Characterization of vegetative and reproductive tillers as a basis to recommend heights and nitrogen doses for the stockpillage of Marandu palisade grass

This article aims to determine the adequate pasture height and the nitrogen dose at the beginning of the deferral period for Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu (Marandu palisade grass). Two pasture heights (15 and 30 cm) and four nitrogen doses (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha-1) were evaluated in a completely randomized factorial (4x2) design with three replications. A linear increase in the number of vegetative tillers was observed with the application of nitrogen in the 15-cm deferred pasture. The lengths of stem and leaf blades of tillers increased linearly with the application of nitrogen. The weight of the vegetative tillers was greater in the 30-cm deferred pasture, compared to the 15-cm one when the pasture was fertilized with 0 and 40 kg ha-1 of N. The nitrogen fertilization linearly increased the weight of both the vegetative tillers in the 15-cm deferred pastures and the reproductive tillers in the 30-cm deferred pastures. The recommendation is that Marandu palisade grass be deferred with 15 cm and fertilized with 80 kg ha-1 of N at the beginning of the deferment period.

Characterization of vegetative and reproductive tillers as a basis to recommend heights and nitrogen doses for the stockpillage of Marandu palisade grass

This article aims to determine the adequate pasture height and the nitrogen dose at the beginning of the deferral period for Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu (Marandu palisade grass). Two pasture heights (15 and 30 cm) and four nitrogen doses (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha-1) were evaluated in a completely randomized factorial (4x2) design with three replications. A linear increase in the number of vegetative tillers was observed with the application of nitrogen in the 15-cm deferred pasture. The lengths of stem and leaf blades of tillers increased linearly with the application of nitrogen. The weight of the vegetative tillers was greater in the 30-cm deferred pasture, compared to the 15-cm one when the pasture was fertilized with 0 and 40 kg ha-1 of N. The nitrogen fertilization linearly increased the weight of both the vegetative tillers in the 15-cm deferred pastures and the reproductive tillers in the 30-cm deferred pastures. The recommendation is that Marandu palisade grass be deferred with 15 cm and fertilized with 80 kg ha-1 of N at the beginning of the deferment period.(AU)

Simultaneous identification of low-molecular weight phenolic and nitrogen compounds in craft beers by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS.

Phenolic and nitrogenous compounds from different styles craft beers were identified by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in order to stratify beer samples according to their style. For this, an exploratory assessment relying on Linear Discriminant Analysis was performed. Fifty-seven phenolic compounds were reported and twelve of them were found for the first time in beer: benzoic acids, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, dimethoxybenzoic acid; phenolic acid conjugates, 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 4-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 3-feruloylquinic acid, 4-feruloylquinic acid, 5-feruloylquinic acid; flavonoids, taxifolin hexoside, quercetin dihexoside, apigenin-6,8-dipentoside, and isofraxidin hexoside. Additionally, 11 nitrogenous compounds belonging to the phenolamide class were found. Two discriminant functions were generated and allowed a satisfactory separation among all beer styles. 3-Caffeoylquinic acid, 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 4-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, coumaric acid, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, proanthocyanidin B dimer III and proanthocyanidin B dimer V were the compounds that showed the highest capacity of discriminate the beer styles (IPA, Lager and Weiss).

Correlation between meteorological parameters and nitrogen compounds present in wastewater in the formation of nitrous oxide in soils.

In the present work, nitrous oxide emissions were estimated [mg/L] by the use of lysimeters under the closed chamber technique for a six month period. The lysimeters were classified by the type of irrigation used: one for drinking water, and the other for treated wastewater. Each lysimeter had two different types of soil (sand and clay), based on the types of soil in Chihuahua City, Mexico. An additional classification based on the depth was done (reticular and vadose zone). Each zone collected gas by the use of a closed chamber technique, allowing the samples to be taken for subsequent quantification and analysis by gas chromatography. A statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal components analysis (PCA) were conducted to identify the most influential variables or parameters in the formation of nitrous oxide. The variables that were considered for analysis were total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), and nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), along with meteorological parameters. In total, 58944 mg/L of N2O were emitted during the measurement period. The results showed that concentration emissions of N2O where the type of soil is sandy were smaller than those of clay soil, while the mean concentration in the vadose zone was higher than those in the reticular zone, regardless the type of soil. The parameters that showed greater influence in the N2O emissions were NO2-N and NO3-N concentrations. Temperature also played an important role in the emissions (the highest emissions were emitted during the cold months). Furthermore, denitrification appeared to be the dominant process in the production of nitrous oxide in soils. Implications: Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions produced in lysimeters with two types of soil (sand and clay) at two different depths (vadose and reticular zones) using treated waste water showed that the higher emissions of N2O are derived from clay soils in vadose zone; it could be due to the formation of clogging that favors the formation of anoxic conditions for the denitrification process. The parameters that showed more influence in the N2O emissions were nitrite (NO2-N) and nitrate (NO3-N) concentrations along with the temperature.

