who require it. The treatment consists on oxygen therapy, bronchodilators and systemic corticosteroids, with other pharmacological alternatives in children who do not respond to the former treatments. Non-invasive ventilatory support improves gas exchange and reduces the work of breathing. Invasive mechanical ventilation is thus only used in children with severe refractory respiratory failure to the former measures, considering its associated morbidity and mortality.

El estado asmático es una causa importante de morbilidad en Pediatría, debido al aumento de la incidencia de asma en la población infantil. Su mortalidad es relativamente baja, y se concentra principalmente en aquellos pacientes con asma aguda asfíctica y en el período peri-intubación endotraqueal en aquellos pacientes que lo requieren. El tratamiento tiene como pilares el uso de oxígeno, broncodilatadores y corticoides sistémicos, existiendo otras alternativas farmacológicas para niños que no responden a las medidas anteriores. El soporte ventilatorio no-invasivo permite mejorar el intercambio gaseoso y disminuir el trabajo respiratorio, reservando la ventilación mecánica invasiva solamente para niños en falla respiratoria grave refractaria a medidas anteriores, considerando la morbimortalidad asociada a ésta.

Heliox in the treatment of status asthmaticus: case reports.

Helium was discovered in 1868 by the French astronomer Pierre-Jules-César Janssen and was first used as a therapeutic treatment for airway obstruction by Barach almost 70 years later, in 1934. Heliox is characterized by its low density, which makes it more fluid under conditions of turbulence, thus minimizing airway pressure and facilitating the occurrence of laminar flow. The present article describes two clinical cases of patients with status asthmaticus subjected to mechanical ventilation and refractory to treatment in whom heliox was used, which allowed optimization of the efficacy of conventional pharmacological treatments. Although heliox is still used sporadically and its true efficacy has not been well demonstrated, the unique physical properties of helium and the theoretical improvement of the airflow in obstructed airways have produced scientific interest and stimulated research. Heliox can be used simultaneously with conventional therapies in cases of serious and refractory exacerbations of severe obstructive disease.

Heliox no tratamento do mal asmático: relato de casos / Heliox in the treatment of status asthmaticus: case reports

RESUMO O hélio foi descoberto em 1868 pelo astrônomo francês Pierre-Jules-César Janssen e teve seu uso terapêutico pela primeira vez na obstrução das vias aéreas, feito por Barach, quase 70 anos depois, em 1934. O heliox é caracterizado por sua baixa densidade, o que lhe confere melhor fluidez sob condições de turbulência, minimizando a pressão das vias aéreas e facilitando a ocorrência de um fluxo laminar. Este artigo apresenta dois casos clínicos de doentes com mal asmático sob ventilação mecânica, refratários à terapêutica, em que se recorreu ao heliox, permitindo uma otimização da eficácia do tratamento farmacológico convencional. Apesar de sua utilização permanecer esporádica e sua verdadeira eficácia não se encontrar bem demonstrada, as propriedades físicas únicas do hélio e a melhoria teórica do fluxo de ar nas vias aéreas obstruídas fomentam o interesse e a pesquisa científicos. Sua aplicação pode ter lugar simultaneamente em terapêuticas convencionais nas exacerbações graves e refratárias da doença obstrutiva grave.

ABSTRACT Helium was discovered in 1868 by the French astronomer Pierre-Jules-César Janssen and was first used as a therapeutic treatment for airway obstruction by Barach almost 70 years later, in 1934. Heliox is characterized by its low density, which makes it more fluid under conditions of turbulence, thus minimizing airway pressure and facilitating the occurrence of laminar flow. The present article describes two clinical cases of patients with status asthmaticus subjected to mechanical ventilation and refractory to treatment in whom heliox was used, which allowed optimization of the efficacy of conventional pharmacological treatments. Although heliox is still used sporadically and its true efficacy has not been well demonstrated, the unique physical properties of helium and the theoretical improvement of the airflow in obstructed airways have produced scientific interest and stimulated research. Heliox can be used simultaneously with conventional therapies in cases of serious and refractory exacerbations of severe obstructive disease.

