Obtaining and characterization of natural extracts from mango (Mangifera Indica) peel and its effect on the rheological behavior in new mango kernel starch hydrogels.

Hydrogels based on natural polymers have aroused interest from the scientific community. The aim of this investigation was to obtain natural extracts from mango peels and to evaluate their addition (1, 3, and 5%) on the rheological behavior of mango starch hydrogels. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activities, and phenolic acid profile of the natural extracts were evaluated. The viscoelastic and thixotropic behavior of hydrogels with the addition of natural extracts was evaluated. The total phenol content and antioxidant activity of the extracts increased significantly (p<0.05) with the variation of the ethanol-water ratio; the phenolic acid profile showed the contain of p-coumaric, ellagic, ferulic, chlorogenic acids, epicatechein, catechin, querecetin, and mangiferin. The viscoelastic behavior of the hydrogels showed that the storage modulus G' is larger than the loss modulus G'' indicating a viscoelastic solid behavior. The addition of extract improved the thermal stability of the hydrogels. 1% of the extracts increase viscoelastic and thixotropic properties, while concentrations of 3 to 5% decreased. The recovery percentage (%Re) decreases at concentrations from 0% to 1% of natural extracts, however, at concentrations from 3% to 5% increased.

Blue maize with pigmented germ: Phytochemical compounds and tortilla color.

Blue maize is used in the production of various traditional foods, and its phytochemical composition has been claimed to possess health benefits. In this study, two blue maize hybrids with pigmented germ grown in five environments were studied under the hypothesis that the germ could have a different anthocyanin profile from that of anthocyanins synthesized in the aleurone layer, and that those in the germ could increase the total anthocyanin content in the whole grain. The percentage of pigmented germ, total anthocyanin content (TA) and total soluble phenols in the germ, whole grain and tortilla were evaluated to determine how tortilla color is modified. For the first time, the anthocyanin and fatty acid profiles of pigmented germ were determined. In the anthocyanin profile, anthocyanins derived from peonidin stood out, making 50.7 %. The most abundant fatty acid was linoleic acid (40.6 %). Whole kernel TA content increased when the maize had a higher percentage of pigmented germ, with minimal changes when grain was transformed to tortilla, resulting in darker tortillas. The large variation in TA among environments highlights the importance of identifying the environments that most favor anthocyanin synthesis.

Metabolomics analysis of (Geo)propolis from Brazilian stingless bees by FIA and UHPLC-HRMS (Orbitrap).

Native stingless bees (Meliponini) from Brazil make (geo)propolis which is largely used in folk medicine, specially by indigenous and quilombos communities and beekeepers´ families but are progressively being recognized for their pharmacological activities. In this study, the ethanolic extracts of (geo)propolis (EEGs) from Melipona marginata, M. quadrifasciata, M. scutellaris, and Tetragonisca angustula were analysed by Flow injection analysis (FIA) and Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) in a high resolution Orbitrap mass analyser (HRMS) to investigate and compare their chemical profile. Untargeted metabolomic approach based on UHPLC-HRMS experiments, and bioinformatic tools, allowed to annotate 59 compounds from diverse classes such as: flavonoids, phenolic compounds, sugars, terpenoids, and lipids. In addition, using multivariate tools and Flow injection- high resolution mass spectrometry (FIA-HRMS), it was possible to classify samples and identify marker ions related to the bee species or genus and to the geographical origin as a proof of concept.

Influencia de la edad en el contenido de fenoles y ligninas en Gmelina arborea (Lamiaceae) / The influence of age on the phenolic contents and lignins of Gmelina arborea (Lamiaceae)