Parâmetros ruminais e balanço de nitrogênio em bovinos alimentados com silagem da raiz de mandioca / Ruminal parameters and nitrogen balance in fed cattle feeding with cassava root silage

Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão da silagem da raiz de mandioca sobre os parâmetros ruminais e o balanço de compostos nitrogenados em bovinos de origem leiteira. Utilizou-se cinco animais, canulados no rúmen, não lactantes e com peso corporal médio de 389 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em um quadrado latino cinco x cinco, sendo cinco dietas com níveis de inclusão (0,00; 3,62; 7,23; 10,84; e 14,54% da matéria seca da dieta) da silagem da raiz de mandioca e cinco períodos. Cada período constituiu-se em 10 dias de adaptação e cinco dias para a coleta dos dados. As excreções de nitrogênio na urina e nas fezes não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pela inclusão da silagem da raiz de mandioca nas dietas. O consumo de nitrogênio total (CNT) e o balanço de nitrogênio (BN) apresentaram comportamento quadrático e linear crescente, respectivamente. Obteve-se o menor CNT (142,14 g/dia) no nível de inclusão de 5,82% de silagem da raiz de mandioca. As concentrações de ureia (U) e de nitrogênio ureico (NU) na urina e no plasma não modificaram (P>0,05). Observou-se comportamento quadrático (P<0,05) nas excreções de U e NU na urina, com ponto de mínimo de 131,13 e 61,20 g/dia, respectivamente, no nível de 7,27% de inclusão da silagem da raiz de mandioca. Não houve interação (P>0,05) entre os níveis da silagem da raiz de mandioca e o tempo de coleta do conteúdo ruminal para os ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, o pH e o nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3). Apenas o teor de N-NH3 apresentou comportamento quadrático, em função dos níveis de inclusão, obtendo-se o ponto mínimo (12,62 mg/100 mL de conteúdo ruminal) no nível de 5,98%. O nível de 7,23% de silagem da raiz de mandioca na dieta foi mais eficiente na utilização dos compostos nitrogenados. As dietas contribuem de forma semelhante para a produção dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, sem interferir no pH ruminal.(AU)

The effect of inclusion of cassava root silage on ruminal parameters and nitrogenous compounds in dairy cattle was evaluated. Five cattle cannulated in the rumen and with average body weight of 389 kg were distributed into a Latin square 5x5, with five levels of inclusion (0.00, 3.62, 7.23, 10.84 and 14.54% of the diet dry matter) of cassava root silage and five periods (10 days for adaptation and five days for data collection). The nitrogen excretion in urine and feces were not affected (P>0.05) by inclusion of cassava root silage in the diet. The total nitrogen intake (CNT) and nitrogen balance (NB) showed an increasing quadratic and linear behavior, respectively. The lowest CNT (142.14g/day) was obtained with the inclusion of 5.82% silage cassava root. The concentration of urea (U) and urea nitrogen (UN) in plasma and urine did not change (P>0.05). There was a quadratic behavior (P<0.05) in excreta of U and NU in the urine, with minimum point of 131.13 and 61.20g/day respectively, at the level of 7.27% inclusion of the cassava root silage. No interaction (P>0.05) was between the levels of cassava root silage and the collection time of rumen contents for the short-chain fatty acids, pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). Only the N-NH3 protein showed quadratic behavior, according to the inclusion levels, with the minimum point (12.62mg/100ml of rumen contents) at the level of 5.98%. The level of 7.23% of cassava root silage in the diet was more efficient with the use of nitrogen compounds. The diets contribute similarly to the production of short chain fatty acids, without disturbing the rumen pH.(AU)

Parâmetros ruminais e balanço de nitrogênio em bovinos alimentados com silagem da raiz de mandioca / Ruminal parameters and nitrogen balance in fed cattle feeding with cassava root silage

Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão da silagem da raiz de mandioca sobre os parâmetros ruminais e o balanço de compostos nitrogenados em bovinos de origem leiteira. Utilizou-se cinco animais, canulados no rúmen, não lactantes e com peso corporal médio de 389 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em um quadrado latino cinco x cinco, sendo cinco dietas com níveis de inclusão (0,00; 3,62; 7,23; 10,84; e 14,54% da matéria seca da dieta) da silagem da raiz de mandioca e cinco períodos. Cada período constituiu-se em 10 dias de adaptação e cinco dias para a coleta dos dados. As excreções de nitrogênio na urina e nas fezes não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pela inclusão da silagem da raiz de mandioca nas dietas. O consumo de nitrogênio total (CNT) e o balanço de nitrogênio (BN) apresentaram comportamento quadrático e linear crescente, respectivamente. Obteve-se o menor CNT (142,14 g/dia) no nível de inclusão de 5,82% de silagem da raiz de mandioca. As concentrações de ureia (U) e de nitrogênio ureico (NU) na urina e no plasma não modificaram (P>0,05). Observou-se comportamento quadrático (P<0,05) nas excreções de U e NU na urina, com ponto de mínimo de 131,13 e 61,20 g/dia, respectivamente, no nível de 7,27% de inclusão da silagem da raiz de mandioca. Não houve interação (P>0,05) entre os níveis da silagem da raiz de mandioca e o tempo de coleta do conteúdo ruminal para os ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, o pH e o nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3). Apenas o teor de N-NH3 apresentou comportamento quadrático, em função dos níveis de inclusão, obtendo-se o ponto mínimo (12,62 mg/100 mL de conteúdo ruminal) no nível de 5,98%. O nível de 7,23% de silagem da raiz de mandioca na dieta foi mais eficiente na utilização dos compostos nitrogenados. As dietas contribuem de forma semelhante para a produção dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, sem interferir no pH ruminal.(AU)