Prevalencia de crisis asmática en pacientes pediátricos de 5 a 14 años atendidos en la Emergencia Pediátrica de la Clínica Maison de Santé - Lima. Enero a noviembre, 2015 / Prevalence of asthmatic crisis in pediatric patients of 5 to 14 years attended at the Pediatric Emergency of the Clinic Maison de Sante - Lima. January to November, 2015

La crisis de asma es una de las causas de importancia de morbilidad y mortalidad en los pacientes pediátricos así como un gran coste en la salud y economía de la familia y de la sociedad por tal motivo es importante tener la prevalencia de la crisis de asma en pacientes pediátricos entre los 5 a 14 años la clasificación e identificación adecuada y un manejo terapéutico oportuno a las misma. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de crisis asmática aguda en pacientes pediátricos de 5 a 14 años atendidos en el servicio de emergencia pediátrica de la Clínica Maison de Santé - Lima (CMSL) y si su atención cumple con los estándares de las guías internacionales. Material y métodos: El estudio es un diseño observacional, retrospectivo de casos. Se revisaron, de enero a noviembre del 2015, las historias clínicas de pacientes que acudieron al Servicio de Emergencias de la CMSL por crisis asmáticas entre las edades de 5 a 14 años. Los datos se recolectaron en una base de datos Excel 2010 y se procesaron con el paquete estadístico Epi Info. Resultados: Se ha podido determinar que la prevalencia de crisis de asma leve es de 131 (71.6 por ciento) y de crisis de asma moderada 52 (28.4 por ciento) en 183 casos revisados en el período de 11 meses y que tiene un promedio de 16 casos por mes con una mayor prevalencia en los meses de junio y noviembre. Los síntomas asociados con crisis asmática más frecuentes fueron la tos con 89 (48.6 por ciento) casos, seguida de 46 (25.1 por ciento) casos que acudieron por presentar dificultad respiratoria, 27 (14.2 por ciento) casos con rinorrea y solo 21 (12 por ciento) presentó fiebre. El tratamiento establecido para las crisis de asma leve fue fenoterol en nebulización con una frecuencia de 75 (57.7 por ciento), seguido por dexametasona con una frecuencia de 26 (20.0 por ciento) en los casos atendidos. En la crisis de asma moderada se administró terapia múltiple con fenoterol más hidrocortisona o fenoterol más dexametasona en 29 (55.8...

The asthma flare - ups is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients as well as a great cost in health and economics of the family and society for this reason is important to the prevalence of asthma flare - up in pediatric patients aged 5 to 14 years classification and properly identification and appropriate therapeutic management to the same. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of acute asthma in pediatric patients aged 5 to 14 years treated in the pediatric Emergency Clinic Maison de Sante - Lima and if your care meets the standards of international guidelines. Methods: Review of children with asthmatic exacerbations at the pediatric emergency department from January to November 2015. Results: It has been determined that the prevalence of crisis mild asthma is 131 (71.6 per cent) and crisis of moderate asthma 52 (28.4 per cent) of 183 cases reviewed in the period of 11 months and has an average of 16 cases per month with a higher prevalence in the months of June and November. Symptoms associated with more frequent asthma attack was cough with 89 (48.6 per cent) cases, followed by 46 (25.1 per cent) cases that went to present respiratory distress, 27 (14.2 per cent) cases with rhinorrhea and only 21 (12 per cent) presented fever. The established treatment for mild asthma crisis was fenoterol nebulized with a frequency of 75 (57.7 per cent), followed by dexamethasone at a frequency of 26 (20.0 per cent) in the cases treated. In the crisis of moderate asthma therapy plus hydrocortisone multiple fenoterol or fenoterol plus dexamethasone in 29 (55.8 per cent) cases it was administered nebulized fenoterol followed by a frequency of 15 (28.8 per cent) cases Conclusions: It is concluded that the crisis prevalence of mild asthma is 131 (71.6 per cent) and crisis of moderate asthma 52 (28.4 per cent) of 183 cases reviewed thus cases of asthma attacks in pediatric patients still present in a significant number. Despite the...