Resumen Introducción: La melina (Gmelina arborea), es una especie de gran interés por su madera y propiedades medicinales. En Costa Rica, existen clones genéticamente superiores que se propagan sin el conocimiento de la edad ontogénica y fisiológica de los materiales. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación del contenido de fenoles y ligninas en hojas, peciolos, tallos y raíces de plantas con diferentes edades. Métodos: Los contenidos de fenoles y ligninas totales se determinaron mediante el método colorimétrico de Folin-Ciocalteu y el método de extracción alcalina, respectivamente. Para la investigación se eligieron plantas in vitro "año cero" y árboles de año y medio, cuatro, siete y 20 años. El muestreo se realizó en marzo y abril del 2021. Resultados: Se demostró que todas las partes de la planta analizadas contienen compuestos fenólicos y ligninas, independientemente de su edad. No hubo una correlación positiva entre la edad con el contenido de fenoles y ligninas para ninguna condición de desarrollo, pues los valores más altos no se obtuvieron en los árboles más longevos. Los extractos de hojas de las plantas in vitro y los árboles de siete años mostraron, respectivamente, los contenidos más altos de fenoles y ligninas para todas las condiciones (P < 0.05). Los valores promedio más bajos de compuestos fenólicos para todas las condiciones se obtuvieron en los árboles de cuatro años. Respecto a las ligninas, el contenido más bajo se presentó en las raíces más longevas, aunque la tendencia no se mantuvo para el resto de las partes de la planta. Conclusiones: La investigación muestra los primeros resultados del contenido de compuestos fenólicos y ligninas presentes en diferentes tejidos de una especie forestal de edades diferentes. Por lo tanto, son los primeros valores de referencia acerca del compromiso bioquímico para la síntesis fenólica según la edad y el estado de desarrollo específico de una planta leñosa.

Abstract Introduction: Melina (Gmelina arborea) is a tree species of great interest for its wood and medicinal properties. In Costa Rica, there are genetically superior clones that are propagated without knowledge of the ontogenic and physiological age of the materials. Objective: To evaluate how age influences the content of phenols and lignins in leaves, petioles, stems, and roots of melina plants. Methods: The total phenolic and lignins contents were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and alkaline extraction method, respectively. Plants of five different ages were chosen for the investigation (in vitro plants "year 0" and trees of a year and a half, four, seven and 20 years). Sampling was done in March and April 2021. Results: All parts of the plant analyzed contain phenolic compounds and lignins, regardless of their age. There was no positive correlation between age and phenol and lignin content for any development condition, since the highest values were not obtained in the oldest trees. Leaf extracts from in vitro plants and seven-year-old trees showed, respectively, the highest phenol and lignin contents for all conditions (P < 0.05). The lowest average values of phenolic compounds for all conditions were obtained in four-year-old trees. Regarding lignins, the lowest content occurred in the oldest roots, although the trend was not maintained for the rest of the plant parts. Conclusions: This study provides the first results of the content of phenolic compounds and lignins present in different tissues of a forest species of different ages. Therefore, they are the first reference values about the biochemical commitment for phenolic synthesis according to the age and the specific developmental stage of a woody plant.

Nanodisc-associated acetylcholinesterase as a novel model system of physiological relevant membrane-bound cholinesterases. Inhibition by phenolic compounds.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a pivotal role in the cholinergic system, and its inhibition is sought after in a wide range of applications, from insect control to Alzheimer's disease treatment. While the primary physiological isoforms of AChE are membrane-bound proteins, most assays for discovering new, safer, and potent inhibitors are conducted using commercially available soluble isoforms, such as the electric eel AChE (eeAChE). In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the activity and selectivity to phenolic inhibitors of recombinant human AChE, eeAChE and a mutant variant of human AChE known as dAChE4. Despite numerous mutations, dAChE4 closely resembles its parental protein and serves as a suitable model for monomeric human AChE. We also established an in vitro system of membrane-bound AChE to create a model that closely mimics the physiological isoforms. This system ensures the proper work of the enzyme and allowed us to control the exact concentration of enzyme and lipids per assay.

Synthesis and evaluation of esters obtained from phenols and phenoxyacetic acid with significant phytotoxic and cytogenotoxic activities.

There is a growing demand for herbicides that are more effective than conventional ones yet less harmful to ecosystems. In light of this, this study aimed to synthesize esters from phenols and phenoxyacetic acid, using compounds with known phytotoxic potential as starting materials. Phenoxyacetic acid was first synthesized and then utilized in the synthesis of seven esters through Steglich esterification, employing N,N'-dicyclohexylcarboimide and N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine in the presence of phenols (thymol, vanillin, eugenol, carvacrol, guaiacol, p-cresol, and ß-naphthol), yielding esters 1-7. All synthesized compounds were characterized using mass spectrometry, 1H, and 13C NMR. These compounds were tested for phytotoxicity to evaluate their effects on the germination and root development of Sorghum bicolor and Lactuca sativa seeds, and for the induction of alterations in the mitotic cycle of meristematic cells of L. sativa roots. Esters 1, 3, 4, and 5 exhibited the most significant phytotoxic activity in both L. sativa and S. bicolor. Alterations in the mitotic index and frequency of chromosomal alterations in L. sativa roots revealed the cytotoxic, genotoxic effects, and the aneugenic mode of action of the tested molecules. These findings suggest that these compounds could serve as inspiration for the synthesis of new semi-synthetic herbicides.

