Cadmium, silicon and nutrient accumulation by maize plants grown on a contaminated soil amended with a diatomaceous Earth fertilizer / Acúmulo de cádmio, silício e nutrientes por plantas de milho cultivadas em solo contaminado e adubado com fertilizante terra diatomáceas

Given that cadmium (Cd) poses high persistence in the environment and toxicity to humans, strategies to either decrease or avoid Cd entry in the trophic chain are fundamental to secure food safety. Here we assessed the effects of applying rates of Si as a diatomaceous Earth-based fertilizer on the amelioration of Cd toxicity towards maize plants grown on soil with or without pH correction. Besides determining Si and Cd concentrations, we also evaluated plant accumulation of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) as a function of Si doses applied to the soil. Results showed that both the Si application and the liming had a positive effect on biomass and nutrient uptake, but the Si effect on plants performance took place irrespectively to the soil pH. Silicon ameliorated Cd phytotoxicity in both limed and unlimed soils by decreasing Cd concentration in shoots and improving biomass yield and plant nutrition. Silicon alleviation of Cd-inhibitory effects on plants was more effective in the unlimed soil owing to the higher Cd availability in acidic soils. Also, taking into account the reduced transfer of Cd to shoots driven by Si, lower Cd accumulation in maize grains is likely, with implications to food safety. So, further studies on field conditions are warranted.(AU)

Considerando que o cádmio (Cd) apresenta alta persistência no ambiente e toxicidade aos seres humanos, estratégias para diminuir ou evitar a entrada de Cd na cadeia trófica são fundamentais para garantir a segurança alimentar. Neste contexto, avaliamos os efeitos de silício (Si) aplicado como fertilizante a base de terra diatomácea na amenização da toxicidade do Cd em milho cultivado em solo contaminado, com e sem correção de pH. Além de determinar as concentrações de Si e Cd, o acúmulo de nutrientes nas plantas (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu e Zn) em função das doses de Si aplicadas ao solo foi avaliado. Os resultados mostraram que tanto a calagem quanto o Si tiveram efeitos positivos na biomassa e na absorção de nutrientes, mas o efeito do Si no desenvolvimento das plantas foi independente da reação do solo. O Si reduziu a fitotoxidade por Cd em ambos os solos, corrigidos e não corrigidos, diminuindo a concentração de Cd na parte aérea. A amenização da toxicidade de Cd foi mais efetiva em solos sem correção, devido à maior disponibilidade de Cd em solos ácidos. Os benefícios da aplicação de Si sobre a produção de biomassa, composição mineral e fitotoxidade do Cd foram observados em plantas cultivadas em solos com e sem correção. Considerando a transferência reduzida de Cd para a parte aérea promovida pelo Si, é provável que ocorra menor acúmulo de Cd nos grãos de milho, com implicações para a segurança alimentar.(AU)

Chemical characteristics and digestibility of forage maize hybrids associated with foliar fungicide application / Características bromatológicas e digestibilidade de híbridos de milho forrageiro associados à aplicação de fungicida foliar

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar fungicide application on the chemical characteristics and in situ digestibility of forage and silage in forage maize hybrids with different grain textures in two sowing seasons. A randomized complete block design was used with four replications, in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, 4 hybrids, with and without foliar fungicide application, in two sowing seasons. The hybrids used were DKB240PRO, AS1572PRO, 32R48YH and AG8690PRO3. Data were tested by analysis of variance; the means were compared by Tukey’s test at 5% probability and two non orthogonal contrasts were performed. The application of fungicide on forage maize hybrids reduced the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), soft dough stage and in the silage produced. The sowing season in December negatively influenced the chemical parameters of forage maize hybrids, compared to sowing in October. Hybrids with highly vitreous endosperm presented the highest contents of NDF and ADF, soft dough stage and in the silage produced. The application of fungicide (trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole) at the V8 and R1 stages positively influenced in situ digestibility soft dough stage and in the silage produced, depending of the sowing season.

O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de fungicida sobre as características bromatológicas e digestibilidade in situ de forragem e silagem em híbridos de milho forrageiro com diferentes texturas de grãos em duas épocas de semeadura. O delineamento foi blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial4x2, 4 híbridos, sem e com aplicação de fungicida, em duas épocas de semeadura. Os híbridos utilizados foram DKB240PRO, AS1572PRO, 32R48YH e AG8690PRO3. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey e realizados dois contrastes não ortogonais. A aplicação de fungicida em híbridos de milho forrageiros reduziu os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) obtidos no ponto de forragem e na silagem produzida. A época de semeadura em dezembro influenciou negativamente os parâmetros bromatológicos de híbridos de milho forrageiros, em comparação com a semeadura em outubro. Os híbridos de endosperma de alta vitreosidade obtiveram os maiores teores de FDN e FDA, no ponto de forragem e na silagem produzida. A aplicação de fungicida (trifloxostrobina + protioconazol) em V8e R1 influenciou positivamente a digestibilidade in situ no ponto de forragem e na silagem produzida, independente da época de semeadura.

