ABSTRACT
Although Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans may colonize tonsillar tissues, the interaction between them in mixed biofilms has been poorly explored. This study established an interkingdom biofilm model of S. pyogenes and C. albicans and verified the dose-response validation of antimicrobials. Biofilms were formed on microplates, in the presence or absence of a conditioning layer of human saliva, using Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth or artificial saliva (AS) as a culture medium, and with variations in the microorganism inoculation sequence. Biofilms grown in AS showed higher mass than those grown in BHI broth, and an opposite trend was observed for metabolism. The number of S. pyogenes colonies was lower in AS. Amoxicillin and nystatin showed dose-dependent effects. The inoculation of the two species at the same time, without prior exposure to saliva, and using BHI broth would be the model of choice for future studies assessing the effects of antimicrobials on dual S. pyogenes/C. albicans biofilms.
Subject(s)
Biofilms , Candida albicans , Streptococcus pyogenes , Candida albicans/drug effects , Candida albicans/physiology , Biofilms/drug effects , Streptococcus pyogenes/drug effects , Streptococcus pyogenes/physiology , Humans , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Saliva/microbiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Culture Media/chemistry , Amoxicillin/pharmacology , Nystatin/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a consequence of the infection by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. During this infection, various immunological processes generated by streptococcal antigens are triggered, such as the induction of antibodies and immune complexes. This activation of the immune system involves both innate and acquired immunity. The immunological events that occur at the renal level lead to kidney damage with chronic renal failure as well as resolution of the pathological process (in most cases). Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a molecule with vasopressor and pro-inflammatory capacities, being an important factor in various inflammatory processes. During PSGN some events are defined that make Ang II conceivable as a molecule involved in the inflammatory processes during the disease. CONCLUSION: This review is focused on defining which reported events would be related to the presence of this hormone in PSGN.
Subject(s)
Angiotensin II , Glomerulonephritis , Streptococcal Infections , Streptococcus pyogenes , Humans , Glomerulonephritis/immunology , Glomerulonephritis/microbiology , Glomerulonephritis/etiology , Streptococcal Infections/immunology , Streptococcal Infections/complications , Streptococcal Infections/microbiology , Streptococcus pyogenes/immunology , Animals , Kidney/immunology , Kidney/pathologyABSTRACT
Generado por el Ministerio de Salud de la Nación Dirección Nacional de Epidemiología este boletín contiene información de actualización de encefalitis equina, dengue, infecciones respiratorias agudas, vigilancia de enfermedad streptococcus Pyogenes . Alerta epidemiológicas internaciones, destacados de boletines jurisdiccionales, herramientas para la vigilancia la prevención y respuesta e Informe especial, Equinococosis quística hidatidosis.
Subject(s)
Respiratory Tract Infections , Streptococcus pyogenes , Encephalomyelitis, Western Equine , Dengue , Epidemiological MonitoringABSTRACT
La faringoamigdalitis es uno de los motivos más frecuentes de consulta en pediatría. Aproximadamente un 70-80% de las faringoamigdalitis son de etiología viral. El 20-30% restante son de origen bacteriano. El agente causal más frecuente es Streptococcus pyogenes (estreptococo ß-hemolítico del grupo A). El rol de Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, (estreptococos ß-hemolíticos grupos C y G) fue claramente establecido como agente etiológico en la faringitis bacteriana, tanto en niños como en adultos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y retrospectivo entre enero 2018 y diciembre de 2021. Se evaluó la prevalencia de faringitis estreptocócica, la edad, el período estacional, los agentes etiológicos y la resistencia a macrólidos durante los períodos pre-COVID-19 (2018-2019) y COVID-19 (2020-2021). Se analizaron 11 396 muestras de exudados de fauces de pacientes con sospecha de faringitis bacteriana; las mismas se procesaron mediante el uso de técnicas microbiológicas convencionales. En el período estudiado el porcentaje de positividad de los cultivos de exudados de fauces se mantuvo constante. Al comparar los períodos pre-COVID-19 (2018-2019) y COVID-19 (2020-2021) se observó una disminución en el número de aislados de S. pyogenes con un aumento de S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, mientras que la resistencia a macrólidos encontrada fue superior en S. pyogenes y para S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis se mantuvo constante. Es importante realizar el cultivo para la identificación del agente etiológico y determinar la sensibilidad antibióticapara continuar con la vigilancia epidemiológica de la resistencia a los macrólidos, porque representan una opción en pacientes alérgicos a ß-lactámicos (AU)
