Trophy, souvenir, or simple theft? Taking items from the victim in sexual homicide.

Although most people have heard the terms 'souvenirs', 'trophies', and 'mementos', discussed in books and movies on the true crimes of sexual murderers, limited research has delved into the phenomenon of theft in sexual homicide (SH). Using a sample of 762 SH cases coming from the Sexual Homicide International Database, the current study examines the crime-commission process of the pre-crime, crime, and post-crime phases of sexual homicide offenders (SHOs) who engaged in theft during a SH. Additionally, this study seeks to determine if a specific type of SHO engages in this behaviour over others. Results from the sequential logistic regression indicate that victims who are 16 years or older, were strangers to the SHO, and were sex workers were more likely to be victims of theft. Additionally, results indicate that the presence of sadism made it more likely the SHO would engage in theft from the victim and/or crime scene. Findings suggest there is a group of SHOs who engage in theft not for monetary purposes but due to the paraphilia of the offender. These findings can inform the police investigation of these crimes.

Análisis psiquiátrico-forense del concepto jurídico de arrebato / Psychiatric-forensic analysis of the legal concept of outburst

El arrebato, como circunstancia atenuante de responsabilidad penal recogida en la legislación española, se corresponde psicopatológicamente con la emoción de ira. Identificamos en este artículo los elementos comunes jurídicos y psicopatológicos de ambos conceptos (presencia de estímulos, provocación de reacciones emocionales, desencadenamiento de conductas). Estudiamos la ira como constructo psicológico y psiquiátrico (reacciones vivenciales anormales) y tratamos de establecer los criterios para el diagnóstico médico-legal de las conductas derivadas de la ira: estudio de los estímulos, de la personalidad del sujeto, de su biografía y de sus circunstancias actuales, análisis de las emociones provocadas y de los comportamientos delictivos presentados, y repercusiones en las esferas cognitiva y volitiva. La observación global de todos estos elementos facilitará un diagnostico psiquiátrico-forense que permita al juzgador la eventual aplicación del atenuante de arrebato

An outburst, as an extenuating circumstance of criminal liability under Spanish law, psychopathologically corresponds to the emotion of anger. In this article, we identify the common legal and psychopathological elements of both concepts (presence of stimuli, provocation of emotional reactions, trigger of conduct). We study anger as a psychological and psychiatric construct (abnormal existential reactions) and try to establish criteria for the medical and legal diagnosis of anger-derived conduct. Study of stimuli, of the subject's personality, their biography and current circumstances, analysis of the emotions provoked, and of the offensive behaviour in question and repercussions on the cognitive and volitional spheres. The global observation of all these elements will enable a psychiatric and forensic diagnosis that allows the court to apply the mitigating circumstances of fit of rage as required

Actitudes y dinámicas de robo en uncolegio de nivel socioeconómico medio-alto / Theft attitudes and dynamics in an upper-middle socioeconomic level school / Atitudes e dinâmica de roubo numa escola do nível socioeconômico médio-alto

El robo escolar es un problema muy común en colegios de todas las localidades de Bogotá. Con el propósito de profundizar sobre este fenómeno, se realizaron encuestas, entrevistas y grupos focales con noventa estudiantes de un colegio privado de nivel socioeconómico medio-alto. Los resultados indicaron que los robos en este colegio se realizan, por lo general, de manera espontánea e individual, y que los objetos robados se utilizan para uso personal y no para la venta. A pesar de que la mayoría de los estudiantes rechazan los robos, algunos minimizan su gravedad cuando la víctima tiene muchos recursos o presume de sus posesiones, o si ha dejado sus objetos descuidados. Estos resultados contrastan con un estudio similarrealizado previamente en una escuela con presencia de pandillas juveniles, el cual mostró que los robos eran realizados de manera planeada por grupos de estudiantes que dividían sus roles y vendían lo robado por fuera del colegio. A pesar de las diferencias entre colegios, la presente investigación resalta la necesidad de que se tomen en serio las denuncias de los estudiantes, se apliquen normas de manera consistente, se promueva empatía frente a las víctimas y se cuestionen justificaciones que minimizan la gravedad de los robos.