The Antioxidant Activity of Atomized Extracts of the Leaves and Stems of Cnidoscolus diacanthus (Pax & K. Hoffm.) J.F. Macbr. from Peru and Their Effect on Sex Hormone Levels in Rats.

In this research, we aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of an atomized extract of Cnidoscolus diacanthus (Pax & K. Hoffm.) J.F. Macbr., known in Peru as "huanarpo hembra", and its effect on sex hormone levels. Its phytochemical profile was determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), while its total phenol content (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFs) were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride method. Its antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the radical 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazolin-6 sulfonic acid (ABTS), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The biological activity of C. diacanthus and its effect on sexual hormones were determined in Holtzman rats of both sexes. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in its leaves and stems, mainly rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and genistein. However, the stem extract contained higher total phenol (464.38 ± 4.40 GAE/g) and flavonoid (369.17 ± 3.16 mg QE/g of extract) contents than the leaf extract (212.38 ± 3.19 mg GAE/g and 121.49 ± 2.69 mg QE/g). For DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, the Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was 597.20 ± 5.40 µmol/g, 452.67 ± 5.76 µmol/g, and 535.91 ± 1.56 µmol/g, respectively, for the stems, while for the leaves, it was 462.39 ± 3.99 µmol/g, 202.32 ± 5.20 µmol/g, and 198.13 ± 1.44 µmol/g, respectively. In terms of the values for hormonal levels, at a dose of 100 mg/kg of the extract, testosterone levels of 1.430 ng/mL (with the leaf extract) and 1.433 ng/mL (with the stem extract), respectively, were found in the male rats. Regarding estradiol levels, in the female rats, these were 10.425 ng/mL (leaf extract) and 8.775 ng/mL (stem extract), while their levels of luteinizing hormone were 0.320 mIU/mL (leaf extract) and 0.273 mIU/mL (stem extract). For the follicle-stimulating hormone, levels of 0.858 mIU/mL (leaf extract) and 0.840 mIU/mL (stem extract) were found in the female rats, and levels of 0.220 mIU/mL (leaf extract) and 0.200 mIU/mL (stem extract) were found in the male rats. It is concluded that the C. diacanthus stem extract had a greater antioxidant capacity than the leaf extract, while both extracts had a superior effect on the sex hormone levels in the female rats compared to the male rats.

Induction of defence response in peanut elicited by Bacillus sp. CHEP5: A biological strategy for control of smut disease caused by Thecaphora frezzii in the field.

Peanut is susceptible to many diseases; among them, peanut smut disease caused by Thecaphora frezzii is the most damaging, causing yield losses of 30%. Fungicide treatment is not effective to control this disease. In this scenario, biological control would be an alternative to diminish the disease. Systemic resistance induced by a biotic agent is known to be effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. In this study we evaluated the effect of different inoculation strategies of Bacillus sp. CHEP5, a peanut native strain, on peanut smut incidence and severity in field experiments. Peroxidase activity and accumulation of phenolic compounds were measured as changes associated with induced defensive traits. After three consecutive field trials, we found that Bacillus sp. CHEP5 inoculation protects peanut from T. frezzii because incidence and severity were reduced in two field trials. Furthermore, bacterial inoculation in the furrow followed by foliar application around the date of peg development would be the best strategy to control the disease. In addition, a correlation was found between increase in plant phenolic content and decrease in smut disease parameters. Thereafter, we concluded that Bacillus sp. CHEP5 may reduce smut as a result of plant defence response induction.

