Possible effects of different types of agricultural wastes on food security and mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) production.

One of the new waters, and environmentally friendly agriculture initiatives in Peru is to encourage the utilization of agricultural waste, because low agricultural output is a threat to food security there. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of harvest residues on the basidiocarp production of the fungus Pleurotus Ostreatus, in Acobamba-Huancavelica. The trial had a completely randomized design, and the treatments included T1, barley stubbles; T2, wheat stubbles; T3, pea stubbles; T4, broad bean stubbles; and T5, quinoa stubbles. The research was quantitative in nature, taking the form of an experiment with an applied, explanatory level of design. The recorded data was tabulated and analyzed with analysis of variance, as well as Tukey's test (α:0.05), for which the statistical software Infostat was used. The results are presented in tables and graphs for a better interpretation. As main results, it was obtained that the time (colonization), diameter (stem, pileus), length (stem) and weight (basidiocarps), present statistical differences between treatments showing significant enhancement in all parameters. Despite a numerical difference, a Tukey average comparison test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the averages for the variable time for fungus colonisation, suggesting that the treatment T5 in which quinoa substrate showed the greatest average. Treatment T4 in which broad bean stubbles were used gave the most low-average. In conclusion, increment in all parámeters were noted in all treatment of Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus under Acobamba conditions.

Recent and historical developments in chelated fertilizers as plant nutritional sources, their usage efficiency, and application methods.

Chelates are nutrient-rich compounds that enhance the condition of plant tissues as micronutrients. Micronutrient deficiencies particularly iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) leads to various problems for plant including chlorosis and necrosis etc. An adequate intake of Fe and Zn etc. is required by the human body. Biofortification of cereals with Fe and Zn is seen as a cost-effective solution to the problem of Fe and Zn deficiencies as well. In recent decades, many chelating compounds have been established and incorporated into agricultural systems. The most recent formulation involves the use of amino acids synthesized with one or more nutrient ions to improve fertilizer efficiency and better respond to environmental conservation. In addition to its primary function as a source of micronutrients, aminochelled are an active nitrogen (N) stimulant in plant nutrition, preventing the negative effects of basic N fertilizers like urea. The use of amino chelates, rather than just chemical fertilizers, has been shown to provide better production and quality as well as higher nutritional concentrations in several experiments. Furthermore, this review sheds light on various aspects of amino chelates fertilizers including types, history, and their effects on agricultural crops. In spite of amino chelates fast dominance in many countries' fertilizer countries, there is not enough scientific data and knowledge on the specific reactions of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses from amino fertilizers.

Recent and historical developments in chelated fertilizers as plant nutritional sources, their usage efficiency, and application methods / Desenvolvimentos recentes e históricos em fertilizantes quelatados como fontes nutricionais de plantas, eficiência de uso e métodos de aplicação

Chelates are nutrient-rich compounds that enhance the condition of plant tissues as micronutrients. Micronutrient deficiencies particularly iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) leads to various problems for plant including chlorosis and necrosis etc. An adequate intake of Fe and Zn etc. is required by the human body. Biofortification of cereals with Fe and Zn is seen as a cost-effective solution to the problem of Fe and Zn deficiencies as well. In recent decades, many chelating compounds have been established and incorporated into agricultural systems. The most recent formulation involves the use of amino acids synthesized with one or more nutrient ions to improve fertilizer efficiency and better respond to environmental conservation. In addition to its primary function as a source of micronutrients, aminochelled are an active nitrogen (N) stimulant in plant nutrition, preventing the negative effects of basic N fertilizers like urea. The use of amino chelates, rather than just chemical fertilizers, has been shown to provide better production and quality as well as higher nutritional concentrations in several experiments. Furthermore, this review sheds light on various aspects of amino chelates fertilizers including types, history, and their effects on agricultural crops. In spite of amino chelates fast dominance in many countries' fertilizer countries, there is not enough scientific data and knowledge on the specific reactions of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses from amino fertilizers.

