Morphology of the Digestive Tube of the Amazonian Freshwater Stingray Potamotrygon wallacei (Elasmobranchii: Potamotrygonidae): A Stereological Approach.

This work aimed to describe and quantify the tissue components of the digestive tube of the neotropical freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon wallacei. For this, conventional histology and stereological methods were used to estimate tissue volume. The volumes of the four fundamental layers and the tissue components in the stomach (cardiac and pyloric) and spiral intestine were also estimated. In the cardiac stomach, the mucosa layer occupies 44.7% of the total volume of the organ wall. The gastric glands are the main components, and these structures alone represent 49.7% of this layer. This large number of gastric glands suggests a high potential for processing food items with a high protein content. The stereological methods were sensitive enough to show a reduction in the volume of the gastric glands from the cardiac region toward the pyloric region. Gastric glands are absent in the pyloric region of the stomach. However, the muscularis becomes thicker towards the pyloric region. The increase in smooth muscle thickness is due to the thickening of the inner muscular layer. This suggests that the role of the pyloric stomach may be related to the mixing of the chyme and assisting its passage to the spiral intestine. In the spiral intestine, data on the volume of the mucosa layer (and epithelial lining) suggest that the spiral valve has a large absorptive area. In several respects, the morphology of the digestive tube of P. wallacei is similar to that of other batoids. However, its slight morphological variations may be related to the habitat specificity of this species.

Ultrasonography of the stomach and small intestine in healthy Mangalarga Marchador horses from birth to 5 years of age / Ultrassonografia de estômago e intestino delgado de equinos Mangalarga Marchador saudáveis desde o nascimento até cinco anos de idade

The aim of the study was to describe location, sonographic characteristics and measures of the stomach and small intestine of equines at different ages. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed on 88 healthy equines of either sex, aged 1, 7 and 15 days, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 months and 1, 3 and 5 years, with 20 animals per group. Location, characteristics and measurements of stomach, duodenum and jejunum were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were performed for each measurement and the percentile for each age was analyzed. The work showed the growth and characteristics of the organs evaluated over time. Adult animals showed a minimum of 4 duodenal movements per minute. It was possible to locate the organs evaluated in all animals. The detailed ultrasound examination of these organs allowed gathering information that could be used to assist in the care of future patients.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever localização topográfica, características e medidas ultrassonográficas de estômago e intestino delgado de equinos em diferentes idades. Foi realizado um exame ultrassonográfico abdominal em 20 equinos saudáveis de ambos os sexos, com idades de um, sete e 15 dias, um, dois, três, quatro, cinco, seis, sete, oito, nove, 10 e 11 meses e um, três e cinco anos. A localização, as características e as medidas de estômago, duodeno e jejuno foram avaliadas. Foi realizada a estatística descritiva para cada medida e analisado o percentil para cada idade. O trabalho mostrou o crescimento e as características dos órgãos avaliados ao longo do tempo. Animais adultos apresentaram um mínimo de quatro movimentos por minuto de duodeno. Foi possível localizar os órgãos avaliados em todos os animais. O exame ultrassonográfico detalhado desses órgãos permitiu agrupar informações que poderão ser usadas para auxiliar no atendimento a futuros pacientes.

Abdominal ultrasound in amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) (Natterer, 1883) / Ultrassonografia abdominal em peixe boi amazônico (Trichechus inunguis (Natterer, 1883)

Morphophysiological species researches are fundamental, and diagnostic imaging is an excellent technique, already used in wild animals, with great application, not invasive and provide real-time information of each body. Amazonian manatees are on the list of endangered animals classified in the vulnerable category and knowledge of the normal pattern of ultrasound anatomy of organs and tissues is important for the maintenance and well-being of captive specimens contributing to reintroduction actions. The objective of the study was to standardize the examination technique and describe the ultrasound findings of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder and the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal region in Trichechus inunguis, in order to contribute with the anatomical and sonographic knowledge and assist in the diagnosis and prognosis diseases. The study used 18 animals to describe the normal sonographic anatomy in the abdominal cavity of the Amazonian manatee. During abdominal scan, it was possible to visualize the features of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder obtained satisfactory results in this study. Therefore, other structures were not primarily identified by the reduced time, lots of fat and gases in intestines of animals.(AU)

Pesquisas morfofisiológicas em espécies selvagens são fundamentais, e o diagnóstico por imagem é uma excelente técnica, já usada e com grande aplicação, não invasiva e que fornece informações em tempo real de cada órgão. Peixes-boi-amazônico encontram-se na lista de animais ameaçados de extinção classificados na categoria vulnerável e o conhecimento do padrão normal da anatomia ultrassonográfica de órgãos e tecidos é importante para a manutenção e bem-estar de espécimes em cativeiro contribuindo para ações de reintrodução. O objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar a técnica de exame e descrever os achados ultrassonográficos do fígado, vesícula biliar, estômago, vesícula urinária e o tecido subcutâneo da região abdominal em Trichechus inunguis, de modo a contribuir com o conhecimento anátomo-sonográfico e auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico de doenças. O estudo utilizou 18 animais para descrever a anatomia ultrassonográfica normal na cavidade abdominal de peixe-boi amazônico. Durante a varredura abdominal foi possível visualizar as características dos órgãos obtendo resultados satisfatórios neste estudo, concluindo ser uma técnica eficiente para avaliação de determinados órgãos abdominais em peixe-boi amazônico. Entretanto, outras estruturas não foram identificadas principalmente pelo tempo reduzido, muita gordura e gases nos intestinos dos animais.(AU)