Pharyngotonsillitis is one of the most frequent reasons for consultation in children. Approximately 70-80% of pharyngotonsillitis are of viral etiology. The remaining 20-30% are bacterial in origin. The most frequent causative agent is Streptococcus pyogenes (group A ß-hemolytic streptococcus). Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (ß-hemolytic streptococcus groups C and G) was clearly established as an etiologic agent in bacterial pharyngitis in both children and adults. A descriptive and retrospective analysis was conducted between January 2018 and December 2021. The prevalence of streptococcal pharyngitis, age, seasonal period, etiologic agents, and macrolide resistance during the pre-COVID-19 (2018-2019) and COVID-19 (2020-2021) periods were evaluated. We analyzed 11 396 specimens of swabs from patients with suspected bacterial pharyngitis. Conventional microbiological techniques were used. In the study period, the percentage of positivity of swab cultures remained constant. When comparing the preCOVID-19 (2018-2019) and COVID-19 (2020-2021) periods, a decrease in the number of S. pyogenes isolates was observed with an increase in S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, while the resistance to macrolides found was higher for S. pyogenes and remained constant for S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. The identification of the etiologic agent and determination of antibiotic sensitivity are important for epidemiological surveillance of macrolide resistance, as they are a treatment option in patients who are allergic to ß-lactams (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology , Pharyngitis/etiology , Pharyngitis/epidemiology , Macrolides/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , COVID-19 , Streptococcus pyogenes/isolation & purification , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Introducción: las infecciones estreptocócicas pueden presentarse con fiebre, inflamación faringoamigdalina con o sin exudados, petequias en el paladar, adenitis cervical, exantema escarlatiniforme y / o dolor abdominal. Resulta útil en área de urgencia disponer de pruebas de detección rápida de antígenos de S. pyogenes (DRASP) de alta especificidad y sensibilidad algo menor. Objetivos: conocer la utilidad de un test de DRASP en 2 servicios de Urgencia Pediátrica, describiendo las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes estudiados durante el período de la investigación y su correlación con el cultivo de exudado faríngeo mediante el cálculo de sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E), valor predictivo positivo (VPP) y valor predictivo negativo (VPN). Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo, observacional, transversal en dos servicios de emergencia pediátrica. Se incluyeron niños a los que se les realizó DRASP y exudado faríngeo (EF) entre el 14 de febrero y el 13 de abril de 2018. Se registró: sexo, edad, motivo de consulta, diagnóstico, tratamiento, destino, resultado del test y de cultivo faríngeo. Se calcularon S, E, VPP y VPN. Resultados: n=241 niños. Rango 8 meses - 14 años, media 6 años. Consultaron por fiebre 103 niños (42,7%); por odinofagia 48, por erupción 11 y 47 por otros síntomas. Al 95% de los niños se le otorgó el alta. DRASP negativos 87,6% (N: 211) y positivos 12,9% (N: 31). EF negativos 80,1% (n: 193) y positivos para SßHGA en 13,7% (n: 33). La sensibilidad de la prueba fue del 52% y su especificidad del 93%. El VPP 55% y el negativo 92%. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue faringitis viral 132 (54,7%). Conclusiones: el test se aplicó fundamentalmente a escolares febriles, algunos con odinofagia. Contribuye a diferenciar en forma rápida la etiología y habilita a no usar antibióticos en caso de resultado negativo. Estos resultados avalan el uso de DRASP en la urgencia pediátrica.
Introduction: streptococcal infections can show fever, pharyngotonsillar inflammation with or without swabs, palatal petechiae, cervical adenitis, scarlatiniform rash and/or abdominal pain. Rapid detection tests for S. pyogenes antigens (DRASP) with high specificity and somewhat lower sensitivity are a useful at the Emergency Ward. Objectives: know the usefulness of a DRASP test in 2 Pediatric Emergency, describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the patients studied during the research period and its correlation with the culture of pharyngeal exudates by calculating sensitivity (S) , specificity (S), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Material and Methods: prospective, observational, cross-sectional study carried out in two pediatric emergency wards. We included children who underwent DRASP and pharyngeal swab (PS) between February 14 and April 13, 2018. The following data were recorded: sex, age, reason for consultation, diagnosis, treatment, destination, test results and throat cultures. S, S, PPV and NPV were calculated. Results: n=241 children. Range 8 months - 14 years, average 6 years. 103 children (42.7%) consulted due to fever; 48 due to sore throat, 11 due to rash and 47 due to other symptoms. 95% of children were discharged. DRASP negative 87.6% (N: 211) and positive 12.9% (N: 31). Negative EP 80.1% (n: 193) and positive for SßHGA in 13.7% (n: 33). The test sensitivity was 52% and specificity 93%. The PPV 55% and the negative 92%. The most frequent diagnosis was viral pharyngitis 132 (54.7%). Conclusions: the test was applied mainly to febrile schoolchildren, some with odynophagia. A quick etiology differentiation is helpful, since it prevents antibiotics from being used in the event of a negative result. These results support the use of DRASP in pediatric emergency wards.