Os quelatos são compostos ricos em nutrientes que melhoram a condição dos tecidos vegetais como micronutrientes. Deficiências de micronutrientes, particularmente ferro (Fe) e zinco (Zn), levam a vários problemas para as plantas, incluindo clorose e necrose, etc. A ingestão de uma quantidade adequada de Fe e Zn, etc., é exigida pelo corpo humano. A biofortificação de cereais com Fe e Zn também é vista como uma solução econômica para o problema das deficiências de Fe e Zn. Nas últimas décadas, muitos compostos quelantes foram estabelecidos e incorporados em sistemas agrícolas. A formulação mais recente envolve o uso de aminoácidos sintetizados com um ou mais íons nutrientes para melhorar a eficiência do fertilizante e responder melhor à conservação ambiental. Além de sua função primária como fonte de micronutrientes, os aminoquelados são um estimulante de nitrogênio (N) ativo na nutrição das plantas, evitando os efeitos negativos de fertilizantes nitrogenados básicos como a ureia. O uso de aminoquelatos, ao invés de apenas fertilizantes químicos, tem mostrado proporcionar melhor produção e qualidade, bem como maiores concentrações nutricionais em vários experimentos. Além disso, a presente revisão lança luz sobre vários aspectos dos fertilizantes aminoquelatos, incluindo tipos, história e seus efeitos nas culturas agrícolas. Apesar do domínio rápido dos aminoquelatos em muitos países de fertilizantes, não há dados científicos suficientes e conhecimento sobre as reações específicas das plantas aos estresses bióticos e abióticos dos fertilizantes amino.

Possible effects of different types of agricultural wastes on food security and mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) production / Possíveis efeitos de diferentes tipos de resíduos agrícolas na segurança alimentar e na produção de cogumelos (Pleurotus ostreatus)

One of the new waters, and environmentally friendly agriculture initiatives in Peru is to encourage the utilization of agricultural waste, because low agricultural output is a threat to food security there. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of harvest residues on the basidiocarp production of the fungus Pleurotus Ostreatus, in Acobamba-Huancavelica. The trial had a completely randomized design, and the treatments included T1, barley stubbles; T2, wheat stubbles; T3, pea stubbles; T4, broad bean stubbles; and T5, quinoa stubbles. The research was quantitative in nature, taking the form of an experiment with an applied, explanatory level of design. The recorded data was tabulated and analyzed with analysis of variance, as well as Tukey's test (α:0.05), for which the statistical software Infostat was used. The results are presented in tables and graphs for a better interpretation. As main results, it was obtained that the time (colonization), diameter (stem, pileus), length (stem) and weight (basidiocarps), present statistical differences between treatments showing significant enhancement in all parameters. Despite a numerical difference, a Tukey average comparison test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the averages for the variable time for fungus colonisation, suggesting that the treatment T5 in which quinoa substrate showed the greatest average. Treatment T4 in which broad bean stubbles were used gave the most low-average. In conclusion, increment in all parámeters were noted in all treatment of Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus under Acobamba conditions.

Uma das novas iniciativas de águas e agricultura ecológica no Peru é incentivar a utilização de resíduos agrícolas, porque a baixa produção agrícola é uma ameaça à segurança alimentar no país. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito dos resíduos da colheita na produção de basidiocarpos do fungo Pleurotus ostreatus, em Acobamba-Huancavelica. O ensaio teve um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e os tratamentos incluíram T1, restolho de cevada; T2, soqueiras de trigo; T3, restolho de ervilha; T4, restolho de fava; e T5, restolho de quinoa. A pesquisa foi de natureza quantitativa, assumindo a forma de experimento com um nível de design aplicado e explicativo. Os dados registrados foram tabulados e analisados com análise de variância, bem como teste de Tukey (α:0,05), para o qual foi utilizado o software estatístico Infostat. Os resultados são apresentados em tabelas e gráficos para melhor interpretação. Como principais resultados, obteve-se que o tempo (colonização), diâmetro (caule, píleo), comprimento (caule) e peso (basidiocarpos) apresentam diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos, mostrando melhora significativa em todos os parâmetros. Apesar da diferença numérica, o teste de comparação de médias de Tukey revelou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias para a variável tempo de colonização do fungo, sugerindo que o tratamento T5 em que usou o substrato quinoa, apresentou a maior média. O tratamento T4, no qual foram usadas restolhos de fava, apresentou a média mais baixa. Em conclusão, incrementos em todos os parâmetros foram observados em todos os tratamentos de Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus nas condições de Acobamba.