Effect of replacing Bis-GMA with a biobased trimethacrylate on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of experimental resin composites.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the incorporation of cardanol trimethacrylate monomer (CTMA), derived from the cashew nut shell liquid, as a substitute for Bis-GMA in acrylic resins formulations and its effect on experimental resin composites' physicochemical and mechanical properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The intermediary cardanol epoxy was synthesized via cardanol epoxidation, followed by the synthesis of CTMA through methacrylic anhydride solvent-free esterification. Experimental resin composites were formulated with an organic matrix composed of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA (50/50 wt %) (control). CTMA was gradually added to replace different proportions of Bis-GMA: 10 wt % (CTMA-10), 20 wt % (CTMA-20), 40 wt % (CTMA-40), and 50 wt % (CTMA-50). The composites were characterized by degree of conversion, water sorption and solubility, viscosity, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, flexural strength and elastic modulus. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (α = 0.05), except for water sorption data, which were analyzed by Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn's method. RESULTS: CTMA-based and control composites did not show statistically significant differences regarding degree of conversion, flexural strength and elastic modulus. CTMA reduced the viscosity and solubility compared to the Bis-GMA-based composite. The CTMA-40 and CTMA-50 exhibited significantly lower water sorption compared to the control. Also, acceptable thermal stability and viscoelastic properties were obtained for safe use in the oral cavity. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating CTMA into composites resulted in similar chemical and mechanical properties compared to Bis-GMA-based material while reducing viscosity, water sorption and solubility. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CTMA could be used as a trimethacrylate monomer replacing Bis-GMA in resin composites, thereby minimizing BPA exposure.

Water-soluble oat extract enriched with mango peel flour: preparation, characterization and application in Greek yogurt.

This study aimed to produce water-soluble oat extract enriched with mango peel flour (MPF) as a source of active compounds and to use this ingredient as a partial substitute for whole milk in Greek yogurt (GY) for its nutritional enrichment. Enriched water-soluble oat extracts (EWSOE) were produced with different concentrations of MPF (0%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%) and characterized in relation to pH, titratable acidity, soluble proteins and total phenolics. Three GY formulations were prepared by partially replacing whole milk with EWSOE and the best formulation (in relation to sensory analyzes and phenolics compounds) was selected for storage study, chemical characterization, and sensory acceptance testing. MPF addition increased soluble proteins and total phenolics in EWSOE. GY formulations prepared with EWSOE had similar sensory scores. During storage, GY prepared with EWSOE containing 2% MPF exhibited changes in pH and titratable acidity and a reduction in total phenolics. Color parameters, cholesterol, and fatty acid composition did not change over 21 days of storage. The major fatty acids in GY were oleic and palmitic acids. The selected product had low lactose content (1.2%), achieved satisfactory sensory acceptance in relation to the evaluated attributes, and had lipid (~6.19%) and protein (~3.96%) contents within regulatory requirements. Additionally, EWSOE is a valuable ingredient in GY preparation, offering beneficial nutritional and functional properties.

Advanced Extraction Techniques Combined with Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extracting Phenolic Compounds from Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peels.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel is a potential source of bioactive phenolic compounds such as ellagic acid and α- and ß-punicalagin. This work explores the efficiency of natural deep eutectic solvents combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) for their extraction. Five NaDESs were evaluated by employing UAE (25 °C, for 50 min) to determine their total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu assay) and ellagic acid and α- and ß-punicalagin contents (high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD)). The NaDES composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and glycerol (Gly) (1:2, molar ratio) was the most efficient in the UAE when compared with the rest of the NaDESs and water extracts. Therefore, ChCl:Gly was further evaluated using PLE at different temperatures (40, 80, 120 and 160 °C). The PLE-NaDES extract obtained at 80 °C for 20 min at 1500 psi exhibited the highest contents of ellagic acid and α- and ß-punicalagin compared to the rest of the temperatures and PLE-water extracts obtained under the same extraction conditions. Combining UAE or PLE with a NaDES emerges as a sustainable alternative for extracting ellagic acid and α- and ß-punicalagin from pomegranate peel.

Modification of the Trizol Method for the Extraction of RNA from Prorocentrum triestinum ACIZ_LEM2.

In samples of harmful algal blooms (HABs), seawater can contain a high abundance of microorganisms and elemental ions. Along with the hardness of the walls of key HAB dinoflagellates such as Prorocentrum triestinum, this makes RNA extraction very difficult. These components interfere with RNA isolation, causing its degradation, in addition to the complex seawater properties of HABs that could hinder RNA isolation for effective RNA sequencing and transcriptome profiling. In this study, an RNA isolation technique was established through the modification of the Trizol method by applying the Micropestle System on cell pellets of P. triestinum frozen at -20 °C, obtained from 400 mL of culture with a total of 107 cells/mL. The results of the modified Trizol protocol generated quality RNA samples for transcriptomics sequencing, as determined by their measurement in Analyzer Agilent 4150.