Introdução: as infecções estreptocócicas manifestam-se com febre, inflamação faringotonsilar com ou sem exsudado, petéquias palatinas, adenite cervical, erupção cutânea escarlatiniforme e/ou dor abdominal. Nos serviços de emergência é útil realizar testes de detecção rápida para antígenos de S. pyogenes (DRASP) com alta especificidade e sensibilidade um pouco mais baixa Objetivos: conhecer a utilidade do teste DRASP em 2 Emergências Pediátricas, descrever as características clínicas e epidemiológicas dos pacientes estudados durante o período da pesquisa e sua correlação com a cultura de exsudatos faríngeos por meio do cálculo de sensibilidade (S) , especificidade (S), positivo valor preditivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN). Material e métodos: estudo prospectivo, observacional, transversal, realizado em duas unidades de emergência pediátrica. Foram incluídas crianças que realizaram DRASP e swab faríngeo (PS) entre 14 de fevereiro e 13 de abril de 2018. Foram registrados os seguintes dados: sexo, idade, motivo da consulta, diagnóstico, tratamento, destino, resultados de exames e culturas de garganta. S, S, VPP e VPN foram calculados. Resultados: n=241 crianças. Faixa 8 meses - 14 anos, média 6 anos. 103 crianças (42,7%) consultadas por febre; 48 por dor de garganta, 11 por erupção cutânea e 47 por outros sintomas. 95% das crianças receberam alta. DRASP negativo 87,6% (N: 211) e positivo 12,9% (N: 31). EP negativo 80,1% (n: 193) e positivo para SßHGA em 13,7% (n: 33). A sensibilidade do teste foi de 52% e a especificidade de 93%. O PPV 55% e o negativo 92%. O diagnóstico mais frequente foi faringite viral 132 (54,7%). Conclusões: o teste foi aplicado principalmente em escolares febris, alguns com odinofagia. A rápida diferenciação etiológica é útil, pois evita o uso de antibióticos em caso de resultado negativo. Esses resultados apoiam o uso do DRASP em enfermarias de emergência pediátrica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Streptococcal Infections/diagnosis , Streptococcus pyogenes/isolation & purification , Deglutition Disorders/diagnosis , Pharyngitis/diagnosis , Streptococcal Infections/microbiology , Deglutition Disorders/microbiology , Pharyngitis/microbiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Emergency Service, Hospital , Exudates and Transudates/microbiologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: Streptococcuspyogenes (EGA) es agente de enfermedad invasora (EI); su alta morbimortalidad exige vigilancia epidemiológica. OBJETIVO: Describir características clínicas y epidemiológicas de niños hospitalizados con EI por EGA en un centro de referencia de Uruguay del 1/1/2014 al 31/12/2020 incluyendo el estudio de los factores de virulencia encontrados en las cepas aisladas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Descriptivo y retrospectivo. Definición de caso: aislamiento de EGA. en sitios estériles. Variables: epidemiológicas, clínicas, laboratorio, tratamiento y evolución. Se tipificó por secuenciación del gen emm. Se obtuvieron perfiles cromosómicos por digestión del ADN con la enzima SmaI. Presencia de los genes que codifican SpeB, SpeA, SpeC y Ssa, y susceptibilidad a antimicrobianos. RESULTADOS: Tasa de admisiones: 3,98/10.000. Se incluyeron 22 pacientes; infección osteoarticular (n = 11), infección pleuropulmonar (n = 6), absceso no cutáneo (n = 4) y aislamiento en sangre (n = 1). Media de edad: 44 meses; 8 fueron graves, siendo su media de edad menor (16 meses) Todas los casos con neumonías fueron graves y un paciente falleció. Se secuenciaron 12 cepas: 5 emm1 (4 emm 1.29 y 1 emm 1) y 1 de cada uno de los siguientes: emm 6.4, emm 81, emm12, emm28, emm 22, emm 87, emm 11. Todas eran SpeB+. Perfiles de toxinas: SpeA+SpeC-Ssa-(5), SpeA-SpeC+Ssa-(4) SpeA-SpeC-Ssa-(2) y SpeA-SpeC+Ssa+ (2). CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio permite dar continuidad a un estudio previo. Se logró mayor tipificación de EGA. que puede contribuir a su conocimiento clínico molecular. No hubo registro de pacientes con diagnóstico de SST ni de fascitis necrosante, a diferencia de la serie anterior.
BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) is an agent of invasive disease (ID); its high morbidity and mortality requires epidemiological surveillance. AIM: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children hospitalized with ID due to GAS in a reference center in Uruguay from January 1-2014 to December 31-2020, including a study of virulence factors. METHODS: Descriptive and retrospective. Case definition: Isolation of GAS in sterile sites. Variables: epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, treatment and evolution. Strains were typified by sequencing of the emm gene. Chromosomal profiles were obtained by digestion of the DNA. with the Smal enzyme. Presence of SpeB, SpeA and SpeC genes and susceptibility to antibiotics were performed. RESULTS: Admissions rate: 3.98/10,000. 22 patients were included; osteoarticular infection (n = 11), pleuropulmonary infection (n = 6), non-cutaneous abscess (n = 4) and blood isolation (n = 1). Mean age: 44 months; 8 cases were severe, their mean age was lower (16 months). All pneumonia cases were severe and one patient died. Twelve strains were sequenced: 5 emm1 (4 emm1.29 and 1 emm1) and 1 of each: emm6.4, emm81, emm 12, emm28, emm 22, emm 87, emm 11. All were SpeB+. Toxin profiles: SpeA+SpeC-Ssa-(5), SpeA-SpeC+Ssa-(4) SpeA-SpeC-Ssa-(2) and SpeA-SpeC+Ssa+(2). CONCLUSIONS: This study allows to give continuity to a previous study. Greater typing of GAS was achieved, which may contribute to its molecular clinical knowledge. There was no record of patients diagnosed with TSS or necrotizing fascitis, unlike the previous series.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Streptococcal Infections/microbiology , Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology , Streptococcal Infections/drug therapy , Streptococcus pyogenes/isolation & purification , Streptococcus pyogenes/drug effects , Streptococcus pyogenes/genetics , Uruguay , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Comorbidity , Child, Hospitalized , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Virulence Factors , Hospitals, Pediatric , Anti-Bacterial AgentsABSTRACT
A healthy 40-year-old woman was diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis 2 days after her husband's death from the same infectious process. Prompt identification and immediate surgical intervention prevented a similar result in this patient. Additional investigation into both patients' medical records found the inciting organism to be group A streptococcus. Although the exact mechanism of inoculation is unknown, the spread of this infection within a household prompts the question of whether antibiotic prophylaxis should be given among close contacts in future cases of necrotizing fasciitis.
Subject(s)
Fasciitis, Necrotizing , Streptococcal Infections , Adult , Fasciitis, Necrotizing/diagnosis , Fasciitis, Necrotizing/drug therapy , Fasciitis, Necrotizing/surgery , Female , Humans , Streptococcal Infections/drug therapy , Streptococcal Infections/surgery , Streptococcus pyogenesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Fever in infants younger than 90 days may reflect a serious bacterial infection, so blood cultures (BC) are taken routinely and the patient is hospitalized. The observation time to detect occult bacteremia is not well established. AIM: To describe type and positivity time of isolated bacteria in blood cultures in infants under 90 days admitted for fever. METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive study. Positive blood cultures taken between 2014-2016 in young infants admitted for fever were included. Identification and time of positivity of each bacteria, clinical, laboratory and demographic data were recorded. Demographic variables and the clinical outcome was obtained. RESULTS: There were 172 positive blood cultures, only 51 met inclusion criteria. Of these, 21 microorganisms were pathogenic (Escherichia coli: 10, Streptococcus agalactiae: 3, Streptococcus pyogenes: 3, others: 5) and 30 were considered contamination, mainly coagulase negative Staphylococcus. In relation to the total sample, the median time of positivity was 10 hrs. At 24 hours of culture, bacterial growth was detected in 94% of the sample. CONCLUSION: The pathogenic bacteria isolated in the blood cultures of patients younger than 90 days who were admitted with fever correspond mainly to Gram negative bacilli and streptococci. All isolated pathogens were detected before 24 h of incubation.
Subject(s)
Bacteremia , Bacteremia/diagnosis , Bacteremia/microbiology , Child , Escherichia coli , Fever , Hospitals , Humans , Infant , Retrospective Studies , Streptococcus agalactiae , Streptococcus pyogenesABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: En neonatos y lactantes bajo 90 días de vida la fiebre constituye un signo clínico relevante ya que puede corresponder a una infección bacteriana grave, por lo que se toman hemocultivos de forma rutinaria y el paciente es hospitalizado. Aún no existe una recomendación respecto al tiempo de observación necesario una vez internado el paciente. OBJETIVO: Describir las bacterias aisladas en hemocultivos de lactantes bajo 90 días de vida hospitalizados por fiebre y el tiempo de detección de crecimiento microbiano en los mismos. ¨MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se revisaron hemocultivos positivos tomados entre 2014 y 2016 en neonatos y lactantes < 90 días de edad. Se obtuvieron las identificaciones, tiempo de positividad de las bacterias, así como datos clínicos, de laboratorio y demográficos. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 172 hemocultivos positivos, 51 cumplían los criterios de inclusión. De éstos, 21 microorganismos fueron patógenos (Escherichia coli: 10, Streptococcus agalactiae: 3, Streptococcus pyogenes: 3, otros: 5) y 30 se consideraron contaminación, principalmente Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa. En relación al total de la muestra, la mediana del tiempo de positividad fue de 10 h. A las 24 h de cultivo se detectó crecimiento bacteriano en 94% de la muestra. CONCLUSIÓN: Las bacterias patógenas aisladas en los hemocultivos de pacientes < 90 días de edad, que ingresaron con fiebre, corresponden principalmente a bacilos gramnegativos y estreptococos. Todos los patógenos aislados fueron detectados antes de 24 h de incubación.
