Escherichia coli ST117: exploring the zoonotic hypothesis.

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) can lead to severe infections, with additional risks of increasing antimicrobial resistance rates. Genotypic similarities between ExPEC and avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) support a possible role for a poultry meat reservoir in human disease. Some genomic studies have been done on the ST117 lineage which contaminates poultry meat, carries multidrug resistance, can be found in the human intestinal microbiota, and causes human extraintestinal disease. This study analyzed the genomes of 61 E. coli from Brazilian poultry outbreaks focusing on ST117, to further define its possible zoonotic characteristics by genotypic and phylogenomic analyses, along with 1,699 worldwide ST117 isolates originating from human, animal, and environment sources. A predominance of ST117 was detected in the Brazilian isolates (n = 20/61) frequently carrying resistance to critical antibiotics (>86%) linked to IncFII, IncI1, or IncX4 replicons. High similarities were found between IncX4 from Brazilian outbreaks and those from E. coli recovered from imported Brazilian poultry meat and human clinical cases. The ST117 phylogeny showed non-specificity according to host and continent and an AMR index score indicated the highest resistance in Asia and South America, with the latter statistically more resistant and overrepresented with resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Most ST117 human isolates were predicted to have a poultry origin (93%, 138/148). In conclusion, poultry is a likely source for zoonotic ExPEC strains, particularly the ST117 lineage which can also serve as a reservoir for resistance determinants against critical antibiotics encoded on highly transmissible plasmids. IMPORTANCE: Certain extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) are particularly important as they affect humans and animals. Lineages, such as ST117, are predominant in poultry and frequent carriers of antibiotic resistance, presenting a risk to humans handling or ingesting poultry products. We analyzed ExPEC isolates causing outbreaks in Brazilian poultry, focusing on the ST117 as the most detected lineage. Genomic comparisons with international isolates from humans and animals were performed describing the potential zoonotic profile. The Brazilian ST117 isolates carried resistance determinants against critical antibiotics, mainly on plasmids, in some cases identical to those carried by international isolates. South American ST117 isolates from all sources generally exhibit more resistance, including to critical antibiotics, and worldwide, the vast majority of human isolates belonging to this lineage have a predicted poultry origin. As the world's largest poultry exporter, Brazil has an important role in developing strategies to prevent the dissemination of multidrug-resistant zoonotic ExPEC strains.

Systematic review and meta-analysis on seroprevalence of leptospirosis in non-human primates worldwide.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease whose transmission is linked to multiple factors involving the interface between animals, humans, and the environment. This disease is of great importance for public health, as it profoundly affects the health aspects of the population and animals. Considering the importance of non-human primates in this epidemiological chain, the objective of this research was to conduct a systematic literature review with meta-analysis, providing information on leptospirosis in non-human primates (NHPs) and an update on the infection situation in Brazil and other countries. Thus, a search was performed in five databases, initially finding 3332 studies, of which 32 met the eligibility criteria and were used for the systematic review. According to them, the most prevalent serogroup in non-human primates was Icterohaemorrhagiae, which is adapted to rodents as primary hosts. A wide distribution of the infection was found in the regions of both wild and captive animals. Through meta-analysis, the seroprevalence rate of leptospirosis in non-human primates was 27.21% (CI 17.97-38.95%). Cochran's Q test (p < 0.01) identified heterogeneity between studies, classified as high by the Higgins and Thompson test (I2 = 92.4%). Therefore, seroepidemiological and Leptospira isolation studies in non-human primates are important to investigate and monitor the suspected impact of these species as maintainers or transmitters of the pathogen to humans and other wild and domestic animals, in addition to demonstrating the need for standardization related to control and prevention measures.

Molecular based confirmation of puma meat sausages implicated in trichinellosis outbreaks in Argentina.

Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Trichinella, with the main source of infection being the consumption of pork and pork-derived products. However, it can also be acquired from eating the meat from wild animals targeted for sport hunting. The objectives of this study were: 1) to develop and implement a molecular method for the identification of Sus scrofa (pig and wild boar) and Puma concolor (Puma) meat in sausages eaten raw, which were linked to trichinellosis outbreaks occurring in Córdoba, Buenos Aires and La Pampa provinces, Argentina, in 2010, 2021, and 2022, respectively; and 2) to identify the Trichinella species present in the food. Specific primers were designed for PCR amplification and nucleotide sequencing of a region of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from both host species. Samples from the mentioned outbreaks were analysed, and the molecular identification of Trichinella spp. larvae was also performed. Results of the species identification system revealed that sausages from Córdoba and Buenos Aires had a mixed composition of pork and puma meat, while those from La Pampa contained puma meat only. Trichinella spiralis was implicated in all three outbreaks. The species identification system developed and implemented in this study revealed two host species of Trichinella related to human cases, and alerts about the risk of zoonotic transmission to humans through infected puma meat.

Emerging Cases of Cat-Transmitted Sporotrichosis Driven by Sporothrix brasiliensis in Northeast Brazil.

Cat-transmitted sporotrichosis is caused by the emerging fungal pathogen Sporothrix brasiliensis and constitutes a significant public health issue that affects people living in resource-poor urban centers in Brazil. The lack of knowledge about transmission dynamics makes it difficult to propose public health policies to contain the advance of sporotrichosis. We describe the recent emergence of 1,176 cases of sporotrichosis in cats (2016 to 2021) in the metropolitan region of Recife, Brazil, leading to significant zoonotic transmission and an overwhelming occurrence of S. brasiliensis as the etiological agent. Most cases were from cats in the cities of Olinda (408/1,176; 34.70%), Jaboatão dos Guararapes (332/1,176; 28.23%), and Recife (237/1,176; 20.15%). Molecular typing using amplified fragment length polymorphism (EcoRI-GA/MseI-AG) revealed low polymorphic information content (PIC = 0.2499) and heterozygosity (H = 0.2928), typical of an outbreak scenario. Dendrogram and multivariate cluster analysis revealed that isolates from Pernambuco are closely related to Rio de Janeiro isolates. We report a substantial occurrence of MAT1-2 idiomorphs in the metropolitan region of Recife (0:60 ratio; χ2 = 60.000, P < 0.0001). The limited population differentiation and genetic diversity of the isolates from Pernambuco suggest a recent introduction, possibly via a founder effect, from the parental population in Rio de Janeiro. Our findings emphasize the critical importance of molecular surveillance of S. brasiliensis for outbreak response. A comprehensive one-health strategy is mandatory to control the spread of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis driven by S. brasiliensis, encompassing sanitary barriers, quick diagnosis, and treatment.

Prevalence and transmission of the most relevant zoonotic and vector-borne pathogens in the Yucatan peninsula: A review.

BACKGROUND: Habitat modification and land use changes impact ecological interactions and alter the relationships between humans and nature. Mexico has experienced significant landscape modifications at the local and regional scales, with negative effects on forest cover and biological biodiversity, especially in the Yucatan peninsula in southeastern Mexico. Given the close relationship between landscape modification and the transmission of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, it is essential to develop criteria for identifying priority zoonoses in the south of the country. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We reviewed 165 published studies on zoonotic and vector-borne diseases in the region (2015-2024). We identified the most frequent vectors, reservoirs, and hosts, the most prevalent infections, and the factors associated with transmission risk and the anthropogenic landscape modification in urban, rural, ecotone, and sylvatic habitats. The most relevant pathogens of zoonotic risk included Trypanosoma cruzi, arboviruses, Leishmania, Rickettsia, Leptospira, and Toxoplasma gondii. Trypanosoma cruzi was the vector-borne agent with the largest number of infected vertebrate species across habitats, while Leishmania and arboviruses were the ones that affected the greatest number of people. Dogs, cats, backyard animals, and their hematophagous ectoparasites are the most likely species maintaining the transmission cycles in human settlements, while rodents, opossums, bats, and other synanthropic animals facilitate connection and transmission cycles between forested habitats with human-modified landscapes. Pathogens displayed different prevalences between the landscapes, T. cruzi, arbovirus, and Leptospira infections were the most prevalent in urban and rural settlements, whereas Leishmania and Rickettsia had similar prevalence across habitats, likely due to the diversity and abundance of the infected vectors involved. The prevalence of T. gondii and Leptospira spp. may reflect poor hygiene conditions. Additionally, results suggest that prevalence of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases is higher in deforested areas and agricultural aggregates, and in sites with precarious health and infrastructure services. CONCLUSIONS: Some hosts, vectors, and transmission trends of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases in the YP are well known but others remain poorly recognized. It is imperative to reinforce practices aimed at increasing the knowledge, monitoring, prevention, and control of these diseases at the regional level. We also emphasize the need to perform studies on a larger spatio-temporal scale under the socio-ecosystem perspective, to better elucidate the interactions between pathogens, hosts, vectors, environment, and sociocultural and economic aspects in this and many other tropical regions.