The effect of inclusion of cassava root silage on ruminal parameters and nitrogenous compounds in dairy cattle was evaluated. Five cattle cannulated in the rumen and with average body weight of 389 kg were distributed into a Latin square 5x5, with five levels of inclusion (0.00, 3.62, 7.23, 10.84 and 14.54% of the diet dry matter) of cassava root silage and five periods (10 days for adaptation and five days for data collection). The nitrogen excretion in urine and feces were not affected (P>0.05) by inclusion of cassava root silage in the diet. The total nitrogen intake (CNT) and nitrogen balance (NB) showed an increasing quadratic and linear behavior, respectively. The lowest CNT (142.14g/day) was obtained with the inclusion of 5.82% silage cassava root. The concentration of urea (U) and urea nitrogen (UN) in plasma and urine did not change (P>0.05). There was a quadratic behavior (P<0.05) in excreta of U and NU in the urine, with minimum point of 131.13 and 61.20g/day respectively, at the level of 7.27% inclusion of the cassava root silage. No interaction (P>0.05) was between the levels of cassava root silage and the collection time of rumen contents for the short-chain fatty acids, pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). Only the N-NH3 protein showed quadratic behavior, according to the inclusion levels, with the minimum point (12.62mg/100ml of rumen contents) at the level of 5.98%. The level of 7.23% of cassava root silage in the diet was more efficient with the use of nitrogen compounds. The diets contribute similarly to the production of short chain fatty acids, without disturbing the rumen pH.(AU)

Fractionation of carbohydrates and nitrogenous constituents of late-crop corn silages ensiled with different specific masses / Fracionamento dos carboidratos e dos constituintes nitrogenados de silagens de milho safrinha ensiladas com diferentes massas específicas

The present study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of carbohydrates and nitrogenous fractions of late-crop corn silages with different specific masses (SM; 90, 134, 172, and 214 kg dry matter m-3). The silage was held in 20-L mini-silos, and the experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications (mini-silos) per treatment. Fractionation was performed according to The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPSv5.0). The SM of the silage significantly affected the contents of ether extract (Ŷ = 1.718 + 0.0041∙SM; P = 0.009; R2 = 39.2), soluble sugars (Ŷ = 0.9502 0.003445∙SM; P < 0.001; R2 = 59.9), and soluble fiber (Ŷ = –0.4731 + 0.01158∙SM; P = 0.025; R2 = 31.2). In addition, SM also affected carbohydrate fraction B1 in a linear manner (Ŷ = 14.88 + 0.2566∙SM; P = 0.043; R2 = 38.4), whereas the remaining fractions were unaffected. Furthermore, no change was observed in total N (Ŷ = 2.003 0.01065∙SM + 0.000036∙SM2 ; P = 0.041; R2 = 38.8), non-protein N (Ŷ = 1.436 0.01103∙SM + 0.000036∙SM2 ; P = 0.060; R2 = 35.1), soluble N (Ŷ = 1.715 0.01450∙SM + 0.00005∙SM2 ; P = 0.024; R2 = 43.8), or neutral detergent insoluble N (Ŷ = 0.4979 0.001057∙SM; P < 0.001; R2 = 70.6). The results also contributed to the differences in fractions A (Ŷ = 66.47- 0.5291∙SM + 0.00174∙SM2 ; P = 0.095; R2 = 30.4), B2 (Ŷ = 6.78 + 0.05857∙SM; P = 0.076; R2 = 20.8), and B3 (Ŷ = 19.03 0.05565∙SM; P = 0.018, R2 = 34,1) of the Cornell model. In the present study, differences in the compression (i.e., SM) of corn silages caused changes in the contents of soluble sugar and nitrogenous constituents; however, SM alone did not explain the entire preservation of the ensiled material.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar alterações bromatológicas sobre as frações glicídicas e nitrogenadas de silagens de milho “safrinha” com diferentes massas específicas (ME) no momento da ensilagem (90, 134, 172 e 214 Kg de MS.m-3). A ensilagem foi realizada em minissilos com capacidade de 20 L. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições (minissilos) por tratamento. O fracionamento foi realizado segundo The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPSv5.0). A ME afetou linearmente os teores de extrato etéreo Ŷ = 1,718 + 0,0041*ME (P = 0,009; R2 = 39,2), açúcares solúveis Ŷ = 0,9502 0,003445*ME (P < 0,001; R2 = 59,9) e fibra solúvel Ŷ = –0,4731 + 0,01158*ME (P = 0,025; R2 = 31,2). Nos carboidratos, a fração B1 apresentou comportamento linear ascendente Ŷ = 14,88 + 0,2566*ME (P = 0,043; R2 = 38,4) com o aumento da ME, enquanto as demais frações não foram influenciadas. Nos constituintes nitrogenados houve variação no nitrogênio total Ŷ = 2,003 0,01065*ME + 0,000036*ME2 (P = 0,041; R2 = 38,8), no nitrogênio não proteico Ŷ = 1,436 0,01103*ME + 0,000036*ME2 (P = 0,060; R2 = 35,1), no nitrogênio solúvel Ŷ = 1,715 0,01450*ME + 0,00005*ME2 (P = 0,024; R2 = 43,8) e no nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro Ŷ = 0,4979 0,001057*ME (P < 0,001; R2 = 70,6), cujos resultados também contribuíram para as diferenças nas frações A Ŷ = 66,47 0,5291*ME + 0,00174*ME2 (P = 0,095; R2 =30,4), B2 Ŷ = 6,78 + 0,05857*ME (P = 0,076; R2 =20,8) e B3 Ŷ = 19,03 0,05565*ME (P = 0,018; R2 = 34,1) do modelo de Cornell. A ME de compactação, de forma isolada, não serve para explicar, na totalidade, a preservação do material ensilado. Diferentes ME causam alterações no teor de açúcares solúveis das silagens de milho e nos constituintes nitrogenados.(AU)