Abdominal ultrasound in amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) (Natterer, 1883) / Ultrassonografia abdominal em peixe boi amazônico (Trichechus inunguis (Natterer, 1883)

Morphophysiological species researches are fundamental, and diagnostic imaging is an excellent technique, already used in wild animals, with great application, not invasive and provide real-time information of each body. Amazonian manatees are on the list of endangered animals classified in the vulnerable category and knowledge of the normal pattern of ultrasound anatomy of organs and tissues is important for the maintenance and well-being of captive specimens contributing to reintroduction actions. The objective of the study was to standardize the examination technique and describe the ultrasound findings of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder and the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal region in Trichechus inunguis, in order to contribute with the anatomical and sonographic knowledge and assist in the diagnosis and prognosis diseases. The study used 18 animals to describe the normal sonographic anatomy in the abdominal cavity of the Amazonian manatee. During abdominal scan, it was possible to visualize the features of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder obtained satisfactory results in this study. Therefore, other structures were not primarily identified by the reduced time, lots of fat and gases in intestines of animals.

Pesquisas morfofisiológicas em espécies selvagens são fundamentais, e o diagnóstico por imagem é uma excelente técnica, já usada e com grande aplicação, não invasiva e que fornece informações em tempo real de cada órgão. Peixes-boi-amazônico encontram-se na lista de animais ameaçados de extinção classificados na categoria vulnerável e o conhecimento do padrão normal da anatomia ultrassonográfica de órgãos e tecidos é importante para a manutenção e bem-estar de espécimes em cativeiro contribuindo para ações de reintrodução. O objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar a técnica de exame e descrever os achados ultrassonográficos do fígado, vesícula biliar, estômago, vesícula urinária e o tecido subcutâneo da região abdominal em Trichechus inunguis, de modo a contribuir com o conhecimento anátomo-sonográfico e auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico de doenças. O estudo utilizou 18 animais para descrever a anatomia ultrassonográfica normal na cavidade abdominal de peixe-boi amazônico. Durante a varredura abdominal foi possível visualizar as características dos órgãos obtendo resultados satisfatórios neste estudo, concluindo ser uma técnica eficiente para avaliação de determinados órgãos abdominais em peixe-boi amazônico. Entretanto, outras estruturas não foram identificadas principalmente pelo tempo reduzido, muita gordura e gases nos intestinos dos animais.

The illustrations and terminology of Hamse-i Sânizâde written by Sânizâde Ataullah Efendi: the stomach / Las ilustraciones y terminología de Hamse-i Sânizâde escrito por Sânizâde Ataullah Efendi: el estómago

SUMMARY: The book "Mirâtü'l-Ebdân fi Tesrîh-i Âzâü'l-Insân" written by Sânîzâde Mehmet Ataullah Efendi was the first illustrated anatomy book published in the Ottoman Empire. The aim of this study was to determine the similarities and differences between the terms and definitions of stomach anatomy used by Sânîzâde at that time and those used today. The stomach section of the "Mirâtü'l-Ebdân fi Tesrîh-i Âzâü'l-Insân" was examined and related plates were translated into the Turkish language. Anatomical terms and definitions of stomach anatomy in this book were compared to the stomach terminology used in "Terminologia Anatomica" which is the reference book for terminology today. The stomach section was explained under the title "El-Babu-Sâlis fi Tesrihi'l-Mi'de" (Illustrated Stomach Anatomy) in this book. Parts, margins, arteries, veins, nerves and layers of the stomach were explained with the terms and definitions of that period. Terminologia Anatomica has 33 anatomical terms related to the stomach, while 15 terms were identified in the book "Mirâtü'l-Ebdân fi Tesrîh-i Âzâü'l-Insân". Although more terms related to the stomach anatomy are used today, the fundamental information on stomach anatomy in Sânîzâde's book was compatible with much of the information used in modern anatomy books today.

El libro "Mirâtü'l-Ebdân fi Tesrîh-i Âzâü'l- Insân" escrito por Sânîzâde Mehmet Ataullah Efendi fue el primer libro de anatomía ilustrado y publicado en el Imperio Otomano. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las similitudes y diferen- cias entre los términos y definiciones de la anatomía del estómago utilizados por Sânîzâde en ese momento y los que se utilizan en la actualidad. Se examinó la sección del estómago del "Mirâtü'l-Ebdân fi Tesrîh-i Âzâü'l-Insân" y las placas relacionadas se tradujeron al idioma turco. Los términos anatómicos y las definiciones de la anatomía del estómago en este libro se compararon con la terminología del estómago utilizada en Terminologia Anatomica, el libro de referencia para la terminología utilizado actualmente. La sección del estómago se explicó bajo el título "El-Babu-Sâlis fi Tesrihi'l-Mi'de" (Anatomía del estómago ilustrada) en este libro. Fueron definidas las partes, márgenes, arterias, venas, nervios y capas del estómago con los términos y definiciones de esa época. Terminologia Anatomica tiene 33 términos anatómicos relacionados con el estómago, mientras que 15 términos fueron identificados en el libro "Mirâtü'l-Ebdân fi Tesrîh-i Âzâü'l-Insân". Aunque hoy en día se utilizan más términos relacionados con la anatomía del estómago, la información fundamental sobre la anatomía del estómago en el libro de Sânîzâde era compatible con gran parte de la información utilizada en los libros de anatomía modernos en la actualidad.