The rising incidence of feline and cat-transmitted sporotrichosis in Latin America.

INTRODUCTION: Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by different species of thermodimorphic fungi belonging to the genus Sporothrix. These fungi may affect a wide range of warm-blooded animals, including humans, dogs and, mainly, cats. METHODS: In this article, we conducted a narrative literature review about the status of feline and cat-transmitted sporotrichosis in Latin American countries, with emphasis on Brazil. RESULTS: From a global perspective, Latin America is one of the main foci of human and feline sporotrichosis. In humans, the disease has been reported in several countries, with endemic transmission occurring in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico and Uruguay. Sporothrix brasiliensis is the most common species identified in human cases in Brazil, whereas Sporothrix schenckii predominates in other countries. CONCLUSION: Domestic cats are the main source of infection in the zoonotic transmission cycle of sporotrichosis in Latin America. Cases of feline sporotrichosis have been reported in several countries, including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and Peru.

Zoonotic Sporotrichosis outbreak: Emerging public health threat in the Amazon State, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Sporotrichosis is the most common subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix spp. Traditionally, it is transmitted through injuries involving plant debris. However, over the past few decades, there has been an epidemic increase in human cases resulting from contact with infected animals, particularly cats, in various regions of Brazil. In this report, we report a notable increase in both human and animal cases within the Brazilian Amazon state. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: An ecological study was conducted by analyzing official records of human and animal sporotrichosis diagnosed in the state of Amazon from 2020 to 2023. Data including patient demographics, clinical manifestations, mycological examination results, and species identification through PCR confirmation were evaluated. During this period, a total of 950 human cases and 2,823 animal cases of sporotrichosis were reported at an exponential rate, since no human cases were registered in 2020. The spatial and temporal dispersion of human sporotrichosis followed that of animal cases, moving from downtown areas to the periphery. Contact with infected animals was reported in 77.7% of cases, with cats being the most commonly implicated (73.5%). Only 66.7% of individuals underwent mycological examination. Among the positive cultures for Sporothrix spp., 65.4% were identified as S. brasiliensis. All patients were treated with systemic antifungals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study highlights a rising incidence of sporotrichosis among animals and humans in the Brazilian Amazon region over the past four years, with S. brasiliensis being the predominant agent. Collaborative efforts involving healthcare professionals, veterinarians, and public health authorities are crucial to implement effective control measures, educate populations at risk, and promote responsible guidance for pet guardians. These measures are essential to mitigate the burden of epidemic sporotrichosis in Brazil.

Carriage of Clostridium perfringens in domestic and farm animals across the central highlands of Colombia: implications for gut health and zoonotic transmission.