School theft is a very common problem at schools in all areas of Bogota. For the purpose of delving into this issue,surveys, interviews and focus groups were carried out with ninety students of a private upper-middle socioeconomic level school, and results showed that robberies and thefts taking place there are generally of a spontaneous and individual nature, and stolen objects intended for personal use, not for sale.Nevertheless, although most students reject these activities, they tend to minimize their seriousness particularly if the victims own significant resources or boast about their possessions or tend to be careless and leave their things behind. In contrast, the results of a similar study previously carried out in a school affected with the presence of youth gangs showed that thefts were carefully planned by groups of students playing different roles; stolen objects were then sold outside tablishments, current research stresses the fact that student complaints need to be taken seriously and empathy promoted towards the victims; rules must be applied consistently while questioning and rejecting any justifications leading to minimize the seriousness of these acts.

O roubo escolar é um problema comum nas escolas em todas as localidades de Bogotá. Para investigar esse fenômeno, realizaramse foram pesquisas, entrevistas e grupos focais com noventa alunos de uma escola privada de nível socioeconômico médio-alto. Os resultados indicaram que os roubos nesta escola são feitos, em geral, de jeito individual e espontâneo e que os objetos roubados são usados para uso pessoal e não para venda. Enquanto a maioria dos alunos rejeita o roubo, alguns minimizam sua gravidade quando a vítima tem muitos recursos ou gaba-se das suas posses, ou se deixou seus objetos abandonados. Esses resultados contrastam com um estudo semelhante realizado anteriormente em uma escola com a presença de gangues de jovens, que mostrou que os roubos foram feitos na maneira pretendida por grupos de estudantes que dividiam seus papéis e vendiam os objetos roubados fora da escola. Apesar das diferenças entre escolas, esta pesquisa destaca a necessidade de que as queixas dos alunos levamse a sério, usam-se as regras consistentemente, promovase a empatia com as vítimas e desafiemse as justificativas que minimizam a gravidade dos roubos.

Desentendimiento moral y dinámicas del robo escolar / Moral indifference or lack of concern, and school theft dynamics

En una investigación reciente sobre violencia escolar en Bogotá, Colombia, el 56% de los estudiantes reportaron haber sido robados en el colegio durante el último año. El presente estudio cualitativo, de corte deductivo, pretendió profundizar en este fenómeno, buscando comprender las dinámicas de robos, así como los mecanismos de desentendimiento moral que podrían estar facilitando que los vinculados sientan menos culpa. El estudio fue realizado en un colegio público de nivel socioeconómico bajo y con altos niveles de criminalidad en su contexto comunitario. Inicialmente, 227 alumnos de sexto y octavo grados respondieron una encuesta de actitudes frente al robo. Con base en sus respuestas, 20 estudiantes con niveles altos de favorabilidad fueron entrevistados, y 40 que tenían niveles bajos o promedio de favorabilidad participaron en grupos focales. Los resultados indicaron que el robo en este colegio presenta un nivel elevado de organización, e involucra con frecuencia planeación, división de labores y amenazas. Además, según los participantes, el robo está muy relacionado con la presencia de pandillas en el colegio y con la falta de respuesta institucional clara y consistente. También se encontró que los involucrados recurren a varios mecanismos de desentendimiento moral, como las comparaciones ventajosas, el desplazamiento o la difusión de la responsabilidad, y la atribución de la culpa, como estrategias para justificar sus acciones. El estudio indica que es urgente implementar y evaluar intervenciones que busquen prevenir tanto el robo como la vinculación a trayectorias delictivas tempranas