Olive Leaves as a Source of Anticancer Compounds: In Vitro Evidence and Mechanisms.

Olive trees not only produce olives but also generate a substantial amount of waste and by-products, including leaves, pomace (the solid remains after pressing olives for oil), and wastewater from the olive oil-making process. The waste products, particularly the leaves, contain bioactive compounds, especially phenolic compounds, known for their health benefits, such as high antioxidant potential and the ability to reduce inflammation. These compounds have shown promise in preventing and treating cancer. This review, based on in vitro evidence, provides a detailed description and discussion of the mechanisms through which these compounds from olive leaves can prevent development, the ways they might act against cancer cells, and their potential to increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to conventional anticancer therapy. The possible synergistic effects of these compounds suggest that olive leaf extracts may offer a promising approach for cancer treatment, compared with isolated compounds, thus providing novel possibilities for cancer therapy.

Prospecting of the Antioxidant Activity from Extracts Obtained from Chañar (Geoffroea decorticans) Seeds Evaluated In Vitro and In Vivo Using the Tenebrio molitor Model.

Geoffroea decorticans, commonly known as Chañar, is a native Chilean plant widely used in folk medicine for its expectorant, pain relief, and antinociceptive properties. This study explored the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and protective effects of its ethanolic (EE) and aqueous (EA) seed extracts against oxidative stress induced by copper sulfate, using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the extracts. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) identified significant components such as phytol, alpha-tocopherol, vitexin, and rutin, with the EE being particularly rich in phytol and vitexin. Antioxidant assays-measuring the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging, and copper and iron chelation-confirmed their potent antioxidant capabilities. Both extracts were non-cytotoxic and provided protection against CuSO4-induced oxidative stress in the 3T3 cell line. Additionally, the use of Tenebrio molitor as an invertebrate model underscored the extracts' antioxidant and protective potentials, especially that of the EE. In conclusion, this study highlights the significant antioxidant and protective properties of Chañar seed extracts, particularly the ethanolic extract, in both in vitro and in vivo models.

Extract of Araçá-Boi and Its Major Phenolic Compound, Trans-Cinnamic Acid, Reduce Viability and Inhibit Migration of Human Metastatic Melanoma Cells.

Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer that is recognized for its high metastatic potential and the challenges it presents in its treatment. There has been increasing interest in plant extracts and their potential applications in melanoma. The present study aimed to investigate the content of individual phenolic compounds in araçá-boi extract, evaluate their antioxidant activity, and explore their effects on cell viability, migration properties, oxidative stress levels, and protein expression in the human metastatic melanoma cell line SK-MEL-28. HPLC-DAD analysis identified 11 phenolic compounds in the araçá-boi extract. Trans-cinnamic acid was the main phenolic compound identified; therefore, it was used alone to verify its contribution to antitumor activities. SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells were treated for 24 h with different concentrations of araçá-boi extract and trans-cinnamic acid (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1600 µg/mL). Both the araçá-boi extract and trans-cinnamic acid reduced cell viability, cell migration, and oxidative stress in melanoma cells. Additionally, they modulate proteins involved in apoptosis and inflammation. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of araçá-boi extract and its phenolic compounds in the context of melanoma, especially in strategies focused on preventing metastasis. Additional studies, such as the analysis of specific signaling pathways, would be valuable in confirming and expanding these observations.

Antioxidant Activities of Exopolysaccharides Extracts from Two Endemic Fungi from Patagonia.