Clostridium perfringens inhabits the guts of humans and animal species. C. perfringens can proliferate and express an arsenal of toxins, promoting the development of multiple gut illnesses. Healthy animals carrying C. perfringens represents a risk of transmission to other animals or humans through close contact and an increased likelihood of acquisition of toxin plasmids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of C. perfringens carriage in domestic and farm animals in the central highlands of Colombia. C. perfringens was detected in six animal species using PCR targeting alpha toxin (cpa) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S-rRNA) genes from 347 fecal samples collected in two Departments: 177 from farm animals of Boyacá and 170 from domestic animals of both Cundinamarca and Boyacá. The overall frequency of C. perfringens detection was 22.1% (n = 77/347), with the highest frequency observed in cats 34.2% (n = 41/120), followed by dogs 30.0% (n = 15/50). The lowest frequency was detected in ruminants: goats 11.1% (n = 3/27), sheep 8.0% (n = 4/50) and cattle 6.0% (n = 6/50). Domestic animals showed a higher frequency of C. perfringens carriage than farm animals. This difference could be associated with dietary patterns, as domestic animals have diets rich in proteins and carbohydrates, while ruminants have low-carbohydrate diets, resulting in high production of endopeptidase-type enzymes and differences in pH due to the anatomy of gastrointestinal tract, which can influence bacterial proliferation. These findings indicate a potential risk of transmission of C. perfringens among animals and from animals to humans through close contact.

Bovine Leukemia Virus molecular detection and associated factors among dairy herd workers in Antioquia, Colombia.

The Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) affects mainly cattle, is transmitted by exposure to contaminated biological fluids, and generates lymphomas in 5 % of infected animals. The zoonotic potential of BLV has been studied, and it is currently unknown if it circulates in human workers on dairy herds in Antioquia. Objective: To determine the frequency of BLV detection, the genotypes of the virus, and the factors associated with its detection in workers for dairy herds in Antioquia, Colombia. Through a cross-sectional study in 51 dairy herds, 164 adults were recruited. A peripheral blood sample was collected from each participant for molecular detection of the BLV env and tax genes, and associated factors were explored through bivariate and multivariate mixed Poisson model analyses. The analysis showed that 82 % (134/164) of the participants were men, with an average age of 40. Using qPCR, the constitutive gene GAPDH was amplified to evaluate the presence of amplification inhibitors in the DNA samples. Using nested PCR, the amplification of the env viral gene was obtained in 13 % (22/164) of the total samples analyzed, while all the samples tested negative for tax. The amplicons of the env gene were sequenced, and the identity compatible with BLV was verified by BLAST analysis (NCBI). Using molecular phylogeny analysis, based on maximum likelihood and haplotype network analysis, it was identified that BLV genotype 1 is present in the evaluated population. 16 % (26/164) of the participants reported having ever had an accident with surgical material during work with cattle; this variable was associated with BLV positivity even after adjusting for other variables (PRa =2.70, 95 % CI= 1.01- 7.21). Considering that other studies have reported the circulation of BLV genotype 1 in cattle from this same region and the present report in humans from dairy herds, the results suggest a possible zoonotic transmission of BLV genotype 1 in Antioquia, reinforcing the need to continue investigating to determine the potential role of this virus as an etiological agent of disease in livestock farmers in the department.

Tinea corporis intrafamilial infection in pets due to Microsporum canis.

Microsporum canis, one of the most widespread dermatophytes worldwide, is a zoonotic microorganism that transmits infection from reservoirs such as cats and dogs to humans. This microorganism is associated with Tinea corporis and other clinical manifestations; however, few studies have used genetic surveillance to determine and characterize the process of zoonotic transmission. In this study, we show a clear example of zoonotic transmission from a cat to an intrafamilial environment, where it caused Tinea corporis by infection with M. canis. Molecular characterization using the b-tubulin gene and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analysis made it possible to determine that the six isolates of M. canis obtained in this study belonged to the same genetic variant or clone responsible for reservoir-reservoir or reservoir-human transmission.

Canine leishmaniasis in the Americas: etiology, distribution, and clinical and zoonotic importance.