Chemical characteristics and digestibility of forage maize hybrids associated with foliar fungicide application / Características bromatológicas e digestibilidade de híbridos de milho forrageiro associados à aplicação de fungicida foliar

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar fungicide application on the chemical characteristics and in situ digestibility of forage and silage in forage maize hybrids with different grain textures in two sowing seasons. A randomized complete block design was used with four replications, in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, 4 hybrids, with and without foliar fungicide application, in two sowing seasons. The hybrids used were DKB240PRO, AS1572PRO, 32R48YH and AG8690PRO3. Data were tested by analysis of variance; the means were compared by Tukeys test at 5% probability and two non orthogonal contrasts were performed. The application of fungicide on forage maize hybrids reduced the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), soft dough stage and in the silage produced. The sowing season in December negatively influenced the chemical parameters of forage maize hybrids, compared to sowing in October. Hybrids with highly vitreous endosperm presented the highest contents of NDF and ADF, soft dough stage and in the silage produced. The application of fungicide (trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole) at the V8 and R1 stages positively influenced in situ digestibility soft dough stage and in the silage produced, depending of the sowing season.(AU)

O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de fungicida sobre as características bromatológicas e digestibilidade in situ de forragem e silagem em híbridos de milho forrageiro com diferentes texturas de grãos em duas épocas de semeadura. O delineamento foi blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial4x2, 4 híbridos, sem e com aplicação de fungicida, em duas épocas de semeadura. Os híbridos utilizados foram DKB240PRO, AS1572PRO, 32R48YH e AG8690PRO3. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey e realizados dois contrastes não ortogonais. A aplicação de fungicida em híbridos de milho forrageiros reduziu os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) obtidos no ponto de forragem e na silagem produzida. A época de semeadura em dezembro influenciou negativamente os parâmetros bromatológicos de híbridos de milho forrageiros, em comparação com a semeadura em outubro. Os híbridos de endosperma de alta vitreosidade obtiveram os maiores teores de FDN e FDA, no ponto de forragem e na silagem produzida. A aplicação de fungicida (trifloxostrobina + protioconazol) em V8e R1 influenciou positivamente a digestibilidade in situ no ponto de forragem e na silagem produzida, independente da época de semeadura.(AU)

Influência da qualidade micotoxicológica e nutricional de híbridos de milho no custo da ração de frangos de corte / Influence of mycotoxicological and nutritional quality of maize hybrids on broiler chickens feed cost

Objetivou-se avaliar as variáveis micotoxicológicas e nutricionais de híbridos de milho com diferentes características que influenciam no custo da ração para frangos de corte. Foram avaliados 26 híbridos de milho geneticamente modificados nas safrinhas de 2016 e 2017, com diferentes germoplasmas, textura de endosperma e duração do ciclo. Nos híbridos, foram avaliados grãos avariados, fumonisinas (B1+B2) (FUM), aflatoxinas (B1+B2+G1+G2) (AFLA), zearalenona (ZEA), deoxinivalenol (DON), umidade, proteína bruta (PB), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), aminoácidos digestíveis para aves (lisina, metionina, cistina e treonina) e o respectivo custo da ração inicial para frangos de corte, que foi calculada pelo custo mínimo. A prevalência de FUM, AFLA, ZEA e DON foi de 90, 17, 33 e 0%, com médias de 3067, 1, 38 e 0µg/kg nos dois anos, respectivamente. A média de EMAn e PB foi de 3264kcal/kg e 8,02%, respectivamente, e diferiu (P<0,05) nos dois anos. O custo da ração foi influenciado significativamente (P<0,05) por FUM, PB, EMAn nos dois anos. Híbridos com tecnologia Viptera apresentam menor concentração por FUM e menor custo da ração. Híbridos de ciclo precoce têm menor concentração de FUM, maiores percentuais de PB e de aminoácidos digestíveis e menor custo da ração.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxicological and nutritional variables of maize hybrids with different characteristics that influence the broiler chicken's feed costs. In 2016 and 2017 winter crops, 26 genetically modified hybrids of maize with different germplasm, endosperm texture and cycle duration were evaluated. The analyzed variables were damaged grains, fumonisins (B 1 +B 2 ) (FUM), aflatoxins (B 1 +B 2 +G 1 +G 2 ) (AFLA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), moisture, crude protein (CP), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), digestible amino acids for poultry (lysine, methionine, cystine and threonine) and the respective cost of the initial feed for broiler chickens calculated at the minimum cost. The prevalence of FUM, AFLA, ZEA and DON was 90, 17, 33 and 0%, with means of 3067, 1, 38 and 0µg/kg in the two years, respectively. The mean of AMEn and CP was 3264kcal/kg and 8.02%, respectively, and differed (P< 0.05) in the two years. The feed cost was significantly influenced (P<0.05) by FUM, PB, AMEn in two years. Hybrids with Viptera technology show lower concentration per FUM and lower feed cost. Early cycle hybrids have lower concentrations of FUM, higher percentages of CP and digestible amino acids, and lower feed costs.(AU)

Influência da qualidade micotoxicológica e nutricional de híbridos de milho no custo da ração de frangos de corte / Influence of mycotoxicological and nutritional quality of maize hybrids on broiler chickens feed cost