BACKGROUND: Fever in infants younger than 90 days may reflect a serious bacterial infection, so blood cultures (BC) are taken routinely and the patient is hospitalized. The observation time to detect occult bacteremia is not well established. AIM: To describe type and positivity time of isolated bacteria in blood cultures in infants under 90 days admitted for fever. METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive study. Positive blood cultures taken between 2014-2016 in young infants admitted for fever were included. Identification and time of positivity of each bacteria, clinical, laboratory and demographic data were recorded. Demographic variables and the clinical outcome was obtained. RESULTS: There were 172 positive blood cultures, only 51 met inclusion criteria. Of these, 21 microorganisms were pathogenic (Escherichia coli: 10, Streptococcus agalactiae: 3, Streptococcus pyogenes: 3, others: 5) and 30 were considered contamination, mainly coagulase negative Staphylococcus. In relation to the total sample, the median time of positivity was 10 hrs. At 24 hours of culture, bacterial growth was detected in 94% of the sample. CONCLUSION: The pathogenic bacteria isolated in the blood cultures of patients younger than 90 days who were admitted with fever correspond mainly to Gram negative bacilli and streptococci. All isolated pathogens were detected before 24 h of incubation.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child , Bacteremia/diagnosis , Bacteremia/microbiology , Streptococcus agalactiae , Streptococcus pyogenes , Retrospective Studies , Escherichia coli , Fever , HospitalsABSTRACT
Bioenhancement of hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms with suitable nutrients has a huge impact in achieving positive bioremediation of polluted environments. This study was conducted to assess the bio-enhancing effect of some organic amendments on Streptococcus pyogenes andEnterococcus faecalis co-culture with a view toremediating spent engine oil (SEO) contaminated soil. Top soil (1.5 kg) was autoclaved and thereafter contaminated with SEO at three levels. The contaminated soil was inoculated with bacterial co-culture (150 mL) and subsequently bioenhanced with compost,processed cocoa pod husk (CPH) and cow dung. The factorial experiment was laid out in completely randomized design. Concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were estimated on the first day, 5th week and 10th week of incubation. Results obtained show that bacterial co-culture bioenhanced with compost produced the most significant TPH reductions (1318 and 261 mg kg-1)on 10% SEO contaminated soil at the 5th and 10th week respectively (p<0.05). Again, bacterial co-culture bioenhanced with compost produced the most significant PAH reductions (65.9 and 55.8 mg kg-1) on 10% SEO contaminated soil at the 5th and 10th week respectively (p<0.05). The significant bioremediation capabilities exhibited by the bacterial co-culture bioenhanced with organic amendments in this study has made these bioremediation agents potential candidates in remediating soils impacted with petroleum hydrocarbons.(AU)
Subject(s)
Petroleum Pollution/adverse effects , Environmental Pollution/adverse effects , Streptococcus pyogenes , Biodegradation, Environmental , Enterococcus faecalis , Bacterial Load , Hydrocarbons/adverse effectsABSTRACT
El Streptococcus pyogenes o estreptococo B hemolítico Grupo A (EßHGA) suele ser una causa poco habitual de enfermedad invasiva en pediatría, la cual ha presentado un aumento en su incidencia en los últimos años. Se define como cualquier infección asociada al aislamiento de dicha bacteria de un sitio normalmente estéril y cuya presentación más frecuente es la bacteriemia. Los pacientes con EßHGA habitualmente se presentan con un sindrome febril asociado a manifestaciones clínicas relacionadas con el sitio primario de infección. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 10 años, sin comorbilidades, que desarrolló enfermedad invasiva por EßHGA con bacteriemia e impacto secundario de piel y partes blandas resultando en una celulitis de manos bilateral
Streptococcus pyogenes or Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is an infrequent cause of invasive disease in pediatrics. Its incidence has increased in the last few years. It is defined as any infection associated with the isolation of GAS in a normally sterile site and its most frequent presentation is bacteremia. Patients with GAS bacteremia usually present with a febrile syndrome associated with clinical manifestations related to the primary site of infection. We present the case of a previously healthy, 10-year-old patient, who developed an invasive disease due to GAS with bacteremia and secondary impact of skin and soft tissues that developed in bilateral cellulitis of the hands
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Streptococcal Infections/diagnosis , Streptococcus pyogenes/isolation & purification , Bacteremia/diagnosis , Cellulite/microbiology , Streptococcal Infections/therapy , Bacteremia/therapy , Erythema/microbiology , Cellulite/diagnosis , Cellulite/therapyABSTRACT
Las adenopatías cervicales benignas en lactantes son relativamente frecuentes, se definen como el aumento de volumen ganglionar de más de 1 cm, sin síntomas sistémicos y cuando están presentes, el término correcto es adenitis. Para su estudio, las adenitis se dividen en: locales, sistémicas, unilaterales, bilaterales, agudas, crónicas, y por edad, con diferentes etiologías. Se presenta el caso clínico de un lactante de 11 meses de edad con diagnóstico de adenitis cervical abscedada unilateral aguda, con cuadro de 72 h de evolución, con crecimiento constante a nivel cervical derecho, compromiso del estado general, fiebre y anorexia, por lo que se inician antibióticos de primera línea para los agentes bacterianos más frecuentes (Staphylococcus aureus y Streptococcus pyogenes), con evolución tórpida a las 48 h, por lo que se solicita ultrasonido cervical, ya que la familia no contaba con recursos para solicitar cultivo o tomografía, reportando el ultrasonido ganglio cervical de 3,5 cm de diámetro abscedado, por lo que se agrega cobertura para anaerobios, con respuesta muy favorable a las 24 h. Queda la duda del origen de los anaerobios en la paciente, sin antecedentes de importancia y en grupo etario diferente al afectado por esos gérmenes. Consideramos este caso interesante por su comportamiento atípico, para el enriquecimiento del ejercicio de la otorrinolaringología, recalcando el invaluable apoyo de la clínica y solo con un ultrasonido, ya que no siempre se tendrán todos los recursos disponibles, pero siguiendo las pautas de lo reportado en la literatura, se tuvo una resolución exitosa.