Nitrogen during the establishment period of Mombasa grass / Nitrogênio em períodos do estabelecimento de capim Mombaça

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) concentration during the establishment period of Mombasa grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.). The experiment was conducted using four different N concentrations (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N/ha) during the establishment period in order to evaluate the effect of nitrogen on the plant. These effects were assessed using different indexes, including the efficiency of nitrogen use and agricultural, physiological and nutritional efficiencies. We also determined the total dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the plant. The recovery of applied N and the agronomic efficiency of Mombasa grass were found to be greater with increasing N concentrations, and all indexes tested were found to be affected by the concentration of applied N. Based on the indexes studied, 90 kg N/ha was found to be most suitable for Mombasa grass during the establishment period.(AU)

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio (N) em pasto de capimMombaça (Panicum maximum Jacq.) durante o período de estabelecimento. Foi realizado experimento com quatro doses de N (0, 30, 60, 90 kg.ha-1), durante o período de estabelecimento, para avaliação do efeito do nitrogênio na planta, através de índices de eficiência de utilização, eficiência agronômica, fisiológica e nutricional, avaliou-se ainda a matéria seca total e o acúmulo de nitrogênio na planta. Concluiu-se que a recuperação do N aplicado e a eficiência agronômica pelo capim Mombaça aumentou com o incremento das doses. Sendo que, para todos os índices ocorreu influência das doses aplicadas. A dose de 90 kg de N.ha-1, com base nos índices estudados, é a mais indicada para o período de estabelecimento do capim-Mombaça.(AU)

Fractionation of carbohydrates and nitrogenous constituents of late-crop corn silages ensiled with different specific masses / Fracionamento dos carboidratos e dos constituintes nitrogenados de silagens de milho safrinha ensiladas com diferentes massas específicas

The present study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of carbohydrates and nitrogenous fractions of late-crop corn silages with different specific masses (SM; 90, 134, 172, and 214 kg dry matter m-3). The silage was held in 20-L mini-silos, and the experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications (mini-silos) per treatment. Fractionation was performed according to The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPSv5.0). The SM of the silage significantly affected the contents of ether extract (Ŷ = 1.718 + 0.0041∙SM; P = 0.009; R2 = 39.2), soluble sugars (Ŷ = 0.9502 – 0.003445∙SM; P < 0.001; R2 = 59.9), and soluble fiber (Ŷ = –0.4731 + 0.01158∙SM; P = 0.025; R2 = 31.2). In addition, SM also affected carbohydrate fraction B1 in a linear manner (Ŷ = 14.88 + 0.2566∙SM; P = 0.043; R2 = 38.4), whereas the remaining fractions were unaffected. Furthermore, no change was observed in total N (Ŷ = 2.003 – 0.01065∙SM + 0.000036∙SM2 ; P = 0.041; R2 = 38.8), non-protein N (Ŷ = 1.436 – 0.01103∙SM + 0.000036∙SM2 ; P = 0.060; R2 = 35.1), soluble N (Ŷ = 1.715 – 0.01450∙SM + 0.00005∙SM2 ; P = 0.024; R2 = 43.8), or neutral detergent insoluble N (Ŷ = 0.4979 – 0.001057∙SM; P < 0.001; R2 = 70.6). The results also contributed to the differences in fractions A (Ŷ = 66.47- 0.5291∙SM + 0.00174∙SM2 ; P = 0.095; R2 = 30.4), B2 (Ŷ = 6.78 + 0.05857∙SM; P = 0.076; R2 = 20.8), and B3 (Ŷ = 19.03 – 0.05565∙SM; P = 0.018, R2 = 34,1) of the Cornell model. In the present study, differences in the compression (i.e., SM) of corn silages caused changes in the contents of soluble sugar and nitrogenous constituents; however, SM alone did not explain the entire preservation of the ensiled material.