Ventilação mecânica não invasiva na crise de asma aguda grave em crianças: níveis de evidências / Noninvasive ventilation in status asthmaticus in children: levels of evidence

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade das evidências existentes para embasar diretrizes do emprego da ventilação mecânica não invasiva no manejo da crise de asma aguda grave em crianças não responsivas ao tratamento padrão. Métodos: Busca, seleção e análise de todos os artigos originais sobre asma e ventilação mecânica não invasiva em crianças, publicados até 1º de setembro de 2014, em todos os idiomas, nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus e SciELO, encontrados por meio de busca pelos descritores "asthma", "status asthmaticus", "noninvasive ventilation", "bronchospasm", "continuous positive airway pressure", "child", "infant", "pediatrics", "hypercapnia", "respiratory failure", e das palavras-chave "BIPAP", "CPAP", "bilevel", "acute asthma" e "near fatal asthma". Os artigos foram qualificados segundo os graus de evidências do Sistema GRADE. Resultados: Foram obtidos apenas nove artigos originais. Destes, dois (22%) apresentaram nível de evidência A, um (11%) apresentou nível de evidência B e seis (67%) apresentaram nível de evidência C. Conclusão: Sugere-se que o emprego da ventilação mecânica não invasiva na crise de asma aguda grave em crianças não responsivas ao tratamento padrão é aplicável à maioria desses pacientes, mas as evidências não podem ser consideradas conclusivas, uma vez que pesquisa adicional de alta qualidade provavelmente tenha um impacto modificador na estimativa de efeito.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the quality of available evidence to establish guidelines for the use of noninvasive ventilation for the management of status asthmaticus in children unresponsive to standard treatment. Methods: Search, selection and analysis of all original articles on asthma and noninvasive ventilation in children, published until September 1, 2014 in all languages in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus and SciELO, located using the search terms: "asthma", "status asthmaticus", "noninvasive ventilation", "Bronchospasm", "continuous positive airway pressure", "child", "infant", "pediatrics", "hypercapnia", "respiratory failure" and the keywords "BIPAP", "CPAP", "Bilevel", "acute asthma" and "near fatal asthma". The articles were assessed based on the levels of evidence of the GRADE system. Results: Only nine original articles were located; two (22%) articles had level of evidence A, one (11%) had level of evidence B and six (67%) had level of evidence C. Conclusion: The results suggest that noninvasive ventilation is applicable for the treatment of status asthmaticus in most pediatric patients unresponsive to standard treatment. However, the available evidence cannot be considered as conclusive, as further high-quality research is likely to have an impact on and change the estimate of the effect.

Noninvasive ventilation in status asthmaticus in children: levels of evidence.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of available evidence to establish guidelines for the use of noninvasive ventilation for the management of status asthmaticus in children unresponsive to standard treatment. METHODS: Search, selection and analysis of all original articles on asthma and noninvasive ventilation in children, published until September 1, 2014 in all languages in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus and SciELO, located using the search terms: "asthma", "status asthmaticus", "noninvasive ventilation", "Bronchospasm", "continuous positive airway pressure", "child", "infant", "pediatrics", "hypercapnia", "respiratory failure" and the keywords "BIPAP", "CPAP", "Bilevel", "acute asthma" and "near fatal asthma". The articles were assessed based on the levels of evidence of the GRADE system. RESULTS: Only nine original articles were located; two (22%) articles had level of evidence A, one (11%) had level of evidence B and six (67%) had level of evidence C. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that noninvasive ventilation is applicable for the treatment of status asthmaticus in most pediatric patients unresponsive to standard treatment. However, the available evidence cannot be considered as conclusive, as further high-quality research is likely to have an impact on and change the estimate of the effect.