3D-printed model of the ovine stomach by surface scanning: evaluation for teaching veterinary anatomy / Modelo impreso en 3D del estómago ovino mediante escaneo de superficie: evaluación para la enseñanza de anatomía veterinaria

SUMMARY: This study investigated the use of fused deposition modeling (FDM), three-dimensional (3D) printed models, of the ovine stomach to learn surface and topographical anatomy. The objectives were: i) to faithfully reproduce the external morphology, the normal volume and the correct positioning of the four compartments of the stomach ii) to facilitate students the spatial visualization of the organ with emphasis on the complex relationship stomach-greater omentum. The model was built based on surface scanning. To obtain the images the ovine stomach was scanned using a 3D surface scanner. Assessment of the model was performed through surveys to first-year veterinary students after the practical sessions in which, they studied and compared both real and 3D-printed specimens. Regarding morphology no significant differences were reported, students were equally able to identify the different structures and compartments on the 3D-printed model. Understanding of both spatial position and relationship of the stomach with neighboring anatomical structures was easier achieved with the 3D-printed model. Other advantages of the 3D-printed model were handle-resistance and ease of handling, availability and reduction of animal specimens. We propose that 3D-printed ovine stomach by surface scanning is a valuable simple model to support learning of surface and topographical anatomy.

RESUMEN: Este estudio investigó el uso de modelos de modelos tridimensionales (3D), impresos mediante deposición fundida (FDM) del estómago ovino para aprender su anatomía superficial y topográfica. Los objetivos fueron: i) reproducir la morfología externa, el volumen normal y el correcto posicionamiento de los cuatro compartimentos del estómago ii) facilitar al alumno la visualización espacial del órgano con énfasis en la compleja relación estómago- omento mayor. El modelo se construyó basándose en un escaneo de superficie. Para obtener las imágenes, se escaneó el estómago ovino utilizando un escáner de superficie 3D. La evaluación del modelo se realizó mediante encuestas a estudiantes de primer año de veterinaria después de las sesiones prácticas en las que estudiaron y compararon especímenes tanto reales como impresos en 3D. En cuanto a la morfología, no se observaron diferencias significativas, los estudiantes fueron igualmente capaces de identificar las diferentes estructuras y compartimentos en el modelo impreso en 3D. La comprensión de la posición espacial y la relación del estómago con las estructuras anatómicas vecinas se logró más fácilmente con el modelo impreso en 3D. Otras ventajas del modelo impreso en 3D fueron la resistencia y facilidad de manejo, la disponibilidad y la reducción del uso de muestras de animales. Proponemos que el estómago ovino impreso en 3D mediante escaneo de superficie es un modelo simple y valioso para apoyar el aprendizaje de la anatomía superficial y topográfica.

Anatomical and histological characterization of the digestive canal of the golden kingklip (Genypterus blacodes) / Caracterización anatómica e histológica del canal digestivo del congrio dorado (Genypterus blacodes)

Given the importance of the Golden kingklip (Genypterus blacodes) as an alternative to the production of salmonid species for worldwide diversification of aquaculture this study researched the morpho-histology of the digestive canal, providing a uniform nomenclature and basic information to support their nutritional management in captive conditions. The objective was to describe the normal morphology of the digestive canal. Twelve wild specimens were collected and dissected. Samples of the esophagus, stomach, liver, pyloric blind and intestines were obtained. An anatomical and histological description was performed. The digestive canal presented a short tubular esophagus, a slightly dilated, J-shaped stomach and thick walls. The stomach had a cardiac region that ended in a pyloric sphincter from which the intestine of thin walls. The intestine presented an anterior, middle and posterior segment. The anterior region of the first segment of the middle intestine presented 4-5 pairs of pyloric cecum. The middle intestine represented approximately 30 % of the total length of the digestive canal, with a smaller diameter compared to the first segment. The posterior intestine was separated from the middle intestine by a thick and powerful sphincter. The liver was large and elongated, and located in the peritoneal cavity located to the left plane and ventral to the swim bladder. The gallbladder was located lateral to the hepatic anterior wolf. The bile duct led to the duodenal region of the anterior intestine. Ventrally, the rectum ended in the anus, located in front of the anal fin. In general, the histological structures were variable according to the segment studied, a mucous tunic was recognized that presented a simple columnar epithelium, a lamina propria composed of loose connective tissue, a muscular layer of the mucosa composed of smooth muscle tissue and a submucosal layer composed of loose connective tissue, a circular and longitudinal stratum of muscular tunic, which had striated musculature and an adventitial tunic composed of a simple squamous epithelium. In conclusion, Golden kingklip (Genypterus blacodes) presents a digestive system typical of a carnivorous benthic fish adapted to feed on fish and crustaceans.