Objetivou-se avaliar alterações bromatológicas sobre as frações glicídicas e nitrogenadas de silagens de milho “safrinha” com diferentes massas específicas (ME) no momento da ensilagem (90, 134, 172 e 214 Kg de MS.m-3). A ensilagem foi realizada em minissilos com capacidade de 20 L. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições (minissilos) por tratamento. O fracionamento foi realizado segundo The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPSv5.0). A ME afetou linearmente os teores de extrato etéreo Ŷ = 1,718 + 0,0041*ME (P = 0,009; R2 = 39,2), açúcares solúveis Ŷ = 0,9502 – 0,003445*ME (P < 0,001; R2 = 59,9) e fibra solúvel Ŷ = –0,4731 + 0,01158*ME (P = 0,025; R2 = 31,2). Nos carboidratos, a fração B1 apresentou comportamento linear ascendente Ŷ = 14,88 + 0,2566*ME (P = 0,043; R2 = 38,4) com o aumento da ME, enquanto as demais frações não foram influenciadas. Nos constituintes nitrogenados houve variação no nitrogênio total Ŷ = 2,003 – 0,01065*ME + 0,000036*ME2 (P = 0,041; R2 = 38,8), no nitrogênio não proteico Ŷ = 1,436 – 0,01103*ME + 0,000036*ME2 (P = 0,060; R2 = 35,1), no nitrogênio solúvel Ŷ = 1,715 – 0,01450*ME + 0,00005*ME2 (P = 0,024; R2 = 43,8) e no nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro Ŷ = 0,4979 – 0,001057*ME (P < 0,001; R2 = 70,6), cujos resultados também contribuíram para as diferenças nas frações A Ŷ = 66,47 – 0,5291*ME + 0,00174*ME2 (P = 0,095; R2 =30,4), B2 Ŷ = 6,78 + 0,05857*ME (P = 0,076; R2 =20,8) e B3 Ŷ = 19,03 – 0,05565*ME (P = 0,018; R2 = 34,1) do modelo de Cornell. A ME de compactação, de forma isolada, não serve para explicar, na totalidade, a preservação do material ensilado. Diferentes ME causam alterações no teor de açúcares solúveis das silagens de milho e nos constituintes nitrogenados.

Nitrogen during the establishment period of Mombasa grass / Nitrogênio em períodos do estabelecimento de capim Mombaça

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) concentration during the establishment period of Mombasa grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.). The experiment was conducted using four different N concentrations (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N/ha) during the establishment period in order to evaluate the effect of nitrogen on the plant. These effects were assessed using different indexes, including the efficiency of nitrogen use and agricultural, physiological and nutritional efficiencies. We also determined the total dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the plant. The recovery of applied N and the agronomic efficiency of Mombasa grass were found to be greater with increasing N concentrations, and all indexes tested were found to be affected by the concentration of applied N. Based on the indexes studied, 90 kg N/ha was found to be most suitable for Mombasa grass during the establishment period.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio (N) em pasto de capimMombaça (Panicum maximum Jacq.) durante o período de estabelecimento. Foi realizado experimento com quatro doses de N (0, 30, 60, 90 kg.ha-1), durante o período de estabelecimento, para avaliação do efeito do nitrogênio na planta, através de índices de eficiência de utilização, eficiência agronômica, fisiológica e nutricional, avaliou-se ainda a matéria seca total e o acúmulo de nitrogênio na planta. Concluiu-se que a recuperação do N aplicado e a eficiência agronômica pelo capim Mombaça aumentou com o incremento das doses. Sendo que, para todos os índices ocorreu influência das doses aplicadas. A dose de 90 kg de N.ha-1, com base nos índices estudados, é a mais indicada para o período de estabelecimento do capim-Mombaça.

Characterization of sulfur and nitrogen compounds in Brazilian petroleum derivatives using ionic liquid capillary columns in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection.

Diesel and naphtha samples were analyzed using ionic liquid (IL) columns to evaluate the best column set for the investigation of organic sulfur compounds (OSC) and nitrogen(N)-containing compounds analyses with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry detector (GC×GC/TOFMS). Employing a series of stationary phase sets, namely DB-5MS/DB-17, DB-17/DB-5MS, DB-5MS/IL-59, and IL-59/DB-5MS, the following parameters were systematically evaluated: number of tentatively identified OSC, 2D chromatographic space occupation, number of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and OSC co-elutions, and percentage of asymmetric peaks. DB-5MS/IL-59 was chosen for OSC analysis, while IL59/DB-5MS was chosen for nitrogen compounds, as each stationary phase set provided the best chromatographic efficiency for these two classes of compounds, respectively. Most compounds were tentatively identified by Lee and Van den Dool and Kratz retention indexes, and spectra-matching to library. Whenever available, compounds were also positively identified via injection of authentic standards.

Rates of nitrogen from nitric and ammoniacal sources required by upland rice genotypes originating from Brazil and Colombia / Doses de nitrogênio de fontes nítrica e amoniacal exigidas por cultivares de arroz de sequeiro originárias do Brasil e da Colômbia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the initial growth, nitrogen (N) uptake, and agronomic efficiency after the use of N fertilizers in upland rice cultivation. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse by using pots filled with surface-layer (0 to 20 cm) soil collected from the municipality of Jaguapitã, Paraná. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 replications. A factorial scheme of 5 × 2 was used, in which the factors were 5 N rates (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha-1 N) and 2 cultivars of rice (Fedearroz Lagunas [Colombian] and IAPAR- 9 [Brazilian]). The N sources tested were ammonium sulfate (Experiment I) and calcium nitrate (Experiment II). The following variables were evaluated: number of tillers per pot (NTP), dry mass of the shoots (DMS), N content in the dry mass (NCDM), and agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer (AEN). The data obtained in the experiments were evaluated using analysis of variance, and mean values were compared using Tukeys test at 5% significance for rice cultivar effects or adjusted to polynomial regression equations for N rates. Use of calcium nitrate yielded higher values of NTP, NCDM, and AEN. The cultivar Lagunas showed higher NTP, while IAPAR-9 showed higher DMS. An increase in N rates, for both sources, resulted in the increase of NTP, DMS, and NCDM; however, AEN was decreased.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento inicial, absorção e eficiência agronômica de nitrogênio em cultivares de arroz fertilizado com doses de diferentes fontes de N. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se vasos preenchidos com terra coletada da camada superficial de 0 a 20 cm do município de Jaguapitã, Paraná. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos testados resultaram de um fatorial 5 x 2, em que os fatores foram cinco doses de N (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 kg ha-1 de N) e dois cultivares de arroz (Fedearroz Lagunas (Colombiana) e IAPAR-9 (Brasileira)). Como fontes de nitrogênio foram testadas o sulfato de amônio (experimento I) e o nitrato de cálcio (experimento II). As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: número de perfilhos por vaso (NPV), massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), conteúdo de nitrogênio na massa seca (CNMS) e eficiência agronômica do nitrogênio (EAN). Os dados obtidos nos experimentos foram submetidos a análises de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% para o efeito de cultivares ou ajustadas a equações de regressão polinomial para o efeito de doses de N. Com relação às fontes, o uso do nitrato de cálcio proporcionou valores superiores de NPV, CNMS e EAN. A cultivar Lagunas se destaca quanto ao perfilhamento, enquanto IAPAR-9 apresenta maior produção....

