Mechanisms of Atomization from Rotary Dental Instruments and Its Mitigation.

Since the onset of coronavirus disease 2019, the potential risk of dental procedural generated spray emissions (including aerosols and splatters), for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission, has challenged care providers and policy makers alike. New studies have described the production and dissemination of sprays during simulated dental procedures, but findings lack generalizability beyond their measurements setting. This study aims to describe the fundamental mechanisms associated with spray production from rotary dental instrumentation with particular focus on what are currently considered high-risk components-namely, the production of small droplets that may remain suspended in the room environment for extended periods and the dispersal of high-velocity droplets resulting in formites at distant surfaces. Procedural sprays were parametrically studied with variables including rotation speed, burr-to-tooth contact, and coolant premisting modified and visualized using high-speed imaging and broadband or monochromatic laser light-sheet illumination. Droplet velocities were estimated and probability density maps for all laser illuminated sprays generated. The impact of varying the coolant parameters on heating during instrumentation was considered. Complex structured sprays were produced by water-cooled rotary instruments, which, in the worst case of an air turbine, included droplet projection speeds in excess of 12 m/s and the formation of millions of small droplets that may remain suspended. Elimination of premisting (mixing of coolant water and air prior to burr contact) resulted in a significant reduction in small droplets, but radial atomization may still occur and is modified by burr-to-tooth contact. Spatial probability distribution mapping identified a threshold for rotation speeds for radial atomization between 80,000 and 100,000 rpm. In this operatory mode, cutting efficiency is reduced but sufficient coolant effectiveness appears to be maintained. Multiple mechanisms for atomization of fluids from rotatory instrumentation exist, but parameters can be controlled to modify key spray characteristics during the current crisis.

Increased Intramuscular Adipose Tissue Is Related to Increased Capillarization in Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: High levels of intramuscular adipose tissue and low levels of capillarization are both predicative of low muscle and mobility function in older adults, however little is known about their relationship. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of intramuscular adipose tissue and capillarization in older adults. SETTING: An outpatient medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-seven sedentary adults (age 59.9 ± 1.0 years, BMI 32.0 ± 0.7 kg/m2, VO2max 22.4 ± 0.7 ml/kg/min); Measurements: All participants underwent CT scans to determine intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle biopsies to determine capillarization in the mid-thigh. A step-wise hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to examine the contributions of age, sex, race, body mass index, 2-hour postprandial glucose, VO2max, and muscle capillarization, to the variability in intramuscular adipose tissue. RESULTS: The predictors as a group accounted for 38.1% of the variance in intramuscular adipose tissue, with body mass index and capillarization each significantly contributing to the final model (P<0.001). The part correlation of body mass index with intramuscular adipose tissue was r = 0.47, and the part correlation of capillarization with intramuscular adipose tissue was r = 0.39, indicating that body mass index and capillarization explained 22.1%, and 15.2% of the variance in intramuscular adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS: While increased muscle capillarization is typically thought of as a positive development, in some clinical conditions, such as tendinopathies, an increase in capillarization is part of the pathological process related to expansion of the extracellular matrix and fibrosis. This may also be an explanation for the surprising finding that high capillarization is related to high levels of intramuscular adipose tissue. Future studies are necessary to determine the relationship of changes in both capillarization and intramuscular adipose tissue after interventions, such as exercise.

11ß-HSD1 plays a critical role in trabecular bone loss associated with systemic glucocorticoid therapy.

BACKGROUND: Despite their efficacy in the treatment of chronic inflammation, the prolonged application of therapeutic glucocorticoids (GCs) is limited by significant systemic side effects including glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP). 11ß-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11ß-HSD1) is a bi-directional enzyme that primarily activates GCs in vivo, regulating tissue-specific exposure to active GC. We aimed to determine the contribution of 11ß-HSD1 to GIOP. METHODS: Wild type (WT) and 11ß-HSD1 knockout (KO) mice were treated with corticosterone (100 µg/ml, 0.66% ethanol) or vehicle (0.66% ethanol) in drinking water over 4 weeks (six animals per group). Bone parameters were assessed by micro-CT, sub-micron absorption tomography and serum markers of bone metabolism. Osteoblast and osteoclast gene expression was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: Wild type mice receiving corticosterone developed marked trabecular bone loss with reduced bone volume to tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and trabecular number (Tb.N). Histomorphometric analysis revealed a dramatic reduction in osteoblast numbers. This was matched by a significant reduction in the serum marker of osteoblast bone formation P1NP and gene expression of the osteoblast markers Alp and Bglap. In contrast, 11ß-HSD1 KO mice receiving corticosterone demonstrated almost complete protection from trabecular bone loss, with partial protection from the decrease in osteoblast numbers and markers of bone formation relative to WT counterparts receiving corticosterone. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that 11ß-HSD1 plays a critical role in GIOP, mediating GC suppression of anabolic bone formation and reduced bone volume secondary to a decrease in osteoblast numbers. This raises the intriguing possibility that therapeutic inhibitors of 11ß-HSD1 may be effective in preventing GIOP in patients receiving therapeutic steroids.