Objetivou-se avaliar as variáveis micotoxicológicas e nutricionais de híbridos de milho com diferentes características que influenciam no custo da ração para frangos de corte. Foram avaliados 26 híbridos de milho geneticamente modificados nas safrinhas de 2016 e 2017, com diferentes germoplasmas, textura de endosperma e duração do ciclo. Nos híbridos, foram avaliados grãos avariados, fumonisinas (B1+B2) (FUM), aflatoxinas (B1+B2+G1+G2) (AFLA), zearalenona (ZEA), deoxinivalenol (DON), umidade, proteína bruta (PB), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), aminoácidos digestíveis para aves (lisina, metionina, cistina e treonina) e o respectivo custo da ração inicial para frangos de corte, que foi calculada pelo custo mínimo. A prevalência de FUM, AFLA, ZEA e DON foi de 90, 17, 33 e 0%, com médias de 3067, 1, 38 e 0µg/kg nos dois anos, respectivamente. A média de EMAn e PB foi de 3264kcal/kg e 8,02%, respectivamente, e diferiu (P<0,05) nos dois anos. O custo da ração foi influenciado significativamente (P<0,05) por FUM, PB, EMAn nos dois anos. Híbridos com tecnologia Viptera apresentam menor concentração por FUM e menor custo da ração. Híbridos de ciclo precoce têm menor concentração de FUM, maiores percentuais de PB e de aminoácidos digestíveis e menor custo da ração.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the mycotoxicological and nutritional variables of maize hybrids with different characteristics that influence the broiler chicken's feed costs. In 2016 and 2017 winter crops, 26 genetically modified hybrids of maize with different germplasm, endosperm texture and cycle duration were evaluated. The analyzed variables were damaged grains, fumonisins (B 1 +B 2 ) (FUM), aflatoxins (B 1 +B 2 +G 1 +G 2 ) (AFLA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), moisture, crude protein (CP), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), digestible amino acids for poultry (lysine, methionine, cystine and threonine) and the respective cost of the initial feed for broiler chickens calculated at the minimum cost. The prevalence of FUM, AFLA, ZEA and DON was 90, 17, 33 and 0%, with means of 3067, 1, 38 and 0µg/kg in the two years, respectively. The mean of AMEn and CP was 3264kcal/kg and 8.02%, respectively, and differed (P< 0.05) in the two years. The feed cost was significantly influenced (P<0.05) by FUM, PB, AMEn in two years. Hybrids with Viptera technology show lower concentration per FUM and lower feed cost. Early cycle hybrids have lower concentrations of FUM, higher percentages of CP and digestible amino acids, and lower feed costs.(AU)

Aflatoxins and fumonisins in feed from a broiler operation system from São Paulo state, Brazil / Aflatoxinas e fumonisinas em rações de um sistema de produção de frangos de corte no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and fumonisins (FBs) in feed ingredients (corn and soybean meal) and finishing feed in a broiler operation system, as well was to evaluate their effect on the productivity of 20 batches of broilers produced and the histology status of broilers liver after slaughter. Corn samples presented the highest frequencies of AFs and FBs, at mean levels of 29.1 and 2,100µg/kg, respectively. Soybean samples presented mean levels of 1.5 and 70µg/kg for AFs and FBs, respectively. Batches of broilers receiving feed containing FB levels higher than 1,000µg/kg had lower weight gain and higher mortality rates, while those fed rations with AFs equal or above the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the analytical method presented higher scores of histological changes in the liver. A dilution effect was observed for AFs and FBs from ingredients, especially corn, to feed during manufacture, whilst not enough to prevent losses in productivity. Results of this trial highlighted the need for strict control of mycotoxins in corn intended for broilers.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência de aflatoxinas (AFs) e fumonisinas (FBs) em ingredientes (milho e farelo de soja) e na ração de abate sobre a produtividade de uma empresa integradora de frangos de corte, bem como avaliar seus efeitos sobre produtividade de 20 lotes de frangos produzidos pela empresa e a histologia dos fígados dos frangos após o abate. As amostras de milho apresentaram as maiores frequências de AFs e FBs, em concentrações médias de 29,1 e 2.100µg/kg, respectivamente. As amostras de farelo de soja apresentaram níveis médios de 1,5 e 70µg/kg para AFs e FBs, respectivamente. Os lotes de aves que receberam ração contendo níveis de FBs maiores que 1,000µg/kg apresentaram menor ganho de peso e maior percentual de mortalidade, enquanto que as que receberam ração com AFs iguais ou superiores ao limite de quantificação (LQ) do método analítico apresentaram maior grau de alteração histopatológica no fígado. Houve efeito de diluição de AFs e FBs dos ingredientes, especialmente o milho, à ração no processo de fabricação, porém não suficiente para evitar perdas na produtividade. Os resultados do estudo reforçam a necessidade do controle estrito de micotoxinas no milho destinado à alimentação de frangos de corte.(AU)

Leukoencephalomalacia in horses associated with immature corn consumption / Surto de leucoencefalomalacia em equinos associado ao consumo de milho verde

Horse leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) is a disease caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins (fumonisins) produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium that infect corn and/or its byproducts. This disease has been described by ingestion of mature corn with humidity above 15% at temperatures below 20°C. The aim of this paper was to report an outbreak of leukoencephalomalacia in horses fed with immature corn. Two horses out of three showed neurological signs approximately seven days after eating immature corn in its reproductive phase (R2, milky grains). Corn was harvested and administered directly to the animals, with no storage. Deaths occurred approximately 24 hours after the onset of clinical signs. Grossly, there were multifocal dark red to brown areas in the white matter of the telencephalon and hyppocampus and thalamus. Histologically, there was edema and hemorrhage in several areas of the telencephalon white matter, which corresponded to dark red to brown areas observed in the macroscopy. There was also foci of malacia with presence of reactive astrocytes with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and inflammatory cells. Diffuse capillary wall degeneration and endothelial cell swelling were also observed. Two ppm of fumonisin were detected by immunoaffinity column method (VICAM) in the immature corn sample. The water activity in this cereal, when the grain is still milky, is 0.98 and can predispose it to growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi. In the present case, fumonisin was found in milky grains in the beginning of the reproductive phase (R2), which suggested that even immature corn may be infected by Fusarium spp. and should not be administered to horses.(AU)