Dada la importancia del Congrio colorado (Genypterus blacodes) como alternativa a la producción de especies salmonídeas para la diversificación mundial de la acuicultura, el objetivo del presente estudio es describir la morfología normal del canal digestivo de esta especie, proporcionando una nomenclatura uniforme e información básica para apoyar su manejo nutricional en condiciones de cautiverio. Doce especímenes silvestres fueron colectados y disecados. Se obtuvo muestras del esófago, estómago, hígado, ciego pilórico e intestinos. Se realizó una descripción anatómica e histológica. El canal digestivo presentó un esófago tubular corto, un estómago ligeramente dilatado, con forma de J y paredes gruesas. El estómago presentaba una región cardíaca que terminaba en un esfínter pilórico desde el cual el intestino de paredes delgadas. El intestino presentaba un segmento anterior, medio y posterior. La región anterior del primer segmento del intestino medio presentó 4-5 pares de ciegos pilóricos. El intestino medio representó aproximadamente el 30 % de la longitud total del canal digestivo, con un diámetro menor en comparación con el primer segmento. El intestino posterior estaba separado del intestino medio por un esfínter grueso y poderoso. El hígado era grande y alargado, y ubicado en la cavidad peritoneal ubicado al plano izquierdo y ventral a la vejiga natatoria. La vesícula biliar se ubicó lateral al lobo anterior hepático. El ducto biliar desembocó en la región duodenal del intestino anterior. Ventralmente, el recto terminó en el ano, ubicado frente a la aleta anal. En general, las estructuras histológicas fueron variables según el segmento estudiado, se reconoció una túnica mucosa que presentaba un epitelio columnar simple, una lámina propia de la mucosa compuesta por tejido conectivo laxo, una capa muscular de la mucosa compuesta por músculo liso tejido y una capa submucosa compuesta de tejido conectivo laxo, un estrato circular y longitudinal de túnica muscular, que tenía musculatura estriada y una túnica adventicia compuesta por un epitelio plano simple. En conclusión, Congrio colorado (Genypterus blacodes) presenta un sistema digestivo típico de un pez bentónico carnívoro adaptado para alimentarse de peces y crustáceos.

Highlighting the impact of chitosan on the development of gastroretentive drug delivery systems.

The development of gastroretentive systems have been growing lately due to the high demand for carriers that increase drug bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness after oral administration. Most of systems reported up to now are based on chitosan (CS) due to its peculiar properties, such as cationic nature, biodegradability, biocompatibility and important mucoadhesiveness, which make CS a promising biopolymer to design effective gastroretentive systems. In light of this, we reported in this review the CS versatility to fabricate different types of nano- and microstructured gastroretentive systems. For a better understanding of the gastric retention mechanisms, we highlighted expandable, density-based, magnetic, mucoadhesive and superporous systems. The biological and chemical properties of CS, anatomophysiological aspects related to gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and some applications of these systems are also described here. Overall, this review may assist researchers to explore new strategies to design safe and efficient gastroretentive systems in order to popularize them in the treatment of diseases and clinical practices.

Características morfológicas do estômago de jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis - Linnaeus, 1758) / Morphological characteristics of the stomach of the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis - Linnaeus, 1758)

Leopardus pardalis é uma das espécies de felinos neotropicais mais estudadas em seus aspectos ecológicos, porém informações de questões morfofisiológicas do trato digestório não são encontradas na literatura. Visando contribuir com tais informações, o objetivo deste artigo foi caracterizar a morfologia do estômago dessa espécie. Nesta pesquisa, foram utilizados cinco exemplares adultos, coletados após óbito por atropelamento ou doados pelo IBAMA ao Laboratório de Zoologia e Morfologia Animal da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso - Alta Floresta. Os animais foram fixados com solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%, dissecados por meio de técnicas anatômicas. Além dos estudos anatômicos, também foram coletados tecidos para microscopia. As análises macroscópicas revelaram que o estômago era do tipo unicavitário, com presença de pequena e grande curvatura, localizado no antímero esquerdo e constituído pelas regiões características do órgão. Em seus aspectos microscópicos, mostrou-se formado pelas quatro túnicas usuais do tubo digestório: túnica mucosa, submucosa, muscular e serosa, cada uma com as particularidades características de cada região, principalmente na túnica mucosa. O estômago de L. pardalis revelou uma morfologia semelhante às espécies domésticas e selvagens, com particularidades histomorfológicas na região pilórica. Esse padrão pode estar relacionado a adaptações evolutivas no processo digestivo dessa espécie.(AU)

The species Leopardus pardalis is one of the species of neotropical felines more studied in its ecological aspects, however, information of morphophysiological questions of the digestive tract are not found in the literature. Aiming to contribute with such information, the objective of this work was to characterize the morphology of the stomach of this species. Five adult specimens, collected after death by trampling, or donated by IBAMA to the Laboratory of Zoology and Animal Morphology of the University of the State of Mato Grosso - Alta Floresta, were used in this research. The animals were fixed with aqueous solution of formaldehyde 10%, dissected through the basic techniques and instruments of anatomy, and later the material was collected for microscopy. The macroscopic analysis revealed that the stomach was of the unicavitary type, with small and great curvature, located in the left antimer and constituted by the characteristic regions of the organ. In its microscopic aspects it was formed by the four usual tunics of the digestive tube: tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscular and serosa, each one with the peculiarities characteristic of each region, mainly in the tunica mucosa. The stomach of L. pardalis revealed similar morphology to the domestic and wild species, with small histomorphological peculiarities in the pyloric region, which may be related to evolutionary adaptations in the digestive process of this species.(AU)