Body-weight goals, trends, and weight-loss techniques among patients with peripheral arterial disease.

BACKGROUND:: Obesity contributes to negative outcomes in peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Little is known about the body-weight goals and trends among patients with PAD. AIM:: The aim of this study was to explore self-reported body-weight trends and methods used to achieve weight loss in patients with PAD. METHODS:: Data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was utilized to compare individuals with PAD who were overweight and obese ( n = 240), to matched individuals without PAD ( n = 480). Self-reported body weight at age 25 years, 10 years prior and 1 year prior to the current assessment, and age and weight of heaviest body weight were compared. Self-reported weight-loss techniques during the past year were compared between groups. RESULTS:: Individuals with PAD and controls reported similar weights 10 years prior (79.2 kg vs 78.5 kg; p = 0.60) and weight gain over the last 10 years of 5.7 kg. There was no significant difference in reported body weight at age 25 years, 10 years prior, 1 year prior, or heaviest weight. Compared with the control group, fewer participants with PAD reported attempted weight loss in the last year (27.50% vs 36.04%; p = 0.02) and were half as likely to report utilizing exercise as a weight-loss method (12.5% vs 21.7%; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS:: These data indicate that those with PAD are less inclined to attempt weight loss, especially through means of increased physical activity. Future research is needed regarding the effectiveness of intentional weight-loss programs in this population.

The Current Evidence on Retaining or Prosthodontically Replacing Retained Deciduous Teeth in the Adult Hypodontia Patient: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review aims to evaluate the survival of retaining or replacing deciduous teeth in hypodontia patients with a variety of prosthetic tooth replacement options, to evaluate prognostic factors associated with retaining deciduous teeth, and report on patient based outcomes with these treatment modalities. METHODS: MEDLINE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Science Direct databases were searched (01/1980 - 08/2017) for studies reporting outcomes associated with retaining or replacing deciduous teeth via prosthetic means in adult hypodontia patients. RESULTS: Twenty-one articles were included. The following survival figures were reported; retaining deciduous tooth/teeth (83%-93%), resin-bonded bridgework (59-96.9%) and implants (86-100%). No survival data was reported for fixed or removable partial dentures. Prognostic factors for deciduous tooth survival, quality of life and patient satisfaction data were also reported. CONCLUSION: Within the limits of this review, retaining deciduous teeth have reasonable survival; however, studies beyond the third decade of life are lacking. Dental implants appear to be a highly successful long-term tooth replacement option with high patient satisfaction within this patient group, as have resin-bonded bridgework, albeit over the short to medium term. Tooth replacement options in the form of fixed and removable partial dentures were poorly reported upon.

TiO2 nanoparticles can selectively bind CXCL8 impacting on neutrophil chemotaxis.

The interaction between TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and inflammatory cytokines, including CXCL8, a clinically relevant pro-inflammatory chemokine was investigated. TiO2 is present in tissues adjacent to failing implanted Ti (titanium) devices. TiO2 NPs were shown to bind to CXCL8 in vitro, causing perturbation of quantification of CXCL8 by ELISA, in both simple and complex protein panels, in a dose-dependent manner. Binding between TiO2 NPs and CXCL8 was demonstrated by protein gel electrophoresis. TiO2 NPs were also shown to inactivate the chemoattractant property of CXCL8 in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the binding between TiO2 NPs and CXCL8 is likely to be clinically relevant. The results of this study disputed the applicability of detection of CXCL8 by ELISA in systems where TiO2 NPs were present. Clinically, the disruption of chemotaxis of neutrophils in response to CXCL8 in the presence of TiO2 might mean a hampered immune response to inflammation in tissues containing TiO2 NPs.