Pruebas monoaurales de habla de baja redundancia: Evaluación de la separación/cierre monoaural

Resumen La separación y el cierre monoaural son mecanismos del procesamiento auditivo que permiten mantener interacciones comunicativas significativas en ambientes reales, con condiciones acústicas adversas, ruido competitivo e interlocutores no ideales. Estas habilidades dependen de la redundancia intrínseca, que está determinada por las estructuras y fisiología del sistema nervioso auditivo central, y de la redundancia extrínseca, que está determinada por las pistas acústicas, lingüísticas y contextuales de la señal auditiva. Estos procesos se han evaluado a través de distintas formas de degradación de la redundancia extrínseca, dando origen a tres categorías de prueba: pruebas de habla filtrada de pasa baja, pruebas de habla en ruido y pruebas de habla de tiempo comprimido. Últimamente, se han popularizado las pruebas de habla en ruido, sin embargo, las tres categorías cuentan con documentación que avalan su utilidad, se encuentran disponi-bles en español y es posible aplicarlas tanto en niños como en adultos. A pesar de que algunas cuentan con valores normativos establecidos, es necesario interpretar los resultados considerando su validez ecológica y algunas variables como escolaridad, nivel socio-económico y otros determinantes sociales de la salud que podrían influenciar el rendimiento.

Abstract Monaural separation and closure are auditory processing mechanisms that allow to maintain significant communicative interactions in real environments, with adverse acoustic conditions, competitive noise and non-ideal speakers. These skills depend on intrinsic redundancy, which is determined by the structures and physiology of the central auditory nervous system, and extrinsic redundancy, which is determined by the acoustic, linguistic and contextual cues of the auditory signal. These processes have been assessed through different forms of degradation of extrinsic redundancy, giving rise to three test categories: low-pass filtered speech tests, speech in noise tests and time-compressed speech tests. Speech in noise tests have become popular in recent years, however, all three categories have documentation to support their usefulness, are available in Spanish and can be applied to both children and adults. Although some have established normative values, it is necessary to interpret the results considering their ecological validity and some variables such as schooling, socioeconomic status and other social determinants of health that could influence performance.

Time for radioimmunotherapy: an overview to bring improvements in clinical practice.

Harnessing the patient's own immune system against an established cancer has proven to be a successful strategy. Within the last years, several antibodies blocking critical "checkpoints" that control the activation of T cells, the immune cells able to kill cancer cells, have been approved for the use in patients with different tumours. Unfortunately, these cases remain a minority. Over the last years, radiotherapy has been reported as a means to turn a patient's own tumour into an in situ vaccine and generate anti-tumour T cells in patients who lack sufficient anti-tumour immunity. Indeed, review data show that the strategy of blocking multiple selected immune inhibitory targets in combination with radiotherapy has the potential to unleash powerful anti-tumour responses and improve the outcome of metastatic solid tumours. Here, we review the principal tumours where research in this field has led to new knowledge and where radioimmunotherapy becomes a reality.

Conocimientos y actitudes sobre de la donación de sangre en la escuela superior de maestros Mariscal Sucre / Knowledge and attitudes about the blood donation at the superior school Mariscal Sucre management

OBJETIVOS: evaluar los conocimientos y describir las actitudes que tienen los estudiantes de la Escuela Superior de Maestros Mariscal Sucre acerca de la donación de sangre. La investigación es de tipo cuantitativo transversal, el tipo de muestreo usado es: Muestreo aleatorio estratificado y fue llevado a cabo durante los meses de abril a octubre 2019, obteniendo una muestra constituida por 219 Estudiantes de los distintos grados de formación. Se evaluó a los estudiantes respecto a los conocimiento generales que poseen en cuanto a la donación de sangre y se obtuvo un porcentaje de 45,7 % de reprobados, los cuales se constituyen en estudiantes que no alcanzaron responder correctamente el 50 % de las preguntas básicas, en cuanto a las actitudes los estudiantes consideraron que donar sangre es importante y que con la información necesaria donaría sangre en un futuro, tomando en cuenta que el principal motivo para hacerlo sería que un familiar o amigo lo necesitara. Entre los factores que impiden donar sangre están la poca información que reciben acerca del tema, hay una probabilidad de 2,18 (p<0,01) veces que los reprobados no consideran donar sangre por el temor de contraer alguna enfermedad durante el acto de donación y existe la creencia de que la sangre donada es comercializada. En conclusión, si bien un poco más de la mitad de los estudiantes demostró tener conocimientos básicos en donación de sangre, hay ideas erróneas entre la población de la escuela superior de maestro Mariscal Sucre, aún existen muchos mitos y tabúes que impiden al estudiante realizar el acto voluntario de donación de sangre.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the knowledge and describe the attitudes that students of the Mariscal Sucre School of teachers have about blood donation The research is of a quantitative cross-sectional type, the type of sampling used is: stratified random sampling and was carried out during the months of april to october 2019, obtaining a simple consisting of 219 Students of the different levels of training. Students were evaluated regarding the general knowledge they have regarding blood donation and a percentage of 45.7% of failing was obtained, which constitute students who failed to correctly answer 50% of the basic questions as regards attitudes, students considered that donating blood is important and that with the necessary information they would donate blood in the future, taking into account that the main reason for doing so would be for a family member or friend to need it. Among the factors that prevent donating blood are the little information they receive on the subject, there is a probability of 2.18 (p <0.01) times that the reprobate do not consider donating blood for fear of contracting any disease during the act of donation and there is a belief that donated blood is marketed. In conclusion, although a little more than half of the students proved to have basic knowledge in blood donation, there are misconceptions among the population of the master school Mariscal Sucre, there are still many myths and taboos that prevent the student perform the voluntary act of blood donation

