The lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) is not tetradactyla, but pentadactyla.

The name of the species tetradactyla means "four digits." In the literature, the hand of the lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) is described as having four digits (I, II, III and IV) with the absence of a fifth digit. The purpose of this study was to carry out an update adequately proposing an anatomical description of the T. tetradactyla hand. The present findings were analysed on the validation of Morse's law for this species. In total, seven male cadavers were radiographed and dissected. We observed that the hand of the T. tetradactyla was formed by a carpus containing four bones in the proximal row, which in the medium lateral direction was the radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory bones of the carpus, and the distal row was formed by carpal bones I, II, III and IV. There were five metacarpal bones (I, II, III, IV and V). The presence of five digits was verified but not confirmed with the literature. Digit I had two phalanges, the proximal and distal; digits II, III and IV had three phalanges: proximal, middle and distal. Digit five had only one phalanx, the proximal, but it was not externally visible. According to the findings of this study, the presence of the fifth digit raises the question of whether the term tetradactyla is the most appropriate to describe this species. This rudimentary fifth digit and the presence of a functional first digit show that the Morse's law does not applies for the T. tetradactyla species.

Bilateral Macrodactyly of the Halluces in an Adolescent Girl Corrected with Shortening Osteotomies of the First Metatarsal and the Phalangeal Bones: A Case Report.

CASE: A 14-year-old girl presented with painful high-arched feet and unusual, asymptomatic, bilateral macrodactyly of the halluces. After a year of observation, a surgical reduction was performed because of the psychological effect that the abnormality had on the patient. Bilateral shortening osteotomies of the metatarsal and the proximal phalangeal bones were performed. At 2 months after surgery, complete bone healing and alignment had been achieved. At the 5-year follow-up, we noted fully functional big toes, plantigrade feet, bilateral proper toe formula, and extreme patient satisfaction with the cosmetic results. CONCLUSION: Dual osteotomies for toe shortening in a patient with bilateral nondysmorphic macrodactyly provided appropriate length reduction and satisfactory aesthetic and functional results.

Osteology and radiology of the Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) pelvic limb.

This study describes the osteology and radiology of the pelvic limb in maned wolves. Ten (five live and five dead) maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus), five males and five females, aged from 2 to 7 years old were used. Digital radiographs were taken and recorded for both pelvic limbs in all animals. Osteology was correlated with the radiographic images. The pelvis had a rectangular shape, and the obturator foramen (foramen obturatum) was oval. The femoral neck (collum femoris) was short and thick. The greater trochanter (trochanter major) extended proximally to near the dorsum of the femoral head (caput ossis femoris). The lateral femoral condyle (condylus lateralis) was larger than the medial condyle (condylus medialis), and the intercondylar fossa (fossa intercondylaris) had a slightly oblique orientation. The proximal tibia displayed medial and lateral condyles with the medial larger. The femur was slightly shorter than the tibia. Seven tarsal bones (ossa tarsi) were present, four long metatarsal bones (ossa metatarsalia II - V) and a short first metatarsal bone (os metatarsal I).

Relação espacial entre a falange distal e o estojo córneo em éguas Campolinas jovens com e sem sinais de obesidade / Spatial relationship between the distal phalanx and the hoof capsule in young Campolina mares with and without obesity

Estudos prévios têm demonstrado alterações radiográficas em cascos de equinos obesos. Os objetivos foram estudar, com avaliação radiográfica, a relação espacial entre estojo córneo e falange distal de éguas jovens da raça Campolina com e sem obesidade. Foram utilizadas 22 éguas entre três e cinco anos de idade, sendo analisadas varáveis de adiposidade e medidas radiográficas dos cascos dos membros torácicos de éguas com escore corporal de 5 a 7/9 (Grupo Controle) e de 8 a 9 (Grupo Obeso). Foram feitas comparações entre os grupos e correlacionaram-se as variáveis de adiposidade entre si, variáveis adiposidade com variáveis casco e variáveis de casco entre si. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para variáveis paramétricas e o teste Mann-Whitney para as não-paramétricas, para as medidas de correlação, utilizou o teste de Pearson para duas amostras paramétricas e o teste de Spearman para comparações que envolvam pelo menos uma variável não paramétrica (P<0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que éguas Campolinas obesas, ainda jovens, já apresentam indícios de alteração na relação espacial entre estojo córneo e falange distal.(AU)