The impact of endodontic access on the biaxial flexure strength of dentine-bonded crown substrates - an in vitro study.

AIM: To investigate how preparation of a simulated access cavity into ceramic materials suitable for the manufacture of dentine-bonded crowns (DBCs) impacted on biaxial flexural strength (BFS) determined as a monolithic structure and in a more clinically representative resin-cemented form. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and twenty feldspathic and 120 leucite-reinforced ceramic disc-shaped specimens were divided into eight groups (n = 30). All groups received 'fit' surface treatments representative of pre-cementation modifications and of cementation prior to preparation of a representative endodontic access cavity through the sample. BFS was determined for both 'intact' and the 'annular' disc-shaped specimens which had received simulated endodontic access. Newly reported analytical solutions were used to calculate BFS of the 'annular' specimens. Statistical analysis included two-way anovas (α = 0.05) and Weibull analysis. Fractographic examination provided insight into the fracture mechanisms. RESULTS: A two-way anova identified a significant impact of material (P < 0.01) and of resin coating (P < 0.01) on the mean BFS of intact specimens. For the annular ceramic specimens, the substrate material significantly impacted on mean BFS (P < 0.01), but the effect of resin coating was dependent on the substrate type (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Endodontic access cavity preparation modified the critical defect population of the all-ceramic restorative materials investigated. The strength of a predominantly glassy ceramic following endodontic access can be maintained if adhesive cementation was used; however, the beneficial effects of adhesive cementation on ceramic reinforcement were lost on leucite-reinforced ceramics following access cavity preparation. Replacement restoration for these materials would be recommended clinically following endodontic access as opposed to repair of the access cavity using a direct restorative material.

A quantitative method to measure biofilm removal efficiency from complex biomaterial surfaces using SEM and image analysis.

Biofilm accumulation on biomaterial surfaces is a major health concern and significant research efforts are directed towards producing biofilm resistant surfaces and developing biofilm removal techniques. To accurately evaluate biofilm growth and disruption on surfaces, accurate methods which give quantitative information on biofilm area are needed, as current methods are indirect and inaccurate. We demonstrate the use of machine learning algorithms to segment biofilm from scanning electron microscopy images. A case study showing disruption of biofilm from rough dental implant surfaces using cavitation bubbles from an ultrasonic scaler is used to validate the imaging and analysis protocol developed. Streptococcus mutans biofilm was disrupted from sandblasted, acid etched (SLA) Ti discs and polished Ti discs. Significant biofilm removal occurred due to cavitation from ultrasonic scaling (p < 0.001). The mean sensitivity and specificity values for segmentation of the SLA surface images were 0.80 ± 0.18 and 0.62 ± 0.20 respectively and 0.74 ± 0.13 and 0.86 ± 0.09 respectively for polished surfaces. Cavitation has potential to be used as a novel way to clean dental implants. This imaging and analysis method will be of value to other researchers and manufacturers wishing to study biofilm growth and removal.

Intramuscular fat and inflammation differ in older adults: the impact of frailty and inactivity.

OBJECTIVES: Intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is recognized as a negative predictor of both muscle and mobility function in older adults, however the mechanism by which IMAT may negatively influence muscle and mobility function is currently unknown. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from IMAT provides a potential reason for these negative associations. To explore this hypothesis we compared IMAT and muscular inflammation in age-and BMI-matched older non-obese frail and non-frail adults. We also sought to examine the relationship between IMAT and inflammation, and muscle and mobility function in this group of older adults. DESIGN: A case-control sampling was used for this study. Age-and BMI-matched non-obese frail and non-frail individuals (<65 years) were recruited. MEASUREMENTS: MRI was used to quantify thigh IMAT and lean tissue. Unilateral muscle biopsies were used to quantify muscular inflammation as represented by interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor-necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Muscle and mobility function was also measured using a maximal voluntary isometric contraction, six-minute walk, and self-selected gait speed. PARTICIPANTS: 26 older (80.7 +/- 5.4 years) individuals (8 frail and 18 non-frail) were enrolled. RESULTS: The frail-group had increased IMAT (p<0.01) and decreased lean tissue (p<0.01), and elevated IL-6 muscle mRNA (p=0.02) and IL-6 protein content (p=0.02) compared to the non-frail group. IMAT was significantly associated with IL-6 mRNA (r=0.43, p=.04) and protein expression within the muscle (r=0.41, p= 0.045). IL-6 mRNA was significantly associated with six-minute walk (r=-0.63, p<0.01), and gait speed (r=-0.60, p <0.01) and IL-6 protein was significantly associated with muscle force (r=-0.54, p=0.01), six-minute walk (r=-0.66, p<0.01), and gait speed (r=-0.76, p<0.01). No significant relationships were found for any variables with TNF-a. CONCLUSION: Non-obese, older, frail individuals have increased IMAT and muscular inflammation when compared to their non-frail, age- and BMI-matched peers. A significant relationship exists between IMAT and muscle IL-6 expression as well as between IL-6 and muscle and mobility function of these older adults. This IMAT-inflammatory pathway provides a potential link between IMATs and decreased muscle and mobility function.