Rates of nitrogen from nitric and ammoniacal sources required by upland rice genotypes originating from Brazil and Colombia / Doses de nitrogênio de fontes nítrica e amoniacal exigidas por cultivares de arroz de sequeiro originárias do Brasil e da Colômbia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the initial growth, nitrogen (N) uptake, and agronomic efficiency after the use of N fertilizers in upland rice cultivation. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse by using pots filled with surface-layer (0 to 20 cm) soil collected from the municipality of Jaguapitã, Paraná. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 replications. A factorial scheme of 5 × 2 was used, in which the factors were 5 N rates (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha-1 N) and 2 cultivars of rice (Fedearroz Lagunas [Colombian] and IAPAR- 9 [Brazilian]). The N sources tested were ammonium sulfate (Experiment I) and calcium nitrate (Experiment II). The following variables were evaluated: number of tillers per pot (NTP), dry mass of the shoots (DMS), N content in the dry mass (NCDM), and agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer (AEN). The data obtained in the experiments were evaluated using analysis of variance, and mean values were compared using Tukeys test at 5% significance for rice cultivar effects or adjusted to polynomial regression equations for N rates. Use of calcium nitrate yielded higher values of NTP, NCDM, and AEN. The cultivar Lagunas showed higher NTP, while IAPAR-9 showed higher DMS. An increase in N rates, for both sources, resulted in the increase of NTP, DMS, and NCDM; however, AEN was decreased.(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento inicial, absorção e eficiência agronômica de nitrogênio em cultivares de arroz fertilizado com doses de diferentes fontes de N. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se vasos preenchidos com terra coletada da camada superficial de 0 a 20 cm do município de Jaguapitã, Paraná. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos testados resultaram de um fatorial 5 x 2, em que os fatores foram cinco doses de N (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 kg ha-1 de N) e dois cultivares de arroz (Fedearroz Lagunas (Colombiana) e IAPAR-9 (Brasileira)). Como fontes de nitrogênio foram testadas o sulfato de amônio (experimento I) e o nitrato de cálcio (experimento II). As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: número de perfilhos por vaso (NPV), massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), conteúdo de nitrogênio na massa seca (CNMS) e eficiência agronômica do nitrogênio (EAN). Os dados obtidos nos experimentos foram submetidos a análises de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% para o efeito de cultivares ou ajustadas a equações de regressão polinomial para o efeito de doses de N. Com relação às fontes, o uso do nitrato de cálcio proporcionou valores superiores de NPV, CNMS e EAN. A cultivar Lagunas se destaca quanto ao perfilhamento, enquanto IAPAR-9 apresenta maior produção....(AU)

Residual recovery and yield performance of nitrogen fertilizer applied at sugarcane planting

ABSTRACTThe low effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizer (N) is a substantial concern that threatens global sugarcane production. The aim of the research reported in this paper was to assess the residual effect of N-fertilizer applied at sugarcane planting over four crop seasons in relation to sugarcane crop yield. Toward this end three field experiments were established in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, during February of 2005 and July of 2009, in a randomized block design with four treatments: 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha1 of N applied as urea during sugarcane planting. Within each plot, a microplot was established to which 15N-labeled urea was applied. The application of N at planting increased plant cane yield in two of the three sites and sucrose content at the other, whereas the only residual effect was higher sucrose content in one of the following ratoons. The combined effect was an increase in sugar yield for three of the 11 crop seasons evaluated. Over the crop cycle of a plant cane and three ratoon crops, only 35 % of the applied N was recovered, split 75, 13, 7 and 5 % in the plant cane, first, second and third ratoons, respectively. These findings document the low efficiency of N recovery by sugarcane, which increases the risk that excessive N fertilization will reduce profitability and have an adverse effect on the environment.