Características morfológicas do estômago de jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis - Linnaeus, 1758) / Morphological characteristics of the stomach of the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis - Linnaeus, 1758)

Leopardus pardalis é uma das espécies de felinos neotropicais mais estudadas em seus aspectos ecológicos, porém informações de questões morfofisiológicas do trato digestório não são encontradas na literatura. Visando contribuir com tais informações, o objetivo deste artigo foi caracterizar a morfologia do estômago dessa espécie. Nesta pesquisa, foram utilizados cinco exemplares adultos, coletados após óbito por atropelamento ou doados pelo IBAMA ao Laboratório de Zoologia e Morfologia Animal da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso - Alta Floresta. Os animais foram fixados com solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%, dissecados por meio de técnicas anatômicas. Além dos estudos anatômicos, também foram coletados tecidos para microscopia. As análises macroscópicas revelaram que o estômago era do tipo unicavitário, com presença de pequena e grande curvatura, localizado no antímero esquerdo e constituído pelas regiões características do órgão. Em seus aspectos microscópicos, mostrou-se formado pelas quatro túnicas usuais do tubo digestório: túnica mucosa, submucosa, muscular e serosa, cada uma com as particularidades características de cada região, principalmente na túnica mucosa. O estômago de L. pardalis revelou uma morfologia semelhante às espécies domésticas e selvagens, com particularidades histomorfológicas na região pilórica. Esse padrão pode estar relacionado a adaptações evolutivas no processo digestivo dessa espécie.(AU)

The species Leopardus pardalis is one of the species of neotropical felines more studied in its ecological aspects, however, information of morphophysiological questions of the digestive tract are not found in the literature. Aiming to contribute with such information, the objective of this work was to characterize the morphology of the stomach of this species. Five adult specimens, collected after death by trampling, or donated by IBAMA to the Laboratory of Zoology and Animal Morphology of the University of the State of Mato Grosso - Alta Floresta, were used in this research. The animals were fixed with aqueous solution of formaldehyde 10%, dissected through the basic techniques and instruments of anatomy, and later the material was collected for microscopy. The macroscopic analysis revealed that the stomach was of the unicavitary type, with small and great curvature, located in the left antimer and constituted by the characteristic regions of the organ. In its microscopic aspects it was formed by the four usual tunics of the digestive tube: tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscular and serosa, each one with the peculiarities characteristic of each region, mainly in the tunica mucosa. The stomach of L. pardalis revealed similar morphology to the domestic and wild species, with small histomorphological peculiarities in the pyloric region, which may be related to evolutionary adaptations in the digestive process of this species.(AU)

Digital revolution in veterinary anatomy: confection of anatomical models of canine stomach by scanning and three-dimensional printing (3D) / Revolución digital en anatomía veterinaria: confección de modelos anatómicos del estómago canino mediante escaneo e impresión tridimensional (3D)

Three-dimensional (3D) scanning and printing can contribute to the area of Veterinary Anatomy, producing anatomical models that can be used in teaching. The objective of this project was to apply the 3D digitalization and printing to produce models of the canine stomach, and make these models available as an alternative tool of study in the practical classes of veterinary anatomy. The stomachs of dogs were digitized and printed in 3D models. Anatomical aspects were easily identifies in the models as compared with stomach original. The results of this project clearly demonstrated that the digitalization and 3D printing from the dog stomach come to strongly contribute to the teaching of veterinary anatomy, currently playing an important role by producing replicas which present desirable anatomical characteristics from organ.

El escaneo e impresión tridimensional (3D) puede contribuir al área de Anatomía Veterinaria, produciendo modelos anatómicos que pueden usarse en la enseñanza. El objetivo de este proyecto fue aplicar la digitalización e impresión 3D para producir modelos del estómago canino y hacer que estos modelos estén disponibles como una herramienta alternativa de estudio en las clases prácticas de anatomía veterinaria. Los estómagos del perro fueron digitalizados e impresos en modelos 3D. Los aspectos anatómicos se identificaron fácilmente en los modelos en comparación con el estómago original. Los resultados de este proyecto demostraron claramente que la digitalización y la impresión en 3D del estómago del perro contribuyen en gran medida a la enseñanza de la anatomía veterinaria y que actualmente desempeña un papel importante, al producir réplicas que presentan características anatómicas deseables a partir de órganos.

The digestive tube of Piaractus brachypomus: gross morphology, histology/histochemistry of the mucosal layer and the effects of parasitism by Neoechinorhynchus sp.

The objective of the present study was to describe the histology and histochemistry of the mucosal layer of the digestive tube of Piaractus brachypomus, and the histopathology associated with parasitism by Neoechinorhynchus sp. The digestive tube of P. brachypomus consists of three macroscopically distinct portions: short, rectilinear and elastic-walled ooesophagus, J-shaped siphon stomach and a long intestine with rectilinear and curved portions, defined by patterns of villi as foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Histological and histochemical differences were observed in the mucosal layers of the different digestive tube regions, such as intense production of neutral and acidic mucous substances in the pseudostratified mucosal epithelium of the oesophagus; positive periodic acid Schiff reagent (PAS)reactions at the apex of the columnar epithelial cells of the stomach and increased intensity of histochemical reactions in the hindgut region. Neoechinorhynchus sp. was present in 85.7% of specimens examined, with a mean intensity of 7.4 ± 6.2 (±) and abundance of 6.33. Good health of the fish indicated by high relative condition factor values ( Kn ) and occurrence of only mild to moderate alteration in the mucosal layer indicated that Neoechinorhynchus sp. exhibits low pathogenicity towards P. brachypomus hosts in farming environments, with low levels of infection.