Biaxial flexure strength determination of endodontically accessed ceramic restorations.

OBJECTIVES: To report analytic solutions capable of identifying failure stresses from the biaxial flexure testing of geometries representative of endodontic access cavities prepared through dental restorative materials. METHODS: The ring-on-ring biaxial flexure strength of annular discs with a central circular hole supported peripherally by a knife-edge support and loaded evenly at the upper edge of the central hole were solved using general expressions of deformations, moments and shears for flat plates of a constant thickness. To validate the solutions, finite element analyses were performed. A three-dimensional one-quarter model of the test was generated using a linear P-code FEA software and the boundary conditions represented the experimental test configuration whereby symmetry planes defined the full model. To enable comparison of the maximum principal stresses with experimental derived data, three groups of nominally identical feldspathic ceramic disks (n=30) were fabricated. Specimens from Group A received a 4mm diameter representative endodontic access cavity and were tested in ring-on-ring. Group B and C specimens remained intact and were tested in ring-on-ring and ball-on-ring, respectively, to give insight into strength scaling effects. Fractography was used to confirm failure origins, and statistical analysis of fracture strength data was performed using one-way ANOVAs (P<0.05) and a Weibull approach. RESULTS: The developed analytical solutions were demonstrated to deviate <1% from the finite element prediction in the configuration studied. Fractography confirmed the failure origin of tested samples to coincide with the predicted stress maxima and the area where fracture is observed to originate clinically. Specimens from the three experimental groups A-C exhibited different strengths which correlated with the volume scaling effects on measured strength. SIGNIFICANCE: The solutions provided will enable geometric and materials variables to be systematically studied and remove the need for load-to-failure 'crunch the crown' testing.

Strength determination of brittle materials as curved monolithic structures.

The dental literature is replete with "crunch the crown" monotonic load-to-failure studies of all-ceramic materials despite fracture behavior being dominated by the indenter contact surface. Load-to-failure data provide no information on stress patterns, and comparisons among studies are impossible owing to variable testing protocols. We investigated the influence of nonplanar geometries on the maximum principal stress of curved discs tested in biaxial flexure in the absence of analytical solutions. Radii of curvature analogous to elements of complex dental geometries and a finite element analysis method were integrated with experimental testing as a surrogate solution to calculate the maximum principal stress at failure. We employed soda-lime glass discs, a planar control (group P, n = 20), with curvature applied to the remaining discs by slump forming to different radii of curvature (30, 20, 15, and 10 mm; groups R30-R10). The mean deflection (group P) and radii of curvature obtained on slumping (groups R30-R10) were determined by profilometry before and after annealing and surface treatment protocols. Finite element analysis used the biaxial flexure load-to-failure data to determine the maximum principal stress at failure. Mean maximum principal stresses and load to failure were analyzed with one-way analyses of variance and post hoc Tukey tests (α = 0.05). The measured radii of curvature differed significantly among groups, and the radii of curvature were not influenced by annealing. Significant increases in the mean load to failure were observed as the radius of curvature was reduced. The maximum principal stress did not demonstrate sensitivity to radius of curvature. The findings highlight the sensitivity of failure load to specimen shape. The data also support the synergistic use of bespoke computational analysis with conventional mechanical testing and highlight a solution to complications with complex specimen geometries.