Previous studies have demonstrated radiographic changes in the hoof of obese horses. The objective was to study through radiographic evaluation the spatial relationship between the hoof capsule and the distal phalanx of Campolina mares with and without obesity. Twenty-two Campolina mares 3 to 5 years old were used. We analyzed adiposity variables and radiographic measurements of the hoof of both forelimbs of mares with body condition score from 5 to 7/9 (Control group) and from 8 to 9 (Obese group). Comparisons were made between groups using the Student t test for parametric variables and the Mann-Whitney test for the nonparametric ones. Pearson or Spearman tests were used to evaluate the correlation among parametric and nonparametric variables respectively (P<0.05). Evidences of changes in the spatial relationship between the hoof capsule and the distal phalanx were observed in obese Campolina young mares.(AU)

Relação espacial entre a falange distal e o estojo córneo em éguas Campolinas jovens com e sem sinais de obesidade / Spatial relationship between the distal phalanx and the hoof capsule in young Campolina mares with and without obesity

Estudos prévios têm demonstrado alterações radiográficas em cascos de equinos obesos. Os objetivos foram estudar, com avaliação radiográfica, a relação espacial entre estojo córneo e falange distal de éguas jovens da raça Campolina com e sem obesidade. Foram utilizadas 22 éguas entre três e cinco anos de idade, sendo analisadas varáveis de adiposidade e medidas radiográficas dos cascos dos membros torácicos de éguas com escore corporal de 5 a 7/9 (Grupo Controle) e de 8 a 9 (Grupo Obeso). Foram feitas comparações entre os grupos e correlacionaram-se as variáveis de adiposidade entre si, variáveis adiposidade com variáveis casco e variáveis de casco entre si. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para variáveis paramétricas e o teste Mann-Whitney para as não-paramétricas, para as medidas de correlação, utilizou o teste de Pearson para duas amostras paramétricas e o teste de Spearman para comparações que envolvam pelo menos uma variável não paramétrica (P<0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que éguas Campolinas obesas, ainda jovens, já apresentam indícios de alteração na relação espacial entre estojo córneo e falange distal.(AU)

Previous studies have demonstrated radiographic changes in the hoof of obese horses. The objective was to study through radiographic evaluation the spatial relationship between the hoof capsule and the distal phalanx of Campolina mares with and without obesity. Twenty-two Campolina mares 3 to 5 years old were used. We analyzed adiposity variables and radiographic measurements of the hoof of both forelimbs of mares with body condition score from 5 to 7/9 (Control group) and from 8 to 9 (Obese group). Comparisons were made between groups using the Student t test for parametric variables and the Mann-Whitney test for the nonparametric ones. Pearson or Spearman tests were used to evaluate the correlation among parametric and nonparametric variables respectively (P<0.05). Evidences of changes in the spatial relationship between the hoof capsule and the distal phalanx were observed in obese Campolina young mares.(AU)

[Amputation level after frostbite: role of bone scan. A case report]. / Nivel de amputación tras lesiones por congelación: papel de la gammagrafía ósea. Reporte de un caso.