A leucoencefalomalácia dos equinos (ELEM) é uma doença causada pela ingestão de micotoxinas (fumonisinas) produzidas por fungos do gênero Fusarium que infectam o milho e/ou seus subprodutos. A doença tem sido descrita pela ingestão de milho maduro com umidade acima de 15% em temperatura ambiente abaixo de 20°C. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um surto de leucoencefalomacia em equinos alimentados com milho verde. Dois equinos de três animais apresentaram sinais clínicos neurológicos aproximadamente sete dias após iniciarem a ingestão de milho verde na fase reprodutiva (R2, grãos leitosos) com palha e talos, colhido no máximo 24 horas antes de ser administrado. A morte ocorreu aproximadamente 24 horas após o início dos sinais clínicos. Macroscopicamente havia no sistema nervoso central áreas multifocais acinzentadas e amareladas na substância branca do telencéfalo, no hipocampo e no tálamo. Histologicamente observou-se edema e hemorragia em diversas áreas da substância branca do telencéfalo, que correspondiam às áreas acinzentadas observadas na macroscopia. Havia, também, próximo as áreas hemorrágicas, focos de malacia com presença de astrócitos reativos com abundante citoplasma eosinophilico e algumas células inflamatórias. Degeneração das paredes dos capilares e tumefação das células endoteliais também foram observadas. Na análise da amostra de milho pelo método de colunas de imunoafinidade (VICAM) foram detectados 2ppm de fumonisina. A atividade de água neste cereal, quando o grão ainda está leitoso, é de 0,98, o que predispõe ao crescimento de fungos produtores de micotoxinas. No presente caso fumonisina foi encontrada nos grãos leitosos no início da fase reprodutiva (R2), o que sugere que mesmo o milho ainda imaturo pode estar infectado por Fusarium spp. e não deve, também, ser administrado aos equinos.(AU)

Simultaneous determination of mycotoxins in peruvian purple maize / Determinação simultânea de micotoxinas em milho roxo peruano

Purple maize is an important foodstuff for the Peruvian people. Its unique nutritional and antioxidant characteristics makes it widely exported to other countries. However, when contaminated by fungi, it can trigger numerous health problems in the consumers. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of 27 mycotoxins in 63 samples of purple maize collected in Peru. Frequency of occurrence and mean concentration of the following mycotoxins were determined: alternariolmetileter (AME), alternariol (AOH), tentoxin, neosolaniol, nivalenol, wortmannin, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, fumonisin B3, ochratoxin A, ochratoxin , T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, fusarenon x, cyclopiazonic acid, gliotoxin, agroclavin and citreoviridin. The main mycotoxins reported in purple maize were AME and AOH, with a frequency of occurrence of 14.3 and 7.9%, and mean concentration of 23.3% and 1.8%, respectively. AME and AOH do not have guidance levels in the Brazilian legislation. Contrastingly, levels of mycotoxins which are within the standards of the countrys regulations were below the limit of quantification. The present results suggested that purple maize is a raw material with a great potential for the production and industrialization of special products.(AU)

O milho roxo é um alimento importante para o povo peruano. Suas características nutricionais e antioxidantes únicas fazem com que seja amplamente exportado para outros países. No entanto, quando contaminado por fungos, pode desencadear inúmeros problemas de saúde nos consumidores. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a presença de 27 micotoxinas em 63 amostras de milho roxo coletadas no Peru. A frequência de ocorrência e a concentração média das seguintes micotoxinas foram determinadas: alternariolmetileter (AME), alternariol (AOH), tentoxina, neosolaniol, nivalenol, wortmanina, desoxinivalenol, 3-acetil desoxinivalenol, 15-acetil desoxinivalenol, zearalenona, aflatoxina B1, aflatoxina B2 , aflatoxina G1, aflatoxina G2, fumonisina B1, fumonisina B2, fumonisina B3, ocratoxina A, ocratoxina, toxina T-2, toxina HT-2, fusarenona x, ácido ciclopiazonico, gliotoxina, agroclavina e citreoviridina. As principais micotoxinas encontradas no milho roxo foram AME e AOH, com frequência de ocorrência de 14,3% e 7,9% e concentração média de 23,3% e 1,8%, respectivamente. AME e AOH não possuem níveis de orientação na legislação brasileira. Contrastantemente, os níveis de micotoxinas que estão dentro dos padrões das regulamentações do país estavam abaixo do limite de quantificação. Os presentes resultados sugerem que o milho roxo é uma matéria-prima com grande potencial para a produção e industrialização de produtos especiais.(AU)

Toxicidad oral aguda de los extractos etanólicos de Eucalyptus globulus, Morinda citrifolia, Peperomia glauca, Schinus molle y Zea mays en ratones BALB/c 53 / Acute oral toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus, Morinda citrifolia, Peperomia glauca, Schinus molle and Zea mays ethanolic extracts on BALB/c 53 mice