Intramuscular adipose tissue attenuates gains in muscle quality in older adults at high risk for falling. A brief report.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the influence of intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) on muscle quality (MQ) changes in older adults after 12 weeks of exercise training. DESIGN: Prospective cohort design. SETTING: Academic health science center clinical exercise facility. PARTICIPANTS: 70 older (mean age 73.4 ± 6.3 years) adults with a history of falls. INTERVENTION: Resistance, endurance and balance exercise three times weekly for 12 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: Quadriceps strength was determined by maximum voluntary isometric contraction. An MRI of the thigh was used to determine cross-sectional area of lean tissue and IMAT. MQ was calculated as the force per unit area of lean tissue. Individuals were stratified into tertiles (Low IMAT, Middle IMAT, High IMAT) based on pre-IMAT levels. Changes in MQ, lean and IMAT were compared across groups. RESULTS: No significant changes in lean or IMAT occurred in any group with training. MQ increased only in the Low IMAT group. The Middle and High IMAT groups did not demonstrate a significant change in MQ following 12 weeks of training. Low IMAT, pre = 2.7 [0.6] post= 3.0 [0.6]; Middle IMAT, pre =2.54 [0.8] post =2.75 [0.7]; High IMAT, pre =2.6 [0.6] to post =2.5 [0.6]. CONCLUSION: High levels of thigh IMAT appear to blunt the adaptive MQ response to training. High levels of thigh IMAT may be a potential reason why some older adults do not change their MQ following training. Future research should confirm these results and determine why IMAT impairs MQ and the adaptive response to training in older adults.

Initial fracture resistance and curing temperature rise of ten contemporary resin-based composites with increasing radiant exposure.

OBJECTIVES: The principal objective of this study was to determine whether the bulk fracture resistance of ten light activated composites varied over a clinically realistic range of radiant exposures between 5 and 40 J/cm(2). METHODS: Ten operators were tested for clinically simulated radiant exposure delivery from a Bluephase(®) (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) LED light to an occlusal cavity floor in tooth 27 in a mannequin head using a MARC(®)-Patient Simulator (Bluelight Analytics Inc., Halifax, NS) device. Notch disc test samples were prepared to determine the torque resistance to fracture (T) of the composites. Samples were irradiated with the same monowave Bluephase(®) light for 10s, 20s or 40s at distances of 0mm or 7 mm. After 24h, storage samples were fractured in a universal testing machine and torque to failure was derived. RESULTS: Radiant exposure delivered in the clinical simulation ranged from 14.3% to 69.4% of maximum mean radiant exposure deliverable at 0mm in a MARC(®)-Resin Calibrator (Bluelight Analytics Inc., Halifax, NS) test device. Mean torque to failure increased significantly (P<0.05) with radiant exposure for 8 out of 10 products. The micro-fine hybrid composite Gradia Direct anterior (GC) had the lowest mean (S.D.) T between 10.3 (1.8)N/mm and 13.7 (2.2)N/mm over the tested radiant exposure range. Three heavily filled materials Majesty Posterior, Clearfil APX and Clearfil Photo-Posterior (Kuraray) had mean T values in excess of 25 N/mm following 40 J/cm(2) radiant exposure. Mean T for Z100 (3MESPE) and Esthet-X (Dentsply) increased by 10% and 91% respectively over the tested range of radiant exposures. CONCLUSIONS: Individual products require different levels of radiant exposure to optimize their fracture resistance. Light activated composites vary in the rate at which they attain optimal fracture resistance. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Unless the clinician accurately controls all the variables associated with energy delivery, there is no way of predicting that acceptable fracture resistance will be achieved intra-orally.