Comparación del efecto del tratamiento con inhaladores frente a las nebulizaciones en el manejo de las crisis de asma en niños menores de cinco años en el Servicio de Emergencia Pediátrica del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo / Comparison of the effect of treatment with inhalers front to nebulisation in the management of asthma crisis in children less than five years in the Pediatric Emergency Service at the National Hospital Dos de Mayo

Objetivo: Comparar el efecto del tratamiento con inhaladores versus nebulizadores de las crisis asmáticas leves y moderadas en niños menores de cinco años. Metodología: Se escogieron al azar dos grupos de niños menores de cinco años con crisis de asma leve y moderada según el score de Bierman y Pierson modificado por Tal. A un grupo se aplicó tratamiento con Inhaladores de dosis medida (Ventolín) con aerocámara a 2 puffs cada 20 minutos por 3 veces y a otro grupo se aplicó el tratamiento estándar de Nebulizaciones con Salbutamol (Ventolín) a 0.15mg/kg/dosis cada 20 minutos por 3 dosis. Luego se recogieron los hallazgos en una ficha de recolección de datos(la ficha de investigación de Asma-SOBA del servicio de Pediatría del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo) para analizarlos y compararlos. Resultados: Encontramos que después de aplicar el tratamiento de B2 agonistas tanto con Inhaladores de dosis medida como con Nebulizaciones hubo mejoría clínica No hubo ninguna hospitalización a causa de las crisis. Conclusiones: El efecto del tratamiento tanto con inhaladores de dosis medida como con nebulizaciones fue similar. La tasa de hospitalización fue de cero.

Objective: To compare the efficacy of the treatment of mild and moderate asthma attack using metered dose inhalers (MDI) versus nebulizers for children under five years old in Pediatric Emergency Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Peru. Methods: Two groups of children under five years old with acute mild to moderate asthma were chosen at random, according to Bierman and Pierson score modified by Tal. One group was given treatment with metered dose inhalers (MDI) (Ventolin) with holding chamber 2 puffs every 20 minutes three times and the other received standard treatment with nebulizers Salbutamol (Ventolin) to 0.15 mg/kg/ dose every 20 minutes for three times with the possibility of moving to a second phase if necessary. Findings were collected in a data collection sheet then analyze and compare them. Results: We found that after applying both MDI as nebulizers was clinical improvement with a slight advantage of inhalers. Hospitalization rate was zero. Conclusions: Treatment with MDI is statistically similar to that of nebulizers in asthma attacks mild to moderate in children under five years in the service of Pediatric Emergency Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. Lima, Peru.

Ventilación no invasiva en pacientes con estado asmático / Noninvasive ventilation in patients with status asthmaticus

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, con componentes analíticos, y prospectivo de 21 pacientes con estado asmático, ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba, desde marzo de 2011 hasta enero de 2012, y que requirieron ventilación mecánica no invasiva (para postergar o evitar la ventilación mecánica invasiva), a fin de evaluar la efectividad de este tratamiento. En la casuística no hubo diferencias significativas (p>0,05) en cuanto a los grupos etarios, el sexo, el nivel de escolaridad y el grado de aceptación de la interfase, pero sí se observó significación respecto a los antecedentes de ventilación artificial mecánica (p<0,01) y la variación de todas las mensuraciones clínicas y hemogasométricas (p<0,05) luego de 24 horas de aplicada la modalidad terapéutica, con lo cual se demostró su eficacia en la mejoría de los pacientes asmáticos con agudización de la enfermedad(AU)

A descriptive and prospective study with analytical items was carried out in 21 patients presenting with status asthmaticus, admitted to the Intermediate Care Unit of Saturnino Lora Torres Provincial Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital of Santiago de Cuba, from March 2011 to January 2012, who required noninvasive mechanical ventilation (to delay or prevent invasive mechanical ventilation), in order to evaluate the effectiveness of this treatment. There were not significant differences (p>0.05) in the case material in terms of age groups, sex, educational level and the degree of acceptance of the interface, but significance was observed regarding the history of artificial mechanical ventilation (p <0.01) and the variation of all clinical and hemogasometric measurements (p <0.05) 24 hours after the application of the therapeutic modality, thus demonstrating its effectiveness in improving asthmatic patients with exacerbation of disease(AU)