BACKGROUND: frostbite is defined as the damage sustained by tissues while subject to temperatures below their freezing point. The severity of tissue damage is variable, but frequently can result in amputation. Early surgical debridement is contraindicated in almost all patients because it can take weeks for definitive demarcation of non-viable tissues to occur. Bone scan is indicted in the evaluation of frostbite injuries and helps to establish the prognosis early. CLINICAL CASE: a 42 year old man suffered frostbite injury in the fingers and toes after more than 24 hours at 8,000 meters of altitude. The patient was treated with anticoagulant therapy and topical cures for six weeks. During this period, we performed two consecutive bone scan studies showing no changes in the level of vascularization. However, clinical improvement was important, devitalized tissues delimited to the level marked by the bone scan study, so amputation was performed. CONCLUSION: Because the bone scan remained invariable, we believe that could help us to determine the amputation level early without delaying surgery.

Antecedentes: la congelación es el daño sufrido por los tejidos cuando se someten a temperaturas inferiores a su punto de congelación. La gravedad de las lesiones es variable, pero con frecuencia termina en amputación. El desbridamiento quirúrgico temprano está contraindicado en la mayoría de los casos porque la demarcación de los tejidos viables tarda en producirse. La gammagrafía ósea está indicada para la evaluación de las lesiones por congelación y ayuda a establecer el pronóstico temprano. Caso clínico: paciente varón de 42 años, con lesiones por congelación en los dedos de las manos y los pies, tras permanecer más de 24 horas a 8,000 metros de altitud. Durante seis semanas se administró tratamiento anticoagulante y se realizaron curas tópicas. En este periodo se practicaron dos estudios gammagráficos consecutivos, sin apreciarse cambios en la vascularización. Sin embargo, la mejoría clínica fue importante, delimitándose el tejido desvitalizado hasta el nivel marcado por el estudio gammagráfico, por lo que se realizó la amputación. Conclusión: puesto que la gammagrafía ósea permaneció invariable, consideramos que puede ayudar a determinar de forma temprana el nivel de amputación, sin tener que demorar la cirugía.

Schilbach-Rott/blepharofacioskeletal syndrome in a Brazilian patient.

We report on a 4-year-old girl with blepharophimosis, a typical facial gestalt and skeletal abnormalities seen in the blepharofacioskeletal syndrome (BFSS). A comparative review with previous cases provides further evidence that BFSS and Schilbach-Rott syndrome (SRS) are the same condition.

The position of the centres of the sensors of the Parotec pressure measurement insoles system related to the anatomy centres of the metatarsal heads by means of radiological records.

This study pretend to establish the anthropometric relationship between the position of osseous prominences (metatarsal heads, proximal and distal phalanxes bones) of the feet in a group of diabetic patients, and the position of the sensors of the electronic German Parotec insoles system, located in the same areas to register the plantar pressure distribution in standing position by using RXs. The aims of this study were: a) to establish the position of the centres of the sensors of the Parotec insoles related to the centres of the metatarsal heads and distal ends of the proximal phalanges and the proximal ends of the distal phalanges phalanxes of the feet, in a group of 12 diabetic subjects wearing different type of shoes, by means of radiological records, in order to answer the following questions: (1) Can the Parotec insoles designed for registering plantar pressure distribution on diabetic German people be used for measuring pressure distribution on a group of 12 diabetic type 1 and type 2 Colombian people evaluated in this study? (2) Are those bones landing according to the Parotec sensor position? (3) Which would be the proper distribution of the Parotec sensors for this group of subjects? b) To establish if the use of different types of footwear (sports, conventional and orthopaedic footwear) with the Parotec electronic insoles can influence the position of the osseous prominences in relation to the position of the sensors that register the pressure in these areas.

Gillespie syndrome: additional findings and parental consanguinity.

Aniridia is a rare condition whose presence should alert clinicians to the possibility of other abnormalities. One of the differential diagnoses that should be considered is Gillespie syndrome, in which aniridia is associated with cerebellar ataxia and mental retardation. There are only 21 reported cases of Gillespie syndrome. The goal of this paper is to describe the clinical manifestations of a girl born to a consanguineous couple who presented with typical findings of the Gillespie syndrome, in addition to previously undescribed alterations of her distal extremities.