Objetivo. Evaluar la toxicidad aguda de los extractos etanólicos del Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (eucalipto), Morinda citrifolia L. (noni), Peperomia glauca (pino) (congona), Schinus molle L. (molle) y Zea mays L. (Maíz morado) en ratones Balb/c 53. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 60 ratones machos divididos en seis grupos (eucalipto, noni, congona, molle, maíz morado y control). Los grupos tratados recibieron por vía oral una dosis única de 2000 mg/kg de los extractos etanólicos, y el grupo control recibió polisorbato 2 mL/kg al 3%. Se evaluó ganancia de peso, valores hematológicos (hematocrito, eritrocitos, hemograma, leucocitos, plaquetas), bioquímica sérica (úrea, creatinina, ALT, proteínas totales, albumina, globulinas), histopatología hepática y renal. Resultados. Se observó signos de inquietud, excitación y aparente fotosensibilidad en el grupo eucalipto, por una hora. Se encontró leucopenia en grupos congona, molle, eucalipto y maíz morado; trombocitopenia en grupos eucalipto y molle, y elevación del ALT en los grupos congona y eucalipto, en comparación con los valores del grupo control. La ganancia de peso, los demás valores hematológicos, así como la bioquímica renal y hepática en los otros grupos no fueron significativos. Conclusiones. En las condiciones experimentales no se observó signos de toxicidad ni mortalidad en el ensayo; la DL50 de los extractos etanólicos estaría sobre los 2000 mg/kg.

Objective. This study was performed to evaluate the acute toxicity of ethanolic extracts of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Eucalipto), Morinda citrifolia L. (noni), Peperomia glauca (pino) (Congona), Schinus molle L. (molle) y Zea mays L. (maíz morado) in Balb/c mice. Materials and methods. Sixty male mice were divided into 6 groups (Eucalipto, Noni, Congona, Molle, Maíz morado and Control) of 10 each were used. The guide for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD 423) was followed for the study. The treated group received for gavage a single dose at 2000 mg/kg and the control group received polysorbate at 2 mL/kg at 3%. Weight gain, hematological values (hematocrit, erythrocytes, hemogram, leukocytes, platelets), serum biochemistry (urea, creatinine, ALT, total proteins, albumin, globulins), hepatic and renal histopathology were performed. Results. No signs of mortality and morbidity were observed as a consequence of the administration of the extracts, except for the Eucalipto group, which presented restlessness, excitation and apparent photosensitivity for one hour. There was leukopenia in Congona, Molle, Eucalipto and Maíz morado groups; thrombocytopenia in groups Eucalipto and Molle; and elevations of ALT in Congona and Eucalipto groups in comparison than the values from control group. Weight gain and other hematological values, as well as renal and hepatic biochemistry in the other groups were not significant. Conclusions. Under experimental conditions no signs of toxicity or mortality were observed in the trial; the LD50 of the ethanolic extracts would be above 2000 mg/kg.

Acute aflatoxicosis in swines in Northeastern Brazil / Aflatoxicose aguda em suínos no Nordeste do Brasil

Background: Aflatoxins are hepatotoxic mycotoxins derived from the secondary metabolism of toxigenic fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus, especially A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin B1 is the most important metabolite, because of its deleterious effect mainly to the liver, especially for its carcinogenic, mutagenic and haemorrhagic properties, and usually is detected in higher concentrations in contaminated substrates. This paper reports the epidemiological, clinical, pathological and toxicological aspects of an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in pigs raised in Northeastern Brazil. Case: The cases occurred in a complete cycle farm, in the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, in pigs ingesting low quality (moldy) corn being produced and processed on the farm. Sixty (73.1%) out of 82 two to five-months old pigs were clinicaly affected and 54 (65.8%) died. All animals showed fever, weight loss, tachycardia, tachypnea, lethargy, muscle tremors, muscle weakness and diarrhea. The clinical course ranged from five to 48 hours. Adult pigs were not affected. At necropsies, generalized jaundice, ascites, hydropericardium, petechial hemorrhages in the mesentery, subcutaneous edema and mesocolon were observed. The liver was yellow-orange with reddish diffuse multifocal areas, enlarged and extremely friable. Histologically there was swelling of hepatocytes [...](AU)

Acute aflatoxicosis in swines in Northeastern Brazil / Aflatoxicose aguda em suínos no Nordeste do Brasil

Background: Aflatoxins are hepatotoxic mycotoxins derived from the secondary metabolism of toxigenic fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus, especially A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin B1 is the most important metabolite, because of its deleterious effect mainly to the liver, especially for its carcinogenic, mutagenic and haemorrhagic properties, and usually is detected in higher concentrations in contaminated substrates. This paper reports the epidemiological, clinical, pathological and toxicological aspects of an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in pigs raised in Northeastern Brazil. Case: The cases occurred in a complete cycle farm, in the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, in pigs ingesting low quality (moldy) corn being produced and processed on the farm. Sixty (73.1%) out of 82 two to five-months old pigs were clinicaly affected and 54 (65.8%) died. All animals showed fever, weight loss, tachycardia, tachypnea, lethargy, muscle tremors, muscle weakness and diarrhea. The clinical course ranged from five to 48 hours. Adult pigs were not affected. At necropsies, generalized jaundice, ascites, hydropericardium, petechial hemorrhages in the mesentery, subcutaneous edema and mesocolon were observed. The liver was yellow-orange with reddish diffuse multifocal areas, enlarged and extremely friable. Histologically there was swelling of hepatocytes [...]