Benign cervical lymphadenopathies in infants are relatively frequent, they are defined as an increase in lymph node volume of more than 1 cm, without systemic symptoms, and when they are present, the correct term is adenitis. For its study, adenitis is divided into: local, systemic, unilateral, bilateral, acute, chronic, and by age, with different etiologies. An 11-month-old infant with a diagnosis of acute unilateral abscessed cervical adenitis, with a 72 h evolution, with constant growth at the right cervical level, fever and anorexia, for which first-line antibiotics were started to the most frequent bacterial agents (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes), with torpid evolution at 48 h, for which only cervical ultrasound is requested, since the family did not have the resources to request culture or tomography, reporting the cervical ganglion ultrasound of 3.5 cm of abscessed diameter, so coverage for anaerobes is added, with a very favorable response at 24 hrs. There remains the doubt of the origin of the anaerobes in the patient, without important antecedents and in an age group different from that affected by these germs. We consider this case interesting due to its atypical behavior, for the enrichment of the otolaryngology exercise, emphasizing the invaluable support of the clinic, and only with an ultrasound, since other clinical tools were not available, but following the guidelines of what is reported in literature, there was a successful resolution.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant , Lymphadenopathy/drug therapy , Lymphadenopathy/diagnostic imaging , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcal Infections/drug therapy , Streptococcus pyogenes , Cefuroxime/therapeutic use , Ultrasonography/methods , Metronidazole/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Background: "Dividivi" Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd fruits are traditionally used by the Wayuú community in La Guajira (Colombia) to treat oral and skin cavity diseases caused by bacteria and fungi. Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram-positive cocci of group A (beta-hemolytic) that is the cause of pharyngeal disease, scarlet fever, cellulitis, erysipelas, or toxic shock-like syndrome. Alternatively, Candida albicans is a yeast-like fungus that is a normal flora of the digestive tract, vagina, or skin folds; it has been known to be the root cause of opportunistic diseases such as diaper rash, oral and esophagus thrush, or vulvovaginitis. Objective: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of C. coriaria (Jacq.) Willddry fruits on S. pyogenes ATCC 12384andC. albicans ATTC 14053. Method: C. coriaria extracts were obtained from the Soxhlet method using two solvents (methanol and ethanol 98%) prepared from pulverized fruits. A phytochemical test and an antimicrobial activity assay were performed using the obtained extracts and tested using S. pyogenes ATCC 12384 and C. albicans ATTC 14053 strains. Results: A phytochemical profile was performed, examining the presence of bioactive metabolites (tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, and anthraquinones) from each extract. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that the ethanolic extract inhibited S. pyogenes ATCC 12384,causing inhibition halos of 14.1 ± 0.1 mm and a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 172 mg/ml, and C. albicans test shows inhibition halos of 16.1 ± 0.2 mm and MIC of 212 mg/ml. Additionally, the methanolic extract inhibited S. pyogenes with inhibition halos of 15.2 ± 0.2 mm and MIC of 152 mg/ml; no inhibitory effect was observed on C. albicans.Conclusion: This study revealed that C. coriaria has an antimicrobial effect on the tested species opening the field of its possible use as a therapeutic agent
Introducción: Los frutos del "Dividivi" Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd son usados tradicionalmente por la comunidad indígena Wayuú en La Guajira (Colombia) para el tratamiento de enfermedades de la cavidad bucal y cutáneas ocasionadas por bacterias y hongos. Streptococcuspyogenes es un coco grampositivo del grupo A (beta-hemolítico) que es la causa de enfermedad faríngea, escarlatina, celulitis, erisipela o síndrome tipo shock tóxico. Candida albicans es un hongo levaduriforme que es flora normal del tracto digestivo, la vagina o los pliegues de la piel; se sabe que es la causa principal de enfermedades oportunistas como la dermatitis del pañal, aftas bucales y esofágicas, o vulvovaginitis. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de extractos metanólicos y etanólicos de frutos secos sobre microorganismos patógenos específicamente S. pyogenes ATCC 12384yC. albicansATTC 14053. Método: A partir de frutos polverizados de C. coriaria, usando el método Soxlet, se evaluaron dos solventes (metanol y etanol al 98%), los cuales, fueron usados para estudiar su actividad antimicrobiana evaluando su efecto en cepas de S. pyogenes ATCC 12384 y C. albicans ATTC 14053. Resultados: Mediante un perfil fitoquímico se determinó la presencia de grupos de metabolitos secundarios con compuestos bioactivos (taninos, alcaloides, glucósidos, saponinas, y antraquinonas). Las pruebas de sensibilidad antimicrobiana mostraron que el extracto etanólico tuvo un efecto inhibidor sobre S. pyogenesATCC 12384 con halos de inhibición de 14.1 ± 0.1 mm y una concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) de 172 mg/mL, y sobre C. albicans se presentaron halos de inhibición de 16.1 ± 0.2 mm y CMI de 212 mg/mL, mientras que el extracto metanólico tuvo un efecto inhibidor sobre S. pyogenes con halos de inhibición de 15.2 ± 0.2 mm y CMI de 152 mg/mL no se observó efecto inhibidor sobre C. albicans. Conclusión: Este estudio demostró que C. coriaria tiene efecto antimicrobiano en las especies evaluadas, abriendo un campo de investigación en la evaluación de su uso como agente terapéutico
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Infective Agents , Skin Diseases , Streptococcus pyogenes , Candida albicans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Mouth DiseasesABSTRACT
Últimamente, se están detectando mutaciones en las proteínas ligadoras de penicilina (PBP) de los estreptococos beta-hemolíticos que corresponden a sitios que en Streptococcus pneumoniae han determinado sensibilidad disminuida a los antibióticos beta-lactámicos. Primero, se describieron cepas con sensibilidad intermedia a penicilina en Streptococcus agalactiae (estreptococos del grupo B), luego en Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (mayormente grupos C y G) y, más recientemente, cepas con sensibilidad disminuida a aminopenicilinas y cefalosporinas de tercera generación en Streptococcus pyogenes (grupo A). El costo biológico de estas modificaciones nos permite pensar que los niveles de resistencia no han de ser tan elevados como para comprometer por ahora la efectividad clínica de los beta-lactámicos (AU)
Recently, mutations in penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of beta-hemolytic streptococci have been detected corresponding to sites that in Streptococcus pneumoniae have been determined to have decreased sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics. First, strains with intermediate sensitivity to penicillin were described in Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci), subsequently in Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (mainly groups C and G) and, more recently, strains with decreased sensitivity to third-generation aminopenicillins and cephalosporins were found in Streptococcus pyogenes (group A). The biological cost of these modifications suggests that, for now, resistance levels are not high enough to compromise the clinical effectiveness of beta-lactams (AU)
Subject(s)
Streptococcus agalactiae/drug effects , Streptococcus pyogenes/drug effects , Penicillin Resistance , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , beta-Lactam Resistance , beta-Lactams/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
La presentación de poliartritis séptica en un paciente inmunocompetente es infrecuente, aún más lo es la presentación de la mencionada junto con fascitis necrotizante en el contexto de infección por Streptococcus Pyogenes (SP). Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 54 años, recluido, sin antecedentes médicos relevantes, inmunocompetente, quien debuta con un cuadro clínico de poliartritis séptica en rodilla bilateral y tobillo izquierdo. Recibe manejo con múltiples lavados y desbridamientos quirúrgicos, desarrolla fascitis necrotizante de la cara posterior de la pierna izquierda, recibe a su vez manejo quirúrgico para dicha condición (incluyendo aplicación de terapia de vacío), al igual que antibioticoterapia enfocada al manejo del germen aislado (Penicilina + vancomicina). Sin embargo, tras un mes de manejo conjunto con servicios de Cirugía Plástica, Dermatología, Ortopedia, así como vigilancia en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, termina con un desenlace fatal tras presentar falla multiorgánica. La infección por el SP puede resultar en una elevada morbilidad para él paciente e incluso un desenlace mortal secundario a un compromiso sistémico de muy difícil manejo. El diagnóstico oportuno, así como un tratamiento médico y quirúrgico agresivo pueden no ser suficientes para el control de la infección, incluso en pacientes sin compromiso inmunológico previo. Asimismo, un enfoque multidisciplinario debe corresponder al estándar de manejo con el fin de controlar aquellas condiciones predisponentes de infección. Este es el primer caso reportado en la literatura nacional en relación con estas dos fatales condiciones. Finalmente se pretende resaltar que a pesar de que esta infección suele comprometer infantes y pacientes inmunocomprometidos, no se debe obviar su diagnóstico en pacientes previamente sanos, especialmente en casos de infecciones de rápida diseminación y poca respuesta al manejo adecuado.