Residual recovery and yield performance of nitrogen fertilizer applied at sugarcane planting

ABSTRACTThe low effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizer (N) is a substantial concern that threatens global sugarcane production. The aim of the research reported in this paper was to assess the residual effect of N-fertilizer applied at sugarcane planting over four crop seasons in relation to sugarcane crop yield. Toward this end three field experiments were established in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, during February of 2005 and July of 2009, in a randomized block design with four treatments: 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha1 of N applied as urea during sugarcane planting. Within each plot, a microplot was established to which 15N-labeled urea was applied. The application of N at planting increased plant cane yield in two of the three sites and sucrose content at the other, whereas the only residual effect was higher sucrose content in one of the following ratoons. The combined effect was an increase in sugar yield for three of the 11 crop seasons evaluated. Over the crop cycle of a plant cane and three ratoon crops, only 35 % of the applied N was recovered, split 75, 13, 7 and 5 % in the plant cane, first, second and third ratoons, respectively. These findings document the low efficiency of N recovery by sugarcane, which increases the risk that excessive N fertilization will reduce profitability and have an adverse effect on the environment.(AU)

Milk composition of cows fed with different sources of nitrogen compounds / Composição do leite de vacas alimentadas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados

Objective was to evaluate the physic-chemical composition and the fatty acid profile of milk from cows fed with different sources of nitrogen compounds (soybean meal, urea, sunflower meal and detoxified castor bean meal). The experimental design was two 4 x 4 Latin squares, being used eight F1 Holstein / Zebu cows, with an average production of 20 kg of milk with 3.5% fat day-1. Milk samples were collected and analyzed for physico-chemical composition and fatty acid profile. With the exception of milk urea nitrogen, which was higher in the diet with urea, the other variables of the physic-chemical composition were not affected by diets with different sources of nitrogen compounds. Regarding the fatty acid profile was no change in the concentrations of acid C4: 0, C18: 0, C10: 1, C12: 1 and C18: 1 T10 T11 T12. However, for total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk, there were no differences among the sources of nitrogen compounds. The use of different sources of nitrogen compounds in the diet of F1 Holstein x Zebu cows, with an average production of 20 kg of milk with 3.5% fat day-1 does not alter the physic-chemical composition of milk, with the exception of milk urea nitrogen which increases with dietary urea. However, it you can modify the profile of milk fatty acids.

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição físico-química e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas alimentadas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados (farelo de soja, ureia, farelo de girassol e farelo de mamona detoxicado). O delineamento experimental foram dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4, sendo utilizadas oito vacas F1 Holandês/Zebu, com produção média de 20 Kg de leite com 3,5% de gordura dia-1. Amostras de leite foram coletadas e analisadas quanto à composição físico-química e perfil de ácidos graxos. Com exceção do nitrogênio ureico no leite, que foi maior na dieta com ureia, as demais variáveis da composição físico-química não foram influenciadas pelas dietas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados. Quanto ao perfil de ácido graxo houve variação nas concentrações dos ácidos C4:0; C18:0; C10:1; C12:1 e C18:1 T10 T11 T12. No entanto, para os totais de ácidos graxos saturados, monoinsaturados e poliinsaturados no leite, estes não diferiram entre as fontes de compostos nitrogenados. O uso de diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados na dieta de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu, com produção média de 20Kg de leite com 3,5% de gordura dia-1, não altera a composição físico-química do leite, com exceção do nitrogênio uréico que aumenta na dieta com ureia. Entretanto, pode modificar o perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura do leite.

Milk composition of cows fed with different sources of nitrogen compounds / Composição do leite de vacas alimentadas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados

Objective was to evaluate the physic-chemical composition and the fatty acid profile of milk from cows fed with different sources of nitrogen compounds (soybean meal, urea, sunflower meal and detoxified castor bean meal). The experimental design was two 4 x 4 Latin squares, being used eight F1 Holstein / Zebu cows, with an average production of 20 kg of milk with 3.5% fat day-1. Milk samples were collected and analyzed for physico-chemical composition and fatty acid profile. With the exception of milk urea nitrogen, which was higher in the diet with urea, the other variables of the physic-chemical composition were not affected by diets with different sources of nitrogen compounds. Regarding the fatty acid profile was no change in the concentrations of acid C4: 0, C18: 0, C10: 1, C12: 1 and C18: 1 T10 T11 T12. However, for total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk, there were no differences among the sources of nitrogen compounds. The use of different sources of nitrogen compounds in the diet of F1 Holstein x Zebu cows, with an average production of 20 kg of milk with 3.5% fat day-1 does not alter the physic-chemical composition of milk, with the exception of milk urea nitrogen which increases with dietary urea. However, it you can modify the profile of milk fatty acids.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição físico-química e o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de vacas alimentadas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados (farelo de soja, ureia, farelo de girassol e farelo de mamona detoxicado). O delineamento experimental foram dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4, sendo utilizadas oito vacas F1 Holandês/Zebu, com produção média de 20 Kg de leite com 3,5% de gordura dia-1. Amostras de leite foram coletadas e analisadas quanto à composição físico-química e perfil de ácidos graxos. Com exceção do nitrogênio ureico no leite, que foi maior na dieta com ureia, as demais variáveis da composição físico-química não foram influenciadas pelas dietas com diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados. Quanto ao perfil de ácido graxo houve variação nas concentrações dos ácidos C4:0; C18:0; C10:1; C12:1 e C18:1 T10 T11 T12. No entanto, para os totais de ácidos graxos saturados, monoinsaturados e poliinsaturados no leite, estes não diferiram entre as fontes de compostos nitrogenados. O uso de diferentes fontes de compostos nitrogenados na dieta de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu, com produção média de 20Kg de leite com 3,5% de gordura dia-1, não altera a composição físico-química do leite, com exceção do nitrogênio uréico que aumenta na dieta com ureia. Entretanto, pode modificar o perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura do leite.(AU)