Chronic Responses of Daphnia magna Under Dietary Exposure to Leaves of a Transgenic (Event MON810) Bt-Maize Hybrid and its Conventional Near-Isoline.

Insect resistance is the second most common trait globally in cultivated genetically modified (GM) plants. Resistance is usually obtained by introducing into the plant's genome genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) coding for insecticidal proteins (Cry proteins or toxins) that target insect pests. The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that a chronic, high-dose dietary exposure to leaves of a Bt-maize hybrid (GM event MON810, expressing a transgenic or recombinant Cry1Ab toxin), exerted no adverse effects on fitness parameters of the aquatic nontarget organism Daphnia magna (water flea) when compared to an identical control diet based on leaves of the non-GM near-isoline. Cry1Ab was immunologically detected and quantified in GM maize leaf material used for Daphnia feed. A 69-kD protein near Bt's active core-toxin size and a 34-kD protein were identified. The D. magna bioassay showed a resource allocation to production of resting eggs and early fecundity in D. magna fed GM maize, with adverse effects for body size and fecundity later in life. This is the first study to examine GM-plant leaf material in the D. magna model, and provides of negative fitness effects of a MON810 maize hybrid in a nontarget model organism under chronic, high dietary exposure. Based upon these results, it is postulated that the observed transgenic proteins exert a nontarget effect in D. magna and/or unintended changes were produced in the maize genome/metabolome by the transformation process, producing a nutritional difference between GM-maize and non-GM near-isoline.

Ganho de peso, consumo de ração e histologia de órgãos de leitões alimentados com rações contendo baixos níveis de fumonisina B1 / Weight gain, feed consumption and histology of organs from piglets fed rations containing low levels of fumonisin B1

A fumonisina B1 (FB1) é um metabólito secundário produzido principalmente por Fusarium verticilioides em diversos tipos de alimentos, principalmente o milho, o qual constitui a base para composição de rações para várias espécies de animais domésticos. A FB1é particularmente tóxica para suínos, cujas manifestações clínicas são evidentes em animais expostos a altas concentrações de FB1 na ração (em geral, acima de 30mg/kg). No entanto, são escassos os estudos sobre os efeitos da FB1em suínos alimentados com rações contendo baixas concentrações de fumonisinas, as quais são mais prováveis de serem encontradas em condições de campo. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da exposição de leitões a baixos níveis de FB1 na ração, durante 28 dias, sobre o ganho de peso, consumo de ração, peso relativo de órgãos e aspectos histológicos do baço, fígado, pulmões, rins e coração. Vinte e quatro leitões foram distribuídos em 4 grupos experimentais e alimentados com rações contendo 0mg (controle), 3,0mg, 6,0mg ou 9,0mg FB1/kg de ração. As diferentes dietas não afetaram (P>0,05) o ganho de peso e nem o peso relativo dos órgãos analisados. Não foram constatadas lesões macroscópicas ou histopatológicas no baço, fígado, rins e coração. No entanto, foram observadas lesões histopatológicas nos pulmões de todos os suínos alimentados com rações contaminadas com fumonisinas, indicando que nenhum dos níveis de FB1 usados no experimento poderia ser considerado como seguro para suínos. São necessários novos estudos sobre os mecanismos de ação tóxica da FB1 em suínos, sobretudo em condições de exposição prolongada a baixos níveis de contaminação na ração.(AU)

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a secondary metabolite produced mainly by Fusarium verticilioides in several types of foods, particularly corn, which is the basis for composition of feed for several domestic animals. FB1 is particularly toxic to pigs, being the clinical manifestations evident in animals exposed to high concentrations of FB1 in the diet (generally above 30mg/kg). However, there are few studies on the effects of FB1 on pigs fed rations containing low concentrations of fumonisin, which are most probably found under field conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a 28-day exposure of piglets to low levels of FB1 in the feed on the weight gain, feed consumption, organ weights and histological aspects of the spleen, liver, lungs, kidneys and heart. Twenty-four pigs were assigned into 4 experimental groups and fed diets containing 0mg (control), 3.0mg, 6.0mg or 9.0mg FB1/kg diet. The different diets did not affect (P>0.05) the weight gain or the weight of organs examined. There were no macroscopic or histological lesions in the spleen, liver, kidneys and heart. However, histological lesions were found in the lungs from all animals fed rations containing fumonisin, hence indicating that none of the FB1 levels used in the experiment could be considered as safe for piglets. Further studies on the mechanisms of toxic action of FB1 in pigs are needed, particularly under conditions of prolonged exposure to low contamination levels in the diet.(AU)

Ganho de peso, consumo de ração e histologia de órgãos de leitões alimentados com rações contendo baixos níveis de fumonisina B1 / Weight gain, feed consumption and histology of organs from piglets fed rations containing low levels of fumonisin B1