A great number of free radicals have a negative impact on the human body, and an increased interest in the identification of new natural molecules with antioxidant properties has emerged due to concerns about synthetic antioxidants. Here, the antioxidant effect of four exo-polysaccharides (EPS) extracts obtained from submerged cultivation of Nothophellinus andinopatagonicus and Pseudoinonotus crustosus (N and P, respectively) in two culture media (M1 and M2) at 2 concentrations (100 and 250 µg/ml) was studied; then, its relation with the chemical composition of the EPS was evaluated. To assess the antioxidant activities of the extracts, several in vitro assays were performed: DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, chelating ability on ferrous ions, and inhibition of the lipid peroxidation. The concentrations tested here were much lower than those reported in previous works. Despite variations in chemical composition and monosaccharide profiles among the extracts, all demonstrated antioxidant activity, although the type of activity differed; only P-M1 exhibited a good antioxidant activity across all assays. This extract contained the highest proportion of phenolic compounds, and also displayed the highest radical scavenging activity. Although the utilization of polysaccharides as functional food ingredients remains limited, we propose P-M1 as a promising candidate for a nutraceutical product. Additionally, a formulation could be made with a combination of extracts to create an antioxidant-rich supplement. Additional research is needed to confirm our findings in a cellular environment and to elucidate the mechanisms that drive their antioxidant activities, ultimately facilitating their development and utilization as nutraceutical products.

GC-MS metabolomics of French lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L. var capitata) leaves exposed to bisphenol A via the hydroponic media.

INTRODUCTION: Bisphenol A (BPA), an organic compound used to produce polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, has become a ubiquitous contaminant due to its high-volume production and constant release to the environment. Plant metabolomics can trace the stress effects induced by environmental contaminants to the variation of specific metabolites, making it an alternative way to study pollutants toxicity to plants. Nevertheless, there is an important knowledge gap in metabolomics applications in this area. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the influence of BPA in French lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L. var capitata) leaves metabolic profile by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using a hydroponic system. METHODS: Lettuces were cultivated in the laboratory to minimize biological variation and were analyzed 55 days after sowing (considered the plant's adult stage). Hexanoic and methanolic extracts with and without derivatization were prepared for each sample and analyzed by GC-MS. RESULTS: The highest number of metabolites was obtained from the hexanoic extract, followed by the derivatized methanolic extract. Although no physical differences were observed between control and contaminated lettuce leaves, the multivariate analysis determined a statistically significant difference between their metabolic profiles. Pathway analysis of the most affected metabolites showed that galactose metabolism, starch and fructose metabolism and steroid biosynthesis were significantly affected by BPA exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The preparation of different extracts from the same sample permitted the determination of metabolites with different physicochemical properties. BPA alters the leaves energy and membrane metabolism, plant growth could be affected at higher concentrations and exposition times.

Effect of commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-Saccharomyces yeasts on the chemical composition and bioaccessibility of pineapple wine.

Alcoholic fermentation is one of man's most efficient food preservation processes, and innovations in this area are a trend in food science and nutrition. In addition to the classic Saccharomyces yeasts, various other species may have desirable characteristics for obtaining fruit wines. This study investigated the profile of non-Saccharomyces commercial yeasts compared with S. cerevisiae regarding pineapple wine's chemical composition and bioaccessibility. The fermentation profile of the yeasts Lachancea thermotolerans, Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Brettanomyces lambicus, and S. cerevisiae was evaluated for sugar and alcohol content, and the pineapple wines obtained were analyzed for amino acids, phenolics, and organic acids by HPLC and volatile profile by GC/MS. All yeast strains were able to produce ethanol and glycerol at acceptable levels. L. thermotolerans produced higher levels of lactic acid (0.95 g/L) and higher consumption of free amino acids. B. bruxellensis produced higher levels of individual phenolics and ethanol 109 g/L. The alcoholic fermentation process improved the bioaccessibility of phenolics such as catechin (237 %), epigallocatechin gallate (81 %), procyanidin B1 (61 %) and procyanidin B2 (61 %). The yeasts differed in their volatile profiles, with Brettanomyces and Lachancea producing higher levels of compounds associated with pineapple aroma, such as ester ethyl butyrate (260-270 µg/L). These results demonstrate the importance of choosing the yeast strain for the conduction of alcoholic fermentation and that the yeasts Brettanomyces and Lachancea showed technological potential in obtaining pineapple wines. This study contributes to developing processes for obtaining fruit wines by highlighting two non-Saccharomyces yeast species with technological potential for alcoholic fermentations.