Regional muscle glucose uptake remains elevated one week after cessation of resistance training independent of altered insulin sensitivity response in older adults with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with a decline in skeletal muscle size.Muscle is critical both for mobility and glucose disposal. While resistance exercise (RE) increases muscle mass and function in the elderly, its role in improving glucose utilization is less clear. AIMS: To investigate whether muscle size was linked with insulin sensitivity (IS) in elders with diabetes following RE and if regional muscle glucose uptake differed from systemic glucose utilization. METHODS: Seven (68.4 ± 5.9 yr) adults with diabetes participated. After 16 weeks of RE, within 24 h (post 1) and after 1 week of no exercise (post 2), lean tissue cross-sectional area (CSA) and IS via glucose infusion rate (GIR) were assessed along with a standardized 18-F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography uptake value (SUV). RESULTS: CSA increased between pre-test (108.5 ± 35.3 cm2) and post 1 (116.8 ± 40.9 cm2), p=0.02 and did not differ at post 2 (116.0 ± 39.3 cm2). GIR during the 40 mU/m2/min insulin clamp differed between pretest (22.0 ± 15.8 mg/kg/min) and post 1 (67.9 ± 72.8 mg/kg/min), and post 1 and post 2 (25.0 ± 27.2 mg/kg/min) but not between pre-test and post 2. GIR results during the 200 mU/m2/min insulin clamps also differed between pre-test and post 1, and post 1 and post 2 but not between pre-test and post 2. FDG-SUV increased between pre-test (1.1 ± 0.2) and post 1 (1.4 ± 0.3), and remained stable between post 1 and post 2 (1.4 ± 0.4). CONCLUSION: RE that increased muscle size and FDG-SUV improved IS 24 h but not 1 week after exercise training.

Do 'passive' medical titanium surfaces deteriorate in service in the absence of wear?

Globally, more than 1000 tonnes of titanium (Ti) is implanted into patients in the form of biomedical devices on an annual basis. Ti is perceived to be 'biocompatible' owing to the presence of a robust passive oxide film (approx. 4 nm thick) at the metal surface. However, surface deterioration can lead to the release of Ti ions, and particles can arise as the result of wear and/or corrosion processes. This surface deterioration can result in peri-implant inflammation, leading to the premature loss of the implanted device or the requirement for surgical revision. Soft tissues surrounding commercially pure cranial anchorage devices (bone-anchored hearing aid) were investigated using synchrotron X-ray micro-fluorescence spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge structure. Here, we present the first experimental evidence that minimal load-bearing Ti implants, which are not subjected to macroscopic wear processes, can release Ti debris into the surrounding soft tissue. As such debris has been shown to be pro-inflammatory, we propose that such distributions of Ti are likely to effect to the service life of the device.

Improved Dynamic Postural Task Performance without Improvements in Postural Responses: The Blessing and the Curse of Dopamine Replacement.

Introduction. Dopamine-replacement medications may improve mobility while not improving responses to postural challenges and could therefore increase fall risk. The purpose of this study was to measure reactive postural responses and gait-related mobility of patients with PD during ON and OFF medication conditions. Methods. Reactive postural responses to the Pull Test and performance of the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) were recorded from 15 persons with PD during ON and OFF medication conditions. Results. Persons with PD demonstrated no significant difference in the reactive postural responses between medication conditions but demonstrated significantly better performance on the FGA when ON medications compared to OFF. Discussion/Conclusion. Dopamine-replacement medications alone may improve gait-related mobility without improvements in reactive postural responses and therefore could result in iatrogenic increases in fall risk. Rehabilitation providers should be aware of the side effects and limitations of medication treatment and implement interventions to improve postural responses.

Biofilm formation on bone-anchored hearing aids.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate microbiological biofilm contamination of retrieved bone-anchored hearing aids. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine failed, retrieved bone-anchored hearing aids and 16 internal screws were examined by scanning electron microscopy. A fixture from a failing implant, which had been removed and disassembled under aseptic conditions, was cultured. Finally, an internal screw from a new, unimplanted fixture was examined by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Debris was seen on the fixture and abutment of all bone-anchored hearing aids, and on the heads of the 16 internal screws. On eight screws, biofilm extended down the shaft to the threads, where it was several micrometres thick. Culture of a failing fixture yielded staphylococcus. The new, unimplanted fixture internal screw showed evidence of scratching and metallic debris on the threads, which may interfere with close fitting of the screw and subsequently facilitate microleakage. CONCLUSION: There may be a link between internal microbial contamination and failure of bone-anchored hearing aids.

Transient and residual stresses in a pressable glass-ceramic before and after resin-cement coating determined using profilometry.