In a recent research about school violence in Bogota, Colombia, 56% of the students reported having been robbed in their schools during past year. This qualitative study, of deductive nature, was intended to look at this phenomenon in depth by trying to understand larceny dynamics as well as moral indifference or lack of concern mechanisms likely to help those involved to feel less guilt. This study was carried out in a public, low socioeconomic status school, with high criminality levels in its community context. Initially, 227 sixth and eighth grade students took part in a survey relating to attitude vis-à-vis theft. Based on their answers, 20 students with high favorability levels were interviewed, while 40 having low or average favorability levels took part in focus groups. The results indicated that larceny activities in this school show a high degree of organization often involving elements of planning, task distribution, and threats. Moreover, according to the participants, robbery is strongly related to the presence of juvenile gangs in the school, along with lack of clear and consistent institutional response. It was also found that those involved resort to several moral indifference mechanisms, such as advantageous comparisons as well as displacement, misplacement or diffusion of responsibility and the attribution of guilt as suitable strategies to justify their actions. The study indicates that the implementation and assessment of interventions intended to prevent both larceny and youth involvement in early criminal careers is indeed urgent

Acceptance and Confidence of Central and Peripheral Misinformation

We examined the memory for central and peripheral information concerning a crime and the acceptance of false information. We also studied eyewitnesses’ confidence in their memory. Participants were shown a video depicting a bank robbery and a questionnaire was used to introduce false central and peripheral information. The next day the participants completed a recognition task in which they rated the confidence of their responses. Performance was better for central information and participants registered more false alarms for peripheral contents. The cognitive system’s limited attentional capacity and the greater information capacity of central elements may facilitate processing the more important information. The presentation of misinformation seriously impaired eyewitness memory by prompting amore lenient response criterion. Participants were more confident with central than with peripheral information. Eyewitness memory is easily distorted in peripheral aspects but it is more difficult to make mistakes with central information. However, when false information is introduced, errors in central information can be accompanied by high confidence, thus rendering them credible and legally serious (AU)

Estudiamos la aceptación de información falsa y la memoria de contenidos centrales y periféricos sobre un crimen. Además, también nos interesamos por la confianza que los testigos tienen en su memoria. Los participantes vieron un vídeo sobre un robo a un banco, inmediatamente después completaron un cuestionario con preguntas en las que se introdujo información falsa sobre contenidos centrales y periféricos y, un día después, completaron una prueba de reconocimiento en la que también indicaron su confianza en la respuesta. El rendimiento fue mejor con contenidos centrales y hubo más falsas alarmas con periféricos. Este resultado puede explicarse a partir de la limitada capacidad atencional del sistema cognitivo y de la mayor capacidad informativa de los contenidos centrales, que puede promover su procesamiento preferencial. La presentación de información falsa empeoró el testimonio al provocar un criterio de respuesta más laxo y la confianza fue mayor ante contenidos centrales que periféricos. Se concluye que es fácil alterar la memoria de un testigo sobre aspectos periféricos, pero es más difícil con aspectos centrales. Sin embargo, cuando se presenta información falsa, los errores con información central pueden evaluarse con confianza alta, lo que los haría potencialmente creíbles y peligrosos en el sistema judicial (AU)

Significados asociados a la actividad delictiva en hombres que se encuentran privados de libertad, en Centro de Detención Preventiva Santiago Sur / Meanings associated to criminal activities in men who are deprived of their liberty, in Centro de Detencion Preventiva Santiago Sur

El presente estudio pretende comprender los significados que las personas transgresoras de ley, le otorgan a su propia actividad delictiva, específicamente al robo, mediante la identificación y relación de los temas emergentes durante este estudio, con constructos teóricos. La identificación y comprensión de estos temas, se realiza en torno a una visión general de Terapia Ocupacional. Para abordar esta investigación, de carácter cualitativo, se contextualiza el tema a estudiar en Centro de Detención Preventiva Santiago Sur, siendo los participantes hombres entre 27 y 35 años, que cumplen condena por delito de robo. La información recopilada, se extrae a partir de cinco entrevistas semi estructuradas, para ser luego analizadas a través de la Teoría Fundada, que permite revisar los fenómenos emergentes y ponerlos en discusión con los planteamientos teóricos. Los hallazgos obtenidos, señalan que los significados asociados al robo, se pueden relacionar a distintos fenómenos como; factores psicosociales de riesgo, inicio delictual e influencia y pertenencia a redes sociales, conducta exploratoria, procesos psicosociales, interacción simbólica y mapa significativo propio, identidad personal, acción preconcebida y motivaciones del robo, autoconcepto y autoeficacia.