A fumonisina B1 (FB1) é um metabólito secundário produzido principalmente por Fusarium verticilioides em diversos tipos de alimentos, principalmente o milho, o qual constitui a base para composição de rações para várias espécies de animais domésticos. A FB1é particularmente tóxica para suínos, cujas manifestações clínicas são evidentes em animais expostos a altas concentrações de FB1 na ração (em geral, acima de 30mg/kg). No entanto, são escassos os estudos sobre os efeitos da FB1em suínos alimentados com rações contendo baixas concentrações de fumonisinas, as quais são mais prováveis de serem encontradas em condições de campo. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da exposição de leitões a baixos níveis de FB1 na ração, durante 28 dias, sobre o ganho de peso, consumo de ração, peso relativo de órgãos e aspectos histológicos do baço, fígado, pulmões, rins e coração. Vinte e quatro leitões foram distribuídos em 4 grupos experimentais e alimentados com rações contendo 0mg (controle), 3,0mg, 6,0mg ou 9,0mg FB1/kg de ração. As diferentes dietas não afetaram (P>0,05) o ganho de peso e nem o peso relativo dos órgãos analisados. Não foram constatadas lesões macroscópicas ou histopatológicas no baço, fígado, rins e coração. No entanto, foram observadas lesões histopatológicas nos pulmões de todos os suínos alimentados com rações contaminadas com fumonisinas, indicando que nenhum dos níveis de FB1 usados no experimento poderia ser considerado como seguro para suínos. São necessários novos estudos sobre os mecanismos de ação tóxica da FB1 em suínos, sobretudo em condições de exposição prolongada a baixos níveis de contaminação na ração.

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a secondary metabolite produced mainly by Fusarium verticilioides in several types of foods, particularly corn, which is the basis for composition of feed for several domestic animals. FB1 is particularly toxic to pigs, being the clinical manifestations evident in animals exposed to high concentrations of FB1 in the diet (generally above 30mg/kg). However, there are few studies on the effects of FB1 on pigs fed rations containing low concentrations of fumonisin, which are most probably found under field conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of a 28-day exposure of piglets to low levels of FB1 in the feed on the weight gain, feed consumption, organ weights and histological aspects of the spleen, liver, lungs, kidneys and heart. Twenty-four pigs were assigned into 4 experimental groups and fed diets containing 0mg (control), 3.0mg, 6.0mg or 9.0mg FB1/kg diet. The different diets did not affect (P>0.05) the weight gain or the weight of organs examined. There were no macroscopic or histological lesions in the spleen, liver, kidneys and heart. However, histological lesions were found in the lungs from all animals fed rations containing fumonisin, hence indicating that none of the FB1 levels used in the experiment could be considered as safe for piglets. Further studies on the mechanisms of toxic action of FB1 in pigs are needed, particularly under conditions of prolonged exposure to low contamination levels in the diet.

Uso de adsorventes em dietas para frangos de corte

Foram realizados dois estudos com o objetivo de avaliar a adição de diferentes tipos de adsorventes em dietas contendo milho contaminado por micotoxinas (fumonisinas B1 e B2 em 721 e 257 ppb totalizando em 978 ppb e ácido ciclopiazônico em 94,7 ppb). Foram dois experimentos que ocorreram simultaneamente, um de metabolismo e o outro de desempenho com frangos de corte da linhagem Ross em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Estes experimentos ocorreram com a finalidade de testar o efeito dos três tipos de adsorventes sendo os tratamentos distribuídos da seguinte forma: T1: dieta referência com milho considerado adequado (controle); T2: dieta com milho contaminado naturalmente considerado inadequado; T3, T4 e T5 foram T2 mais adição dos adsorventes A, B e C, respectivamente. Nas rações analisadas foram encontradas as fumonisinas, nas quantidades totais de 125, 509, 677, 589 e 625 ppb para os tratamentos T1, T2, T3, T4 e T5, respectivamente. No primeiro estudo foram utilizadas 180 aves alojadas em gaiolas metabólicas divididas em cinco tratamentos e seis repetições, para avaliar a energia metabolizável aparente e a energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta. Não foi detectada diferença estatística para estas variáveis. No segundo estudo utilizaram-se 360 pintos de corte no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade alojados em boxes com cama de maravalha, distuibuídos em cinco tratamentos e seis repetições com 12 aves por repetição. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, pesos e percentagens da carcaça, dos cortes, vísceras e parâmetros bioquímicos séricos. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas para a conversão alimentar no período final. Porém a quantidade de micotoxinas presente na ração ofertada as aves não foi suficiente para que houvesse intoxicação das aves e acarretasse um efeito significativo da suplementação dos adsorventes nas dietas destes animais.

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the addition of different types of adsorbents in diets containing corn contaminated by mycotoxins (fumonisins B1 and B2 in 721 and 257 ppb total of 978 ppb and 94.7 ppb in Cyclopiazonic acid). Two experiments were occurring simultaneously, a metabolism and another performance with broilers Ross in a randomized design. These experiments occurred in order to test the effect of three types of adsorbents with the treatments distributed as follows: T1: reference diet with corn considered adequate (control), T2: diet with naturally contaminated maize considered inappropriate, T3, T4 and T5 were more T2 addition of adsorbents A, B and C, respectively. In the diets were analyzed found fumonisins, the total quantities of 125, 509, 677, 589 and 625 ppb for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. In the first study used 180 birds were housed in metabolic cages divided into five treatments and six replicates to evaluate the apparent metabolizable energy and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance and metabolizability coefficient of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy. No statistical difference was detected for these variables. In the second study we used 360 broiler chicks during the period 1 to 42 days of age housed in pens with wood shavings bedding, distuibuídos in five treatments and six replications with 12 birds per replicate. We evaluated the feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, carcass weights and percentages, cuts, offal and serum biochemical parameters. The results showed significant differences in feed conversion in the final period. But the amount of mycotoxins present in feed birds offered was not enough for there to be poisoning birds and incurs a significant effect of supplementation of the diets of these animals adsorbents.