Genetic analysis of signal peptides in amphibian antimicrobial secretions.

Amphibian secretion is an important source of bioactive molecules that naturally protect the skin against noxious microorganisms. Collectively called antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), these molecules have a wide spectrum of action, targeting viruses, bacteria and fungi. Like many membrane and secreted proteins, AMPs have cleavable signal sequences that mediate and translocate the nascent polypeptide chains into the endoplasmic reticulum. Although it is accepted that the signal peptides (SPs) are simple and interchangeable, there is neither sequence nor structure that is conserved among all gene families. They derived from a common ancestor but developed different traits as they adapt to distinct environmental pressures. The aim of this study was to provide anoverview of the diversity of SPs of the frog, taking into account reported cDNA sequences and the evolutionary relationship among them. We analysed more than 2000 records that reported the relative abundance, diversity and evolutionary divergence based on the peptide signals of frog AMPs. We conclude that the physical properties of the sequence are more important than the specific peptidesin AMP SPs. Since there is significant overlapping among related genera, differences in secretion from different peptide types should be regulated by additional levels, such as posttranscriptional modifications or 5-UTR sequences.

Human papillomavirus load in benign HPV-associated oral lesions from HIV/AIDS individuals.

BACKGROUND: Although HPV emerged as a crucial carcinogenic and prognostic biomarker in head and neck cancer, and considering the increase in HPV-associated oral lesions (HPV-OLs) in HIV individuals, molecular information about HPV-OLs is scarce; thus, our aim was to determine viral loads in HPV-OLs from HIV/AIDS individuals. METHODS: HIV/AIDS subjects with HPV-OL were included in this cross-sectional study. Following informed consent, biopsies were obtained. HPV detection and typing were carried out by PCR and sequencing (MY09/11, GP5+/6+). HPV-13 and HPV-32 loads were determined by a high-resolution melting assay. For statistical analysis, X2 , Fisher's exact, and Mann-Whitney U tests were applied, using SPSS software (v.23). RESULTS: Twenty-nine HIV subjects (median age 38 years, 93% males) were included. Most were AIDS individuals (72.4%) under HAART (89.7%). Twenty-two (75.9%) participants had more than one HPV-OL (four with florid presentations), mostly multifocal epithelial hyperplasia (62%), being HPV-13 (26%) and HPV-32 (31%) the most frequent types. HPV load was higher in individuals with multiple HPV-OLs than in solitary lesions (4.9 vs. 3.2 Log10 copies/ml, p = .090) and in HPV-32+ than in HPV-13+ (8.3 vs. 6.4 Log10 copies/ml, p = .014). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple HPV-OLs showed high HPV loads, possibly indicating transcriptional activity of the virus; however, in the HIV setting, the individual and local immunological response could be the key process.