OBJECTIVE: The effect of heat-pressing and subsequent pre-cementation (acid-etching) and resin-cementation operative techniques on the development of transient and residual stresses in different thicknesses of a lithium disilicate glass-ceramic were characterised using profilometry prior to biaxial flexure strength (BFS) determination. METHODS: 60 IPS e.max Press discs were pressed and divested under controlled conditions. The discs were polished on one surface to thicknesses of 0.61±0.05, 0.84±0.08, and 1.06±0.07 mm (Groups A-C, respectively). The mean of the maximum deflection (acid-etching and resin-coating was determined using high resolution profilometery prior to BFS testing. Paired sample t-tests were performed (p<0.05) on the 20 individual samples in each group (Groups A-C) for each comparison. Differences between the baseline quantification and resin-cement coating deflection values and BFS values for Groups A-C were determined using a one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: Baseline quantification for Groups A-C identified no significant differences between the group means of the maximum deflection values (p=0.341). Following HF acid-etching, a significant increase in deflection for all groups (p<0.001) was identified compared with the baseline quantification. Additionally, resin-cement coating significantly increased deflection for Group A (p<0.001), Group B (p<0.001) and Group C (p=0.001) specimens for the individual groups. The increased deflection from baseline quantification to resin-cement coating was significantly different (p<0.001) for the three specimen thicknesses, although the BFS values were not. SIGNIFICANCE: The lower reported baseline quantification range of the mean of the maximum deflection for the IPS e.max(®) Press specimens was predominantly the result of specimen polishing regime inducing a tensile stress state across the surface defect integral which accounted for the observed surface convexity. Acid-etching and resin-cementation had a significant impact on the development and magnitude of the transient and residual stresses in the lithium disilicate glass-ceramic investigated.

Testing balance and fall risk in persons with Parkinson disease, an argument for ecologically valid testing.

INTRODUCTION: Despite clear deficits in postural control, most clinical examination tools lack accuracy in identifying persons with Parkinson disease (PD) who have fallen or are at risk for falls. We assert that this is in part due to the lack of ecological validity of the testing. METHODS: To test this assertion, we examined the responsiveness and predictive validity of the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), the Pull test, and the Timed up and Go (TUG) during clinically defined ON and OFF medication states. To address responsiveness, ON/OFF medication performance was compared. To address predictive validity, areas under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were compared. Comparisons were made using separate non-parametric tests. RESULTS: Thirty-six persons (24 male, 12 female) with PD (22 fallers, 14 non-fallers) participated. Only the FGA was able to detect differences between fallers and non-fallers for both ON/OFF medication testing. The predictive validity of the FGA and the TUG for fall identification was higher during OFF medication compared to ON medication testing. The predictive validity of the FGA was higher than the TUG and the Pull test during ON and OFF medication testing. DISCUSSION: In order to most accurately identify fallers, clinicians should test persons with PD in ecologically relevant conditions and tasks. In this study, interpretation of the OFF medication performance and use of the FGA provided more accurate prediction of those who would fall.

The deformation and strength of a dental ceramic following resin-cement coating.

OBJECTIVES: The hypothesis tested was that processing, pre-cementation and cementation techniques can modify the profilometrically measured deformation of a ceramic. METHODS: Three-point flexural moduli of a resin-cement were characterised following light irradiation at 430 and 180 mW cm⁻². Thirty IPS e.max Ceram discs were prepared and a reference surface produced by polishing. Discs were annealed, alumina particle air abraded and resin-coated. Profilometric evaluation was performed following each pre-cementation or cementation operative technique using a contact diamond stylus profilometer. Bi-axial flexure strength of the resin-coated discs, light irradiated at 430 and 180 mW cm⁻² (Groups A and B), and the un-coated discs (Group C) was determined. Data were analysed by a one-way analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey tests (P<0.05), or repeat measure analyses when appropriate. RESULTS: Annealing (at 510°C for 40 min) resulted in a significant reduction (P<0.001) in the characterised mean deflection, as did alumina particle air-abrasion (P<0.001). Resin-cement coating significantly increased the mean deflection for Groups A and B (P<0.001) specimens against the uncoated state. Furthermore no significant impact of increasing time or irradiation intensity on the mean deflection was identified. The mean bi-axial flexure strength was significantly increased (P<0.001) after resin-coating (Groups A and B) when compared with Group C specimens although no difference between Groups A and B specimens (P=0.291) was identified. CONCLUSION: The results of the profilometric technique in combination with the strength supported a strengthening mechanism sensitive to shrinkage stress generation associated with the polymerisation of resin-cements.