Botulismo em bovinos leiteiros no Sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Botulism in dairy cattle in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil

Neste trabalho descreve-se um surto de botulismo decorrente da ingestão de milho contaminado em um sistema de produção de leite, em regime de confinamento, na região Sul de Minas Gerais. O rebanho era composto por 148 vacas holandesas lactantes de alta produção, confinadas em tempo integral e alimentadas com dieta completa, composta de silagem de milho e concentrado. Foram afetados 38 bovinos, verificando-se letalidade de 100 por cento. Amostras de conteúdo intestinal, ruminal e fígado de sete animais necropsiados e amostras de água dos bebedouros e do milho utilizado na alimentação foram submetidas ao bioensaio e à soroneutralização para a detecção de toxina botulínica. Toxinas dos tipos C e D foram detectadas nas amostras de conteúdo intestinal, ruminal e milho. O surto descrito mostra que o milho estocado em condições inadequadas pode ser um fator de risco para a ocorrência da doença.

An outbreak of bovine botulism in a dairy herd caused by ingestion of contaminated maize, in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil is described. The herd was composed by 148 lactating cows of high milk production fed with diet based on maize ensilage and concentrate in a free stall system. Thirty eight cows were affected, with 100 percent of fatality rate. Samples from intestine, rumen and liver of necropsied cattle and drinking water and maize were submitted to the mouse bioassay and soroneutralization tests for detection of Clostridium botulinum toxins. Types C and D toxins were detected in samples from intestinal and rumen contents and maize. The reporter of an outbreak of botulism in cattle associated with an unusual source of toxin, shows that stocked maize in inadequate conditions is a factor of risk for the occurrence of the botulism in dairy cattle.

Occurrence of ochratoxin A and ochratoxigenic mycoflora in corn and corn based foods and feeds in some South American countries.

Cereals and cereal- derived products constitute the base of human and animal feeding in South American countries. This review attempts to give an overview of the ochratoxin A (OTA) occurrence and potential sources of OTA contamination in those products. The environmental conditions as humidity and temperature in the colonization of the substrates by Aspergillus section Nigri isolated from corn kernels were also discussed. The available information on the ochratoxigenic mycoflora and OTA presence in corn, corn based food and feed is limited. Only few surveys have been carried out in Argentina, Ecuador and Brazil; which showed that Aspergillus niger aggregate and A. ochraceus species would be the main source of OTA. It's possible to emphasize that, the species A. carbonarius has not been isolated from these substrates and Penicillium verrucosum was isolated only from pig feeds of Argentinean samples in low percentage. Studies about the ecophysiology of ochratoxigenic fungi and OTA occurrence are in progress in Latin America to reduce the impact of this toxin in the food chain.

Pirimiphos-methyl residues in corn and popcorn grains and in some of their processed products

Insecticides are used for stored cereal protection against insect attack and the occurrence of their residues needs to be evaluated not only in grain but also in the processed products. This study evaluates the residue degradation/persistence of the organophosphorous insecticide pirimiphos-methyl in corn and popcorn grains and in some of their processed products such as bran, hominy and corn flour from corn and popped popcorn. Grains were treated with pirimiphos-methyl at the rate of 12 mg.kg-1 (a.i.). Samples were taken and analyzed at zero, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 days after treatment. The analytical method consisted of residue extraction with acetone, clean-up partition with acetonitrile/hexane and silica gel column chromatography eluted with a mixture of hexane + acetone. Quantitative measurements were made by gas chromatography, using flame photometric detector (GLC/FPD). The limits of quantitation (LOQs) were: corn grain, hominy and popped popcorn 0.05 mg.kg-1; bran, corn flour and popcorn grain 0.1 mg.kg-1. Pirimiphos-methyl residues were not persistent in either types of grains or in their processed products. At the end of sampling period (240 days), 5 to 8-fold less residues were found in corn bran and popcorn. Hominy and corn flour showed low levels of contamination. Higher residue concentrations in corn bran than in grains are related to the higher oil content in that processed product

Survey of moniliformin in corn cultivated in the state of São Paulo and in corn products commercialized in the city of Campinas, SP

Moniliformin, a toxin produced by Fusarium, was investigated in 22 samples of corn, 17 coming from districts of the state of São Paulo and 4 from experimental plots of the Campinas Institute of Agronomy, Brazil. The toxin was also investigated in 68 samples of corn products commercialized in Campinas, SP. Moniliformin was not detected in any sample.

Sampling plan for the analysis of aflatoxin in peanuts and corn: an update

The aim of this paper was to update the sampling plan for analysis of mycotoxins in grains, formerly published by the author. The proposed alterations were based on the acquired experience on its application and on FAO recommendations. This update restricts the scope of the former plan and establishes a sampling plan for analysis of aflatoxin in peanuts and corn, by means of modified formulas, the minimum number of sacks or points (when in bulk) from which incremental samples should be drawn to make a bulk sample. Fractional exponents (square roots) of the formulas proportionally decrease the number of sacks/points to be sampled as the lot size increases. Operating Characteristic (OC) curves developed for in-shell and shelled peanuts and corn as well as trend curves of the coefficient variation for different sample sizes (weights) are presented.