The following Seminar is orientated to understand the meanings that people outside the law give to their own criminal activities, primarily stealing, through the identification and connection between the emerging issues and the theoretical constructs made through this study. The identification and understanding of this topic is developed focusing on Occupational Therapy general views. To develop this qualitative research, the project takes place in Centro de Detención Preventiva ( Preventive detention center) Santiago Sur, Chile, with men between the ages of 27 and 35 years old, which are convicted for robbery. The information was collected from five semi-structured interviews, and analyzed with the Grounded Theory. This allows the review of emerging phenomena and compares them with the theoretical approach. The results indicate that the meanings related to stealing are correlated with different phenomena, like: psychosocial risk factors, criminal initiation and the influence of being part of social networks, exploratory behavior, psychosocial development, symbolic interaction and meaningful map, personal identity, premeditated action and motivation for stealing, self-concept and self-efficiency. After discovering and understanding the phenomena from the participant’s point of view, it is clear to see two different ways for understanding the act of stealing, which differ from the meaning that the person gives to the act. On one hand, they see themselves as thieves and participate with the role. And on the other, they do not see themselves as thieves, they find an identity with the job, becoming the main activity in their lives. The analysis and results of the meanings associated to the act of robbery can be interesting for Occupational Therapy. This research includes key elements for this discipline and its development, including the motivation and personal subjectivity, bounds, relationships and the context for their development, making all together the...

Cleptomanía / Kleptomania

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Estado crepuscular y delito. A propósito de un caso / Dreamy state and crime. A propose of a case

Presentamos un caso de delitos cometidos por un varón joven en un contexto de estado crepuscular. Estudiamos los aspectos clínicos, haciendo los diversos diagnósticos diferenciales y los aspectos psiquiátrico-forenses relacionados con los delitos imputados. Igualmente tratamos de establecer una hipótesis etiopatogénica de los mismos (AU)

A construção de um modelo clínico de atendimento psicológico a famílias vítimas de violência da cidade de São Paulo / Working a psychology clinical model about violence victim family of São Paulo city

Partindo do pressuposto que o atendimento psicológico de famílias enlutadas por perdas de homicídio e latrocínio requer uma investigação diferenciada, foi realizada esta pesquisa com o objetivo de estruturar e fundamentar o Núcleo de Psicologia do Centro de Referência e Apoio à Vítima - CRAVI da Secretaria da Justiça e Defesa da Cidadania do Estado de São Paulo. Foram analisados no período de abril a agosto de 2000 quinze protocolos de atendimento psicológicos de adultos atendidos de 1998 a 1999 no CRAVI. Os resultados indicam que o psicólogo no atendimento de vítimas indiretas da violência envolvendo homicídio e latrocínio, deve considerar o luto violento como um processo a ser elaborado por essas famílias, requerendo um tipo específico de trabalho, observando o impacto dessa morte dentro do sistema familiar, sua reestruturação e a reprodução do ciclo de violência intergerencial e intergrupal(AU)

Prática de furtos na adolescência: estudo e evoluçäo de dois casos / Adolescents' stealing: study and evaluation of two cases

A autora relata dados clínicos e de anamnese de dois adolescentes que estavam praticando furtos com frequência. Estes adolescentes näo apresentavam outros sintomas que justificassem o diagnóstico do Distúrbio de Conduta do DSM-III-R. Uma escuta terapêutica dos adolescentes e de seus pais permitirá o desaparecimento desta conduta desviante. Através desta escuta, apontamos para os elementos que indicam a posiçäo ocupada pelo sujeito, reparamos repetiçöes, etc. Com a evoluçäo do tratamento aparecem entäo as questöes subjacentes e talvez mais universalmente "adolescentes", específicas à problemática dos jovens nos seus respectivos contextos familiares. Concluiremos evocando o psicanalista francês R. Cahn. Este considera a atuaçäo na adolescência ligada a um impasse do desnvolvimento devido a um extravasamento pulsional. O terapêuta deverá, entäo, servir de continente, reestabelecer os limites, as ligaçöes, as capacidades de mentalizaçäo