Adenoma corticoadrenal, presentándose como un incidentaloma: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Adrenocortical adenoma, presenting as an incidentaloma: case report and literature review

Resumen Objetivo: Presentamos un caso clínico con diagnóstico de incidentaloma adrenal no funcionante asintomático y analizamos las implicaciones clínicas y el abordaje realizado. Caso clínico: Se reporta el caso de un masculino de 53 años, asintomático, con hallazgo ecográfico accidental de imagen hipoecoica de contornos bien definidos en la glándula suprarrenal derecha que presentó incremento en su tamaño. Su estudio hormonal fue negativo para hiperfunción adrenal. Resultados: Se realizó suprarrenalectomía laparoscópica con técnica de 4 trocares con resección completa de la lesión. El paciente presentó buena evolución posquirúrgica. El estudio anatomopatológico concluyó el diagnóstico de adenoma corticoadrenal no funcionante. Conclusión: Ante el hallazgo de una masa adrenal mayor de 1 cm corresponde realizar una identificación hormonal y una evaluación del riesgo de malignidad en los pacientes, los cuales, junto con parámetros imagenológicos y los síntomas presentados, permitirán definir las complicaciones en el manejo y el pronóstico del paciente. El diagnóstico diferencial de los adenomas adrenales está basado en la identificación hormonal, el conocimiento radiológico y el grado de compromiso de la lesión. El abordaje laparoscópico es de elección en las lesiones pequeñas y sin sospecha de malignidad.

Objective: We present a clinical case with diagnosis of an asymptomatic nonfunctional adrenal incidentaloma, in which we discuss the clinical implications and the approach. Clinical case: Male patient, 53 years old with an accidental sonographic finding, characterized by a hypoechoic image of well-defined contours in the right adrenal gland of less than 2 cm. The hormonal test showed no adrenal hyperfunctioning. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy technique is performed with 4 trocars with complete excision of the lesion. The patient presented good postoperative evolution. Results: The pathology study showed a well-defined and benign tumor lesion of the adrenal gland, being similar to the fascicular zone and cortical hyperplasia next to it. The diagnosis is a non-functioning adenoma of the adrenal gland derived from the fascicular zone. Conclusion: Given the finding of an adrenal mass greater than 1 cm mass corresponds perform a hormonal identification and risk assessment of malignancy in patients, which with imaging parameters (echogenicity, bilateralism and the adjacent commitment) and symptoms presented allow to identify the complications in the management and prognosis of the patient. The differential diagnosis of adrenal adenomas is based on the hormonal evaluation, radiological knowledge and the commitment of the injury.

Estudio observacional, pacientes con diagnóstico y tratamiento de Melanoma en el Instituto Oncológico Solca, Guayaquil / Observational study, patients with diagnosis and treatment of Melanoma at the Solca Cancer Institute, Guayaquil

Introducción:La calidad de vida de pacientes con melanoma ha mejorado en la última década, gracias a los diagnósticos tempranos y tratamientos complementarios disponibles. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar las características clínicas de pacientes con melanoma y su grado de supervivencia. Métodos: El presente estudio observacional fue realizado en el Instituto Oncológico Solca (Guayaquil ­Ecuador), en el período 2003­2009. Participaron los pacientes registrados con diagnóstico histopatológico de Melanoma. Las variables incluidas fueron: edad, sexo, escala de Clark, índice de Breslow, supervivencia a 4 años. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados:Se incluyeron en el estudio 106 registros de pacientes con diagnóstico de melanoma. La edad más prevalente fue de 60 a 81 años, con predominio del sexo masculino, localización más común del melanoma en extremidades inferiores, evolución promedio de 2 años (±0.17). Según la escala de Breslow, el 49 % de los casos correspondieron a melanomas de 0.76 ­1.5 mm de espesor. El estadiaje de Clark más frecuente fue nivel III (50 %). El tipo clínico de mayor incidencia fue melanoma de extensión superficial (54 %). Supervivencia global a4años fue del 70%. Conclusiones:La supervivencia reportada en el presente estudio es similar a la de los reportes de la comunidad científica, ratificando la importancia de un diagnóstico en etapa temprana y del tratamiento quirúrgico como efecto resolutivo y curativo en dicha patología.

Introduction: Survival of patients with melanoma is improving in this last decade, due to the earlier diagnoses and complementary treatments available. The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical characteristics of patients with melanoma and survival of this group of patients. Methods: The present observational study was carried out in the Oncological Institute (Solca) -Guayaquil-Ecuador. In the period 2003-2009. The records of patients with a histopathological diagnosis of Melanoma were included. The variables were age, sex, Clark's scale, Breslow index, 3-year survival and 4 years. A statistical description was used. Results:A total of 106 records of patients diagnosed with melanoma were included in the study. The most prevalent age was 60 to 81 years, with predominance of males, the most common location in the lower extremities, with an average evolution of 2 years ± 0.17. According to the Breslow scale, 49% of the cases corresponded to melanomas from 0.76 to 1.5 mm thick. The most frequent Clark staging at level III (50%). The most frequent clinical type was melanoma with superficial extension (54%). Overall survival at 3.5 years was 68.5%. Conclusions: The survival reported in the present study is similar to the reports of the scientific community, ratifying the importance of an early stage diagnosis and surgical treatment as a resolutive and curative effect in said pathology.