Glicerina bruta associada à silagem de sorgo em dietas para cordeiros / Crude gliceryn associated with sorghum silagein diets for lambs

Objetivou-se avaliar os níveis de glicerina bruta (GB), 0, 20, 40, 60 e 80g/kg de matéria seca (MS) de silagem de sorgo sobre a cinética da fermentação, 0, 30, 60 e 90g/kg de MS de silagem sobre a cinética de degradação da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), e os níveis 0, 17, 33, 55 e 70g/kg de MS de silagem sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade da MS, os compostos nutricionais e o balanço de nitrogênio em cordeiros. O volume e a taxa de degradação dos carboidratos não fibrosos (Vcnf) e (Kdcnf), respectivamente, apresentaram comportamento quadrático, sendo estimado Vcnf máximo (126,62mL/g de MS) e Kdcnf mínima (0,0782/h) para inclusão de 54,85g e 58,75g GB/kg de MS, respectivamente. Já o tempo de colonização (L), apresentou um decréscimo linear de 0,013h para cada 10g de GB/kg de MS. Houve redução linear de 0,996% na degradação para fração B. Não houve efeito significativo da inclusão de GB sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade da MS, os compostos nutricionais e o balanço de nitrogênio. A utilização de GB entre 50 e 70g/kg de MS em dietas à base de silagem de sorgo pode ser fonte alternativa de energia para cordeiros.(AU)

This study aimed to assess the levels of crude glycerin (CG) 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80g/kg of dry matter (DM) of sorghum silage on fermentation kinetics, 0, 30, 60 and 90g/kg DM silage on the kinetics of degradation of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and levels 0, 17, 33, 55 and 70g/kg DM silage on intake and digestibility of DM and nutritional compounds and nitrogen balance in lambs. The volume and rate of digestion of non-fiber carbohydrates (Vcnf) and (Kdcnf), respectively, showed a quadratic Vcnf being estimated maximum (126.62mL/g DM) and Kdcnf minimum (0.0782/h) for inclusion of 54.85 CG 58.75g/kg DM, respectively. Since the time of colonization (L), they presented a linear decrease of 0.013h for each 10g CG/kg. DM linearly decreased from 0.996% degradation for fraction B. There was no significant effect of the inclusion of CG on the intake and dry matter digestibility and nutritional compounds and nitrogen balance. The use of 50CG to 70g/kg DM in diets based on sorghum silage can be an alternative energy source for sheep.(AU)

Principles and limitations of stable isotopes in differentiating organic and conventional foodstuffs: 1. Plant products.

Among the lighter elements having two or more stable isotopes (H, C, N, O, S), δ(15)N appears to be the most promising isotopic marker to differentiate plant products from conventional and organic farms. Organic plant products vary within a range of δ(15)N values of +0.3 to +14.6%, while conventional plant products range from negative to positive values, i.e. -4.0 to +8.7%. The main factors affecting δ(15)N signatures of plants are N fertilizers, biological N2 fixation, plant organs and plant age. Correlations between mode of production and δ(13)C (except greenhouse tomatoes warmed with natural gas) or δ(34)S signatures have not been established, and δ(2)H and δ(18)O are unsuitable markers due to the overriding effect of climate on the isotopic composition of plant-available water. Because there is potential overlap between the δ(15)N signatures of organic and conventionally produced plant products, δ(15)N has seldom been used successfully as the sole criterion for differentiation, but when combined with complementary analytical techniques and appropriate statistical tools, the probability of a correct identification increases. The use of organic fertilizers by conventional farmers or the marketing of organic produce as conventional due to market pressures are additional factors confounding correct identification. The robustness of using δ(15)N to differentiate mode of production will depend on the establishment of databases that have been verified for individual plant products.

Nitrogen and phosphorus distribution in a constructed wetland fed with treated swine slurry from an anaerobic lagoon.

Nitrogen and phosphorus distribution in a constructed wetland fed with treated swine slurry from an anaerobic lagoon were studied. The methodology considered a daily meteorological monitoring site. During 2011 to 2012, water, soil and plants (Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A. Méyer) Sójak, Typha angustifolia (L.)) were seasonally sampled (spring and fall) into the constructed wetland. During study period, results showed that rainfall was the main factor of maintenance hydraulic conditions, while evapotranspiration was driver of variations in water storage level. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from the water phase were up to 54% and 37%, respectively. Onto soil were adsorbed over 70% nitrogen and 65% phosphorus. Phosphorus was less mobile than nitrogen, since it was bound to oxides Fe-Mn. Inorganic nitrogen species were affected by level water and seasonal vegetable maturation. During spring, N-NH4(+) was the predominant soil species, while in the fall, N-NO3(-) was dominant near the belowground part of Sc and NH4(+) near to the belowground zone of Ta. In addition, nutrients uptake was less than 30% with 64% aboveground-spring and 85% belowground-fall for both plants. Findings showed nitrification process evidences when water levels are below 0.1 m.