Canine leishmaniasis is a widespread disease on the American continent, with cases reported from Uruguay to the USA and Canada. While numerous Leishmania spp. have been reported in dogs in this region, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis are the most common etiological agents of canine leishmaniasis from a continental perspective. Nonetheless, other species may predominate locally in some countries. The participation of dogs in the transmission cycle of various Leishmania spp. has long been speculated, but evidence indicates that their role as reservoirs of species other than L. infantum is negligible. Various native wildlife (e.g., small rodents, marsupials, sloths, and monkeys) are, in fact, the primary hosts of Leishmania spp. in the Americas. In this review, an updated list of Leishmania spp. infecting dogs in the Americas is presented, along with their distribution and clinical and zoonotic importance.

Susceptibility of solid organ transplant recipients to viral pathogens with zoonotic potential: A mini-review.

A substantial number of zoonotic diseases are caused by viral pathogens, representing a significant menace to public health, particularly to susceptible populations, such as pregnant women, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Individuals who have undergone solid organ transplantation frequently experience immunosuppression, to prevent organ rejection, and, thus are more prone to opportunistic infections. Furthermore, the reactivation of dormant viruses can threaten transplant recipients and organ viability. This mini-review examines the up-to-date literature covering potential zoonotic and organ rejection-relevant viruses in solid organ transplant recipients. A comprehensive list of viruses with zoonotic potential is highlighted and the most important clinical outcomes in patients undergoing transplantation are described. Moreover, this mini-review calls attention to complex multifactorial events predisposing viral coinfections and the need for continuous health surveillance and research to understand better viral pathogens' transmission and pathophysiology dynamics in transplanted individuals.

Molecular detection of intestinal parasites in a rural community of Colombia: A one health approach to explore potential environmental-zoonotic transmission.

AIMS: Protozoan and helminth parasitic infections pose significant public health challenges, especially in developing countries with rural populations marked by suboptimal hygiene practices and socio-economic constraints. The parasites are the etiological agents of these infections and have a notably elevated global prevalence. Therefore, this study focuses on estimating the frequency and transmission dynamics of several parasitic species, including Blastocystis, Giardia, Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia spp. and hookworms, within a rural community in southwest Colombia with a particular emphasis on the One Health framework, considering environmental and zoonotic transmission potentials. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study involved the analysis of 125 samples, encompassing human participants (n = 99), their domestic pets (dogs) (n = 24) and water sources (n = 2). Parasite detection was carried out utilizing a combination of microscopy and molecular techniques. Furthermore, the characterization of Blastocystis subtypes (STs) was achieved through Oxford Nanopore sequencing of the rRNA-18S gene. The investigation also entailed the examination of potential associations between intestinal parasitism and various sociodemographic factors. Results revealed a high frequency of parasitic infections when employing molecular methods, with Blastocystis (n = 109/87%), Giardia (n = 20/16%), Ancylostoma duodenale (n = 28/22%), Ancylostoma ceylanicum (n = 7/5.6%), E. histolytica (n = 6/4.8%), Cryptosporidium spp. (n = 12/9.6%) and even Taenia (n = 1/0.8%) detected. Cryptosporidium spp. was also identified in water samples. Coinfections were prevalent, with 57% (n = 70) of samples exhibiting single-parasite infections and 43% (n = 53) showing various degrees of polyparasitism, emphasizing the complexity of transmission dynamics. Blastocystis subtyping, conducted via Oxford Nanopore sequencing, revealed a diversity of subtypes and coexistence patterns, with ST2 being the most prevalent. CONCLUSIONS: This research underscores the importance of using molecular techniques for frequency estimation, particularly emphasizing the relevance of zoonotic transmission in parasitic infections. It highlights the significance of the One Health approach in comprehending the circulation of parasites among animals, humans and environmental sources, thereby directly impacting public health and epidemiological surveillance.

Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis spp in tissues of Sus scrofa slaughtered in southern Brazil.