Anatomical analysis of gastric lymph nodes in cancer-free individuals.

Lymphadenectomy is a crucial part of the surgical therapy for gastric cancer. The number of normal lymph nodes could indicate the number of nodes that need to be retrieved during the procedure. The aim of this study is to analyze the number of lymph nodes in cadavers without gastric cancer according to the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association guidelines. Twenty fresh adult cadavers (14 males, mean age 55, range 24-93 years) were used. Abdominal lymph nodes were dissected and classified according to the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. For total gastrectomy, the median number of lymph nodes that comprised D1 + dissection was 27 (range 15-42). The median and mean number of lymph nodes that comprised D2 dissection was 33, ranging from 18 to 50. For distal gastrectomy, the D1 + level comprised a median of 21 lymph nodes (range 11-38), and the D2 level 22 lymph nodes (range 11-39). In conclusion, considering gastrectomy + D2 lymphadenectomy as the standard treatment for gastric cancer, our results show that adequate lymphadenectomy must encompass around 30 lymph nodes. Clin. Anat., 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Ultrasound dynamics of gastric content volumes after the ingestion of coconut water or a meat sandwich. A randomized controlled crossover study in healthy volunteers / Dinâmica ultrassonográfica dos volumes do conteúdo gástrico após a ingestão de água de coco ou sanduíche de carne. Um estudo cruzado controlado e randômico com voluntários saudáveis

Abstract Background: Adequate preoperative fasting is critical in preventing pulmonary aspiration of gastric content. We proposed to study the sonographic gastric content dynamics after the ingestion of liquid or solid food in healthy volunteers and confront it with current guidelines for preoperative fasting times. Methods: We performed a prospective, crossover, evaluator-blinded study involving 17 healthy volunteers of both sexes. Each participant fasted for 10 h and was subjected to a baseline gastric ultrasound, intake of 400 mL of coconut water or a 145 g, 355 kcal meat sandwich, and sonographic gastric evaluations after 10 min and every hour until the stomach was completely empty. Results: At baseline, all subjects had an empty stomach. At 10 min, gastric content [mean + standard deviation (SD)] was 240.4 + 69.3 and 248.2 + 119.2 mL for liquid and solid foods, respectively (p > 0.05). Mean + SD gastric emptying times were 2.5 + 0.7 and 4.5 + 0.9 h for liquid and solid foods, respectively (p < 0.001). For the drink, the stomach was completely empty in 59% and 100% of the subjects after two and four hours, and for the sandwich, 65% and 100% of the subjects after four and seven hours, respectively. Conclusions: Sonographic gastric dynamics for coconut water and a meat sandwich resulted in complete gastric emptying times higher and lower, respectively, than those suggested by current guidelines for preoperative fasting.

Resumo Justificativa: O jejum pré-operatório adequado é fundamental para prevenir a aspiração pulmonar do conteúdo gástrico. Nossa proposta foi avaliar a dinâmica ultrassonográfica do conteúdo gástrico após a ingestão de alimentos líquidos ou sólidos em voluntários sadios e confrontá-la com as diretrizes atuais para os períodos de jejum no pré-operatório. Métodos: Um estudo prospectivo, cruzado e avaliador-cego foi feito com 17 voluntários saudáveis de ambos os sexos. Cada participante jejuou por 10 horas e foi submetido a uma ultrassonografia gástrica na fase basal, ingestão de 400 mL de água de coco ou 355 g de sanduíche de carne e avaliações gástricas ultrassonográficas foram feitas após 10 minutos e a cada hora até o estômago estar completamente vazio. Resultados: Na fase basal, todos os participantes estavam com o estômago vazio. Aos 10 minutos, o conteúdo gástrico [média + desvio-padrão (DP)] foi de 240,4 + 69,3 e 248,2 + 119,2 mL para alimentos líquidos e sólidos, respectivamente (p > 0,05). Os tempos médios de esvaziamento gástrico + DP foram de 2,5 + 0,7 e 4,5 + 0,9 horas para alimentos líquidos e sólidos, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Para a bebida, o estômago ficou completamente vazio em 59% e 100% dos sujeitos após duas e quatro horas; para o sanduíche, o estômago ficou completamente vazio em 65% e 100% dos sujeitos após quatro e sete horas, respectivamente. Conclusões: A dinâmica ultrassonográfica do volume gástrico para água de coco e sanduíche de carne resultou em tempos totais de esvaziamento gástrico maiores e menores, respectivamente, do que os sugeridos pelas diretrizes atuais para o jejum pré-operatório.

[Ultrasound dynamics of gastric content volumes after the ingestion of coconut water or a meat sandwich. A randomized controlled crossover study in healthy volunteers]. / Dinâmica ultrassonográfica dos volumes do conteúdo gástrico após a ingestão de água de coco ou sanduíche de carne. Um estudo cruzado controlado e randômico com voluntários saudáveis.