Effect of estradiol cypionate and GnRH treatment on plasma estradiol-17ß concentrations, synchronization of ovulation and on pregnancy rates in suckled beef cows treated with FTAI-based protocols.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of different ovulation inducers on E-17ß plasma concentrations, synchronized ovulations and pregnancy rates. In Experiment 1, cows received a progesterone intravaginal device (PID) with 1 g of progesterone (P4) plus 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) (day 0). At PID removal (day 8), cows received 0.150 mg of D-cloprostenol and were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (n = 10/treatment): Group ECP: 1 mg of estradiol cypionate at PID removal, Group EB: 1 mg of EB 24 hr after PID removal, Group GnRH: 10 µg of GnRH 48 hr after PID removal, Group ECP-GnRH: 1 mg of ECP at PID removal plus 10 µg of GnRH 48 hr later. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed to detect the dominant follicle and ovulation. GnRH-treated cows ovulated later (p < .05) compared to ECP- and ECP+GnRH-treated cows. There were effects of treatment, time and their interaction on E-17ß concentrations (p < .05). ECP treatment affected plasma E-17ß concentration, which increased earlier and decreased later compared to treatments without ECP. In Experiment 2, cows received (i) ECP: n = 126; (ii) EB: n = 126; (iii) GnRH: n = 136; (iv) ECP+GnRH: n = 139; FTAI was performed 48-50 hr after PID removal. Pregnancy rates did not differ among ovulation inducers (p > .05; ECP: 54.0%, 68/126; EB: 49.2%, 62/126; GnRH: 40.4%, 55/136; ECP+GnRH: 43.9%, 61/139). In conclusion, ECP administration (ECP and ECP+GnRH treatments) affected E-17ß concentrations, determining its earlier increase and later decrease compared to treatments without ECP (EB and GnRH treatments). ECP+GnRH-treated cows achieved the best distribution of ovulations without affecting pregnancy rates.

Evaluación de furoato de mometasona en el tratamiento de hipertrofia de adenoides sin repercusión otológica / Evaluation of mometasone furoate in the treatment of hypertrophy of adenoids without impact otológica

Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico en los hospitales: J. M. de los Ríos, Universitario de Caracas y Francisco Isnardi de Puerto Cabello, en el cual se planteó el uso de aerosol nasal acuoso de Furoato de Mometasona (ANAFM), en pacientes con hipertrofia adenoidea sin repercusión otológica para medir la evolución de los síntomas y signos que ésta produce (respiración oral, ronquido y rinorrea), y se presentan de manera amplia en la discusión y las tablas respectivas, además se incluyen gráficos de evolución de los promedios y a partir de ellos se localizan las tendencias de las variables según los días específicos de medición y su relación con las tendencias de los días restantes, donde se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. En el caso de respiración oral se obtiene un valor p tal que p<0,005; mientras que para la variable ronquido se obtiene un valor p tal que p<0,01. Finalmente para frecuencia de los síntomas se obtiene un valor p tal que p<0,005. En todos los casos se trató de un descenso significativo en relación con los valores iniciales respecto del día sesenta. Se concluye que el ANAFM es una alternativa en el manejo de los pacientes con hipertrofia adenoidea sin repercusión otológica.

Prenatal RR fluctuations dynamics: detecting fetal short-range fractal correlations.

OBJECTIVE: Several studies have suggested that the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) during gestation provides indications of the development or maturation of fetal cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms. In this study, we evaluate the existence of short-range fractal-like correlations in fetal RR fluctuations data from the second half of human gestation. METHODS: Fifty-six short-term abdominal ECG recordings were obtained from low-middle-risk pregnant women. Gestational age varied from estimated 21 weeks to term. For comparison, RR-interval data of 51 healthy adults were also analysed. RESULTS: Principal findings along the gestational period explored were the existence of fractal RR dynamics in prenatal fetal data as revealed by the short-range scaling exponent alpha(1). No significant differences of alpha(1) (p = 0.4770) were found between fetal (median 1.2879) and adult data (median 1.3214), either between the fetal cases before or after 24 weeks (p = 0.6116) despite observing more variation at early stages. However, fetal RR data did involve lower magnitude in comparison with adults as we found significant differences in pNN20 and SDNN values. CONCLUSION: The fetal short-range fractal behaviour of RR data could then be linked to the functional development of the parasympathetic activity, which appears to become manifested before 21 weeks of gestation.