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp. and Neospora caninum, in tissues of wild boars slaughtered in southern Brazil. A total of 156 samples were collected from different organs of 25 wild boars, and DNA from at least one of the protozoa investigated was detected in 79 samples. To differentiate between infectious agents, restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed using the restriction enzymes DdeI and HpaII. For N. caninum, conventional PCR was performed with specific primers. The DNA of at least one of the studied pathogens was detected in each animal: 26.58% for T. gondii, 68.36% for Sarcocystis spp. and 5.06% for N. caninum. Coinfection between T. gondii and Sarcocystis spp. occurred in 14 animals, between T. gondii and N. caninum in only one male animal, between Sarcocystis spp. and N. caninum in a female, while co-infection with the three agents was equally observed in only one male animal. Considering the high frequency of detection and its zoonotic risk, especially T. gondii, it appears that wild boars can be potential sources of transmission of infectious agents and the adoption of monitoring measures in these populations should be prioritized.

Epidemiological aspects of the occurrence of anti-Sarcocystis spp. andanti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dogs in the Northern region of Brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos da ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Sarcocystisspp. e anti-Toxoplasma gondii em cães da região norte do Brasil

We conducted aseroepidemiological study on the occurrence of anti-Sarcocystisspp. and anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dogs from family farming properties in the municipality of Ji-Paraná, Rondônia.Blood samples were collected from apparently healthy dogs between September 2012 and November 2013. In total, 181 blood serum samples were analyzed using an indirect immunofluorescence assay, among which 57 (31.49%) and 20 (11.04%) were positive for anti-T. gondii and anti-Sarcocystis spp., respectively. Statistical analyses showed that the type of food fed to the dogs was associated with the occurrence of anti-Sarcocystisspp. antibodies. In contrast, age and access to bovine carcasses were the risk factors for anti-T. gondii.The high occurrence of seropositive dogs for Sarcocystis spp. and T. gondii evidences the wide distribution of these agents in the studied area, possibly due to human and animal exposure to these protozoan species. In addition, anti-T. gondii antibodies were directly proportional to dog age. The increase in the number of positive animals with age was statistically significant. Furthermore, high antibody titers (up to 800) against Sarcocystis spp. in dogs suggest the possibility of recent exposure, in addition to environmental contamination by oocysts/sporocysts eliminated by the feces of these animals.

Conduzimos um estudo soroepidemiológico sobre a ocorrência de anticorpos anti- Sarcocystis spp. e anti-Toxoplasma gondiiem cães de propriedades de agricultura familiar no município de Ji-Paraná, Rondônia. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de cães aparentemente saudáveis, entre setembro de 2012 e novembro de 2013. Ao todo, foram analisados 181 soros sanguíneos por meio do ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta, sendo positivas 57 (31,49%) e 20 (11,04%) amostras para anticorpos anti-T. gondii e anti-Sarcocystis spp., respectivamente. As análises estatísticas demonstraram que o tipo de alimentação fornecida aos cães esteve associado à ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Sarcocystis spp. Em contraste a idade e o acesso à carcaça bovina foram fatores de risco para a presença de anticorpos anti-T. gondii. A alta ocorrência de cães soropositivos para Sarcocystis spp. e T. gondii evidencia a ampla distribuição desses agentes na área estudada, possivelmente devido à exposição humana e animal a essas espécies de protozoários. Além disso, o resultado dos anticorpos anti-T. gondii relacionados a idade do cão mostraram diferença estatística, com aumento significativo no número de animais positivos com a idade. Além disso, altos títulos de anticorpos (até 800) contra Sarcocystis spp. em cães sugerem a possibilidade de exposição recente, além da contaminação ambiental por oocistos/esporocistos eliminados pelas fezes desses animais.