Septic polyarthritis in an immunocompetent patient is highly rare, even more when it coexists with necrotizing fasciitis caused by Streptococcus Pyogenes (SP). A 54 year old, immunocompetent male patient is presented herein. The patient had no relevant previous illness, before the installation of a septic arthritis of both knees and he's left ankle. He receives treatment with sequential surgical debridement, then develops necrotizing fasciitis of the posterior aspect of the left leg requiring adequate treatment for such condition (including Vacuum Assisted Closure), as well as antibiotic therapy for the specific infecting microorganism (Penicillin + Vancomycin). Nonetheless, after a month of surgical management between Plastic Surgery, Dermatology, Orthopaedics as well as surveillance in the Intensive Care Unit, the patient dies after multi organic failure. Infection caused by SP might entail high morbidity for a patient and even end with death of the aforementioned caused by a hard to manage systemic organic failure. The adequate diagnosis, as well as aggressive medical and surgical management could not be enough for controlling the infection, even in patients without previous immunological compromise. At the same time, a multidisciplinary approach must be the standard of treatment, aiming to control predisposing infectious conditions. This is the first case reported in national literature related to these two fatal conditions. Finally, one of the purposes of this report is to highlight that despite reports of this microorganism infecting infants and immunocompromised patients, it must not be obviated in healthy patients, especially in cases of rapidly spreading infection and scarce response to adequate management.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Arthritis, Infectious , Arthritis , Streptococcus pyogenes , Fasciitis, Necrotizing , AdultABSTRACT
Abstract Invasive Streptococcus pyogenes diseases represent the most severe form of infection produced by this microorganism. Early diagnosis and treatment are important, due to its potential severity. Etiological confirmation of invasive infection is performed by culture, which takes between 18 and 48 h. We tested a rapid immunochromatographic assay directly from clinical samples from normally sterile sites and positive blood culture bottles when pos-itive cocci chains were observed by Gram staining. Eighty samples were analyzed. The rapid test was positive in 35 samples: in 34 of them S. pyogenes was confirmed by culture. The immunochromatographic method showed 97.1% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity. The strept A® immunochromatographic rapid test allows to obtain reliable results in less than 10min and is accessible to any microbiology laboratory. This study demonstrates the potential use of a rapid immunochromatographic method directly from clinical samples and positive blood cultures.
Resumen La enfermedad invasiva por Streptococcus pyogenes representa la forma más grave de infección producida por este microorganismo y requiere un rápido diagnóstico, a fin de instaurar un tratamiento adecuado. La confirmación etiológica de esta infección se realiza por cultivo, lo que puede llevar entre 18 y 48 h. En este estudio ensayamos una prueba inmunocromatográfica rápida directamente de muestras clínicas de sitios normalmente estériles y de botellas de hemocultivos positivos cuando la coloración de Gram evidenció cocos gram positivos en cadena. Se analizaron 80 muestras. La prueba rápida fue positiva en 35 muestras: en 34 de ellas se confirmó la presencia de S. pyogenes por cultivo. La sensibilidad y la especificidad de la prueba fueron del 97,1 y el 97,8%, respectivamente. La prueba inmunocromatográfica rápida monteBIO Strep A® permite obtener resultados confiables en menos de 10 min y es accesible para cualquier laboratorio de microbiología. Este estudio demuestra la utilidad de dicha prueba para ser practicada directamente en muestras clínicas y botellas de hemocultivos positivos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Streptococcal Infections , Streptococcus pyogenes , Streptococcal Infections/diagnosis , Immunoassay , Chromatography, Affinity , Sensitivity and Specificity , Diagnostic Tests, RoutineABSTRACT
Severe skin and soft tissue infections present a high morbidity and mortality and require a complex surgical treatment. Its estimated annual incidence is 0.3 to 5 cases per 10 000 people. The most common etiologic agents are Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, anaerobes and gram-negative bacilli. A prompt diagnosis and the timely initiation of an empirical antibiotic scheme and repeated surgical debridement can avert a worrisome outcome. New therapeutic options are promising, especially for infections caused by multidrug resistant germs. A multidisciplinary approach is fundamental for the correct management of these conditions.
Las infecciones graves de piel y partes blandas presentan una elevada morbimortalidad y requieren un complejo tratamiento quirúrgico. Su incidencia anual está estimada en 0.3 a 5 casos por 10 000 personas. Los agentes etiológicos más comunes son Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, anaerobios y bacilos Gram negativos. El diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento oportuno, tanto empírico antibiótico como quirúrgico, determinan el pronóstico. Existen nuevas opciones terapéuticas para estas infecciones, especialmente las producidas por gérmenes multirresistentes. Un enfoque terapéutico multidisciplinario es fundamental para su correcto manejo.