Effects of Bisphenol A on Male Gonadal Tissue of Viviparous Fish: Histopathological Evidence in Goodea atripinnis / Efectos del Bisfenol A en tejido Gonadal Masculino de Peces Vivíparos: Evidencia Histopatológica en Goodea atripinnis

SUMMARY: BPA is a multifunctional endocrine disruptor with ubiquitous presence in aquatic ecosystems. The Mexican Central Plateau is an area severely impacted by pollution, inhabited by endemic viviparous fish. However, efforts to understand the effects of BPA on native species such as Goodea atripinnis are non-existent. This study focused on providing in vivo evidence of alterations in the testes of G. atripinnis males due to acute exposure to BPA at test concentrations of 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 50 mg/L for 96 h. BPA exposition 1 mg/L and 10 mg/L showed degeneration and disorganization in germinal tissue. Furthermore, there was a notable decrease in sperm within the seminiferous tubules of males exposed to 10 mg/L of BPA. In all treatments, somatic cells had alterations by connective tissue thickening and an increase in collagen fibers. Additionally, inflammation and bleeding occurred in the testes of males exposed to 1 and 10 mg/L BPA. The alterations in the testes of G. atripinnis are related to BPA toxicity, which can lead to apoptosis in germ cells increasing connective tissue. Finally, even though the changes produced by BPA became evident in acute exposure (96 h), its effects are probably irreversible, compromising the reproduction of G. atripinnis.

El BPA es un disruptor endocrino multifuncional con presencia ubicua en los ecosistemas acuáticos. La Meseta Central mexicana habitada por peces vivíparos endémicos, es una zona severamente impactada por la contaminación. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos por comprender los efectos del BPA en especies nativas como Goodea atripinnis son inexistentes. Este estudio se centró en proporcionar evidencia in vivo de alteraciones en los testículos de machos de G. atripinnis debido a la exposición aguda al BPA en concentraciones de prueba de 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L y 50 mg/L durante 96 h. La exposición a BPA 1 mg/L y 10 mg/L mostró degeneración y desorganización en el tejido germinal. Además, hubo una disminución notable de los espermatozoides dentro de los túbulos seminíferos de machos expuestos a 10 mg/L de BPA. En todos los tratamientos las células somáticas presentaron alteraciones por engrosamiento del tejido conectivo y aumento de las fibras de colágeno. Además, se produjo inflamación y sangrado en los testículos de machos expuestos a 1 y 10 mg/L de BPA. Las alteraciones en los testículos de G. atripinnis están relacionadas con la toxicidad del BPA, lo que puede provocar apoptosis en las células germinales aumentando el tejido conectivo. Finalmente, si bien los cambios producidos por el BPA se hicieron evidentes en la exposición aguda (96 h), sus efectos probablemente sean irreversibles, comprometiendo la reproducción de G. atripinnis.

Bisphenol S exposure induces cardiac remodeling and aggravates high-fat diet-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice.

Bisphenol S (BPS) is widely used in the manufacture products and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The effect of the association between obesity and BPS on cardiac outcomes is still unknown. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into standard chow diet (SC; 15 kJ/g), standard chow diet + BPS (SCB), high-fat diet (HF; 21 kJ/g), and high-fat diet + BPS (HFB). Over 12 weeks, the groups were exposed to BPS through drinking water (dose: 25 µg/kg/day) and/or a HF diet. We evaluated: body mass (BM), total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (SBP), left ventricle (LV) mass, and cardiac remodeling. In the SCB group, BM, total cholesterol, and SBP increase were augmented in relation to the SC group. In the HF and HFB groups, these parameters were higher than in the SC and SCB groups. Cardiac hypertrophy was evidenced by augmented LV mass and wall thickness, and ANP protein expression in all groups in comparison to the SC group. Only the HFB group had a thicker LV wall than SCB and HF groups, and increased cardiomyocyte area when compared with SC and SCB groups. Concerning cardiac fibrosis, SCB, HF, and HFB groups presented higher interstitial collagen area, TGFß, and α-SMA protein expression than the SC group. Perivascular collagen area was increased only in the HF and HFB groups than SC group. Higher IL-6, TNFα, and CD11c protein expression in all groups than the SC group evidenced inflammation. All groups had elevated CD36 and PPARα protein expression in relation to the SC group, but only HF and HFB groups promoted cardiac steatosis with increased perilipin 5 protein expression than the SC group. BPS exposure alone promoted cardiac remodeling with pathological concentric hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation. Diet-induced remodeling is aggravated when associated with BPS, with marked hypertrophy, alongside fibrosis, inflammation, and lipid accumulation.