Zoonoses parasitárias oriundas de fezes de cães no Brasil / Parasitic zoonoses arising from dog feces in Brazil

O crescente número de animais de companhia, principalmente nos grandes centros, tem estreitado o contato entre esses e o homem, aumentando a exposição humana a agentes de zoonoses. A incidência de zoonoses parasitárias é frequente em cães. Entre as zoonoses parasitárias estão: Giardíase, Dipilidiose, Criptosporodiose, Toxocaríase, Larva migrans cutânea, Larva migrans ocular e Larva migrans visceral. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura dessas zoonoses transmitidas por fezes de cães no Brasil. Foi realizada, para isso, uma busca em revistas acadêmicas científicas disponíveis on-line e impressas, com os seguintes termos de indexação: zoonoses parasitárias e parasitos intestinais em cães; sendo incluídos no estudo artigos publicados a partir de 1958 até 2021. Dessa forma, foram reunidos e comparados os diferentes dados encontrados nas fontes de consulta e listadas as principais zoonoses parasitárias em cães, além de etiologia, forma de transmissão e tratamento.

The growing number of companion animals, especially in large cities, has narrowed the contact between these animals and man, increasing human exposure to agents of zoonoses. The incidence of parasitic zoonoses is frequent in dogs. Among the parasitary zoonoses are Giardiasis, Dipilidiosis, Cryptosporodiosis, Toxocariasis, cutaneous larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, and visceral larva migrans. The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review of these zoonoses transmitted by dog feces in Brazil. A search was performed in scientific academic journals available online and in print, with the following indexing terms: parasitary zoonoses and intestinal parasites in dogs. Articles published from 1958 to 2021 were included in the study. Based on these articles, the different data related to the main parasitic zoonoses in dogs, etiology, form of transmission, and treatment were gathered and compared.

Molecular detection of Mansonella mariae incriminates Simulium oyapockense as a potentially important bridge vector for Amazon-region zoonoses.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the emergent zoonotic disease risk posed by the voracious human-biting blackfly species Simulium oyapockense in the peripheral regions of an expanding urban centre situated deep in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. METHODS: We performed nine human landing catches at three periurban sites surrounding the Brazilian Amazon town of São Gabriel da Cachoeira. Using the detection of non-human primate filarial parasites as an indicator of the zoonotic disease threat posed by a biting insect, we screened 3328 S. oyapockense blackflies for the presence of zoonotic filarial DNA with an ITS-1 PCR assay and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: Between 98 and 100% of the biting insects captured during our nine collections were identified as S. oyapockense; at our three collection sites and during our three seasonally-distinct collections this species was captured at rates between 28 and 294 blackflies per hour. PCR screening of the march-collected S. oyapockense detected infectious-stage (L3) Mansonella mariae parasites (which are only known to infect non-human primates) in >0.15% of the tested head samples. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that residents of the periurban regions of São Gabriel da Cachoeira are routinely exposed to the bites of S. oyapockense blackflies which have previously fed on non-human primates.

Development of Novel Management Tools for Phortica variegata (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Vector of the Oriental Eyeworm, Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida: Thelaziidae), in Europe.

Lachryphagous males of Phortica variegata (Fallén, 1823) are gaining increasing attention in Europe, as they act as vectors of the nematode Thelazia callipaeda Railliet & Henry, 1910, causal agent of thelaziosis, an emergent zoonotic disease. Currently, there are no effective control strategies against the vector, and surveillance and monitoring rely on time-consuming and nonselective sampling methods. Our aim was to improve the knowledge about the population dynamics and the chemical ecology of the species. A total of 5,726 P. variegata flies (96.4% males and 3.6% females, mostly gravid) were collected in field experiments during June-September of 2020 in an oak forest in northern Spain. Our results indicate that 1) by means of sweep netting a significantly higher number of captures were found both around the collector´s body and in the air than at ground level; 2) a positive relationship was detected between the abundance of Phortica flies and temperature, with two significant peaks of abundance at 24 and 33°C; 3) the blend of red wine and cider vinegar was the most attractive bait; 4) yellow traps captured fewer flies compared to black and transparent traps; and 5) a significant reduction toward vinegar and wine was detected in presence of the phenolic monoterpenoid carvacrol. In addition, all the males (n = 690) analyzed by both molecular detection and dissection resulted negative for the presence of T. callipaeda larvae. Overall, these findings provide a better understanding of the vector in terms of monitoring and management strategies.