Comparison of RR-interval scaling exponents derived from long and short segments at different wake periods.

Heartbeat fluctuations show fractal-like correlations that are associated with highly adaptive cardiovascular regulatory systems. Moreover, the short-range fractal or scaling exponent alpha(1) extracted from these correlations has been found to be a predictor of mortality for subjects with an impaired left ventricular function. In general, the RR-interval data required for this analysis are derived from long-term ECG recordings during free-running conditions. Yet short-term recordings are more likely to be obtained in some practical circumstances, so becoming relevant to assess the possibility of obtaining representative alpha(1) exponents from these recordings. Here, we compare the alpha(1) exponents extracted from the RR-interval series (9:00 AM-6:00 PM) of 51 healthy adults in normal sinus rhythm and the alpha(1) calculated from three shorted segments of only 700 beats obtained from the same series at 9:00 AM, 1:30 PM and 5:00 PM. We found no significant differences between the scaling exponents derived from the whole 9 h series and the short segments at 9:00 AM and 5:00 PM, but did find significant differences when comparing the whole series with the short segment at 1:30 PM. Thus, only if the time of day is taken into consideration can short segments of heartbeat fluctuation data be used to obtain representative alpha(1) exponents.

Las lesiones placentarias en la infección humana por Trypanosoma cruzi / Placental lesions in human Trypanosoma cruzi infection

This histopathological study analyzes placentas of babies congenitally infected with T. cruzi (M+B+), or babies not infected but born from infected- (M+B-), or non infected-mothers (M-B-). Placentas M+B+ showed lesions of chorionitis, chorioamnionitis and cord edema with lymphocyte infiltration, whereas such lesions were infiltrated only with polymorphonuclear cells in M+B- and M-B- placentas. Parasites were found in M+B+ placentas, in fibroblasts and macrophages of chorion, membranes, chorionic plate, mainly in the area of membrane insertion, as well as in cells of Wharton jelly and myocytes of umbilical cord vessels. These results suggest that the materno-fetal transmission of parasites occurs mainly through the marginal sinus, spreading into the chorionic plate infecting fibroblasts and macrophages so far as to found a fetal vessel, inducing a fetal infection by hematogenous route.

¿Deben ser los extrasístoles cardíacos fetales considerados arritmias banales? / Should be cardiac extrasystoles considered banal arrhythmias?

Dado que por lo general la presencia de extrasístoles cardiacos fetales son considerados arritmias no asociadas a complicaciones, nos propusimos mostrar el resultado perinatal de 48 casos de fetos con extrasístoles cardiacos estudiados en nuestra unidad desde 1994 hasta 1999. El promedio de edad gestacional al momento del diagnóstico fue de 30.2 semanas, y al parto de 37.8 semanas. El peso promedio al nacimiento fue de 3050 g y el puntaje Apgar de 8.9 puntos a los 5 minutos. La gran mayoría de los extrasístoles fueron catalogadas como extrasístoles auriculares. En 7 casos observamos 11 complicaciones asociadas (desarrollo de arritmias más complejas, malformaciones cardiacas, muerte neonatal y malformaciones extracardiacas). En 4 casos se observó la concomitancia de administración de betamiméticos y presencia de arritmias cardiacas fetales. En la mayoría de los casos los extrasístoles desaparecieron espontáneamente, y en los casos sin complicaciones, el manejo obstétrico no fue influenciado por la presencia de la arritmia. Concluimos que aunque la presencia de extrasístoles cardiacos fetales está asociado a una baja morbilidad perinatal, no están exentos de asociarse a patologías de mayor complejidad. Lo anterior hace mandatorio la ejecución de una ecocardiografía en todo feto que presente una alteración del ritmo cardiaco, para determinar el tipo de arritmia, evaluar la presencia de complicaciones asociadas y así definir el manejo perinatal

Nuevas modalidades de captura de imágenes en