BACKGROUND: Adequate preoperative fasting is critical in preventing pulmonary aspiration of gastric content. We proposed to study the sonographic gastric content dynamics after the ingestion of liquid or solid food in healthy volunteers and confront it with current guidelines for preoperative fasting times. METHODS: We performed a prospective, crossover, evaluator-blinded study involving 17 healthy volunteers of both sexes. Each participant fasted for 10h and was subjected to a baseline gastric ultrasound, intake of 400mL of coconut water or a 145g, 355kcal meat sandwich, and sonographic gastric evaluations after 10min and every hour until the stomach was completely empty. RESULTS: At baseline, all subjects had an empty stomach. At 10min, gastric content [mean + standard deviation (SD)] was 240.4 + 69.3 and 248.2 + 119.2mL for liquid and solid foods, respectively (p>0.05). Mean + SD gastric emptying times were 2.5 + 0.7 and 4.5 + 0.9h for liquid and solid foods, respectively (p<0.001). For the drink, the stomach was completely empty in 59% and 100% of the subjects after two and four hours, and for the sandwich, 65% and 100% of the subjects after four and seven hours, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographic gastric dynamics for coconut water and a meat sandwich resulted in complete gastric emptying times higher and lower, respectively, than those suggested by current guidelines for preoperative fasting.

Gastric Residual Volume in Feeding Advancement in Preterm Infants (GRIP Study): A Randomized Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of not relying on prefeeding gastric residual volumes to guide feeding advancement on the time to reach full feeding volumes in preterm infants, compared with routine measurement of gastric residual volumes. We hypothesized that not measuring prefeeding gastric residual volumes can shorten the time to reach full feeds. STUDY DESIGN: In this single-center, randomized, controlled trial, we included gavage fed preterm infants with birth weights (BW) 1500-2000 g who were enrolled within 48 hours of birth. Exclusion criteria were major congenital malformations, asphyxia, and BW below the third percentile. In the study group, the gastric residual volume was measured only in the presence of bloody aspirates, vomiting, or an abnormal abdominal examination. In the control group, gastric residual volume was assessed routinely, and feeding advancement was based on the gastric residual volume. The primary outcome was the time to reach feeding volumes of 120 mL/kg per day. Secondary outcomes were time to regain BW, episodes of feeding interruptions, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. RESULTS: Eighty-seven infants were enrolled. There were no differences between the study and control groups with respect to time to reach full feeds (6 days [95% CI, 5.5-6.5] vs 5 days [95% CI, 4.5-5.5]; P = .82), time to regain BW, episodes of feeding interruptions, or sepsis. Two infants in the control group developed necrotizing enterocolitis. CONCLUSIONS: Avoiding routine assessment of gastric residual volume before feeding advancement did not shorten the time to reach full feeds in preterm infants with BW between 1500 and 2000 g. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01337622.

Morphology of the stomach of tayra (Eira barbara)

Background: The Tayra (Eira barbara) is a mammal of the family Mustelidae with a significant presence in Latin America, it is considered an opportunist and extremely agile omnivorous. Some organs compose the digestive system and the stomach is a substantial organ for this system. The stomach have a small and a large curvature and the regions of the cardia, fundus, body and pylorus. Histologically, the stomach is made up of four layers or tunics that contributes in digestive functions. However, due the limited information available in the literature about morphophysiology of wildlife, this study aimed to clarify the morphology of Eira barbara stomach to understand your digestive system.Materials, Methods & Results: Three males and three females of Eira barbara species were studied (all young adults), all samples were originated of the Bauxite Mine area, in Paragominas, Pará state, Brazil provided of donation to Morphological Animal Research Laboratory (LaPMa) of the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazonia (UFRA), after death by trampling. The corpses were treated with aqueous 10% formaldehyde solution intramuscular injections, subcutaneous and intracavitary. After dissection, the collected material was processed following histologic standard protocols for the subsequent preparation of slides. The studied animals showed the stomach on the left antimere the abdominal cavity, with saccular format with the presence of large and small curvatures. The organ showed composite mucosa made with various gastric folds distributed in regions of the cardia, fundus and pylorus. A microscopic analysis of Eira barbara stomach revealed the presence of tunics or layers which gradually invaginate the lumen of the organ and underlying lamina propria was located to the prismatic epithelium and muscular mucosae and mucosa itself.[...]

Morphology of the stomach of tayra (Eira barbara)

Background: The Tayra (Eira barbara) is a mammal of the family Mustelidae with a significant presence in Latin America, it is considered an opportunist and extremely agile omnivorous. Some organs compose the digestive system and the stomach is a substantial organ for this system. The stomach have a small and a large curvature and the regions of the cardia, fundus, body and pylorus. Histologically, the stomach is made up of four layers or tunics that contributes in digestive functions. However, due the limited information available in the literature about morphophysiology of wildlife, this study aimed to clarify the morphology of Eira barbara stomach to understand your digestive system.Materials, Methods & Results: Three males and three females of Eira barbara species were studied (all young adults), all samples were originated of the Bauxite Mine area, in Paragominas, Pará state, Brazil provided of donation to Morphological Animal Research Laboratory (LaPMa) of the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazonia (UFRA), after death by trampling. The corpses were treated with aqueous 10% formaldehyde solution intramuscular injections, subcutaneous and intracavitary. After dissection, the collected material was processed following histologic standard protocols for the subsequent preparation of slides. The studied animals showed the stomach on the left antimere the abdominal cavity, with saccular format with the presence of large and small curvatures. The organ showed composite mucosa made with various gastric folds distributed in regions of the cardia, fundus and pylorus. A microscopic analysis of Eira barbara stomach revealed the presence of tunics or layers which gradually invaginate the lumen of the organ and underlying lamina propria was located to the prismatic epithelium and muscular mucosae and mucosa itself.[...](AU)

Anti-nociceptive effect of stigmasterol in mouse models of acute and chronic pain.

Stigmasterol is a common sterol found in plants, but the anti-nociceptive effect of this compound and its mechanism of action are not fully explored. Thus, in the present study, the anti-nociceptive effect of stigmasterol was investigated in acute and chronic models of pain and its mechanism of action. We used adult male albino Swiss mice (25-35 g) to observe the anti-nociceptive effect of stigmasterol in acetic-acid writhing test or in complete Freund's adjuvant injection, surgical incision in hind paw, or partial sciatic nerve ligation. Moreover, we investigate the involvement of opioid receptors (naloxone, 2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) in stigmasterol anti-nociceptive effect and stigmasterol action on acetylcholinesterase activity. Some possible adverse effects caused by stigmasterol were also investigated. Stigmasterol (0.3-3 mg/kg, orally) exhibited an anti-nociceptive effect on acetic-acid-induced writhing test. Furthermore, it markedly attenuated the mechanical allodynia caused by surgical incision (after acute treatment with stigmasterol, preventive and curative effects were observed) and partial sciatic nerve ligation (after acute treatment with stigmasterol) and complete Freund's adjuvant (after acute or repeated treatment with stigmasterol). The anti-nociceptive effect of stigmasterol was not reversed by naloxone. Moreover, stigmasterol did not alter in vitro acetylcholinesterase activity in spinal cord or brain samples. Also, stigmasterol did not cause gastric ulcers or alter the gastrointestinal transit of mice. Taken together, these results support the potential anti-nociceptive effect of stigmasterol in different models of pain.

Use of ultrasound for gastric volume evaluation after ingestion of different volumes of isotonic solution / Uso da ultrassonografia para avaliação do volume gástrico após ingestão de diferentes volumes de solução isotônica

Abstract Background and objectives: The current preoperative fasting guidelines allow fluid intake up to 2 h before surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gastric volume of volunteers after an overnight fast and compare it with the gastric volume 2 h after ingestion of 200 and 500 mL of isotonic solution, by means of ultrasound assessment. Method: Eighty volunteers underwent gastric ultrasound at three times: after 8 h of fasting; 2 h after ingestion of 200 mL isotonic saline, followed by the first scan; and on another day, 2 h after ingestion of 500 mL of the same solution after an overnight fast. The evaluation was quantitative (antrum area and gastric volume, and the ratio of participants' gastric volume/weight) and qualitative (absence or presence of gastric contents on right lateral decubitus and supine positions. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant). Results: There was no difference in quantitative variables at measurement times (p > 0.05). Five volunteers (6.25%) had a volume/weight over 1.5 mL kg-1 at fasting and 2 h after ingestion of 200 mL and 6 (7.5%) after 500 mL. Qualitatively, the presence of gastric fluid occurred in more volunteers after fluid ingestion, especially 500 mL (18.7%), although not statistically significant. Conclusion: Ultrasound assessment of gastric volume showed no significant difference, both qualitative and quantitative, 2 h after ingestion of 200 mL or 500 mL of isotonic solution compared to fasting, although gastric fluid content has been identified in more volunteers, especially after ingestion of 500 mL isotonic solution.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: As diretrizes recentes de jejum pré-operatório permitem a ingestão de líquidos até 2 horas antes da cirurgia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi, por meio de ultrassonografia gástrica, avaliar o volume gástrico de voluntários após jejum noturno e comparar com o volume gástrico duas horas após a ingestão de 200 e 500 ml de solução isotônica. Método: Foram submetidos à ultrassonografia gástrica 80 voluntários em três momentos: após jejum de 8 horas; 2 horas após a ingestão de 200 ml de solução isotônica, seguida do primeiro exame; e, em outro dia, 2 horas após a ingestão de 500 ml da mesma solução, após jejum noturno. A avaliação foi quantitativa (área do antro e volume gástricos e relação volume gástrico/peso dos participantes) e qualitativa, pela ausência ou presença de conteúdo gástrico nas posições de decúbito lateral direito e supina. Foi considerado significante p < 0,05. Resultados: Não houve diferença nas variáveis quantitativas nos três momentos estudados (p > 0,05). Cinco voluntários (6,25%) apresentaram um volume/peso superior a 1,5 ml.kg-1 em jejum e 2 horas após a ingestão de 200 ml e seis (7,5%) após 500 ml. Qualitativamente, a presença de líquido gástrico ocorreu em mais voluntários após a ingestão de líquidos, principalmente de 500 ml (18,7%), embora sem significância estatística. Conclusão: O volume gástrico pela ultrassonografia não apresenta diferença significativa tanto qualitativa quanto quantitativa, 2 horas após a ingestão de 200 ml ou de 500 ml de solução isotônica em comparação com o jejum, embora conteúdo líquido gástrico tenha sido identificado em mais voluntários, principalmente após a ingestão de 500 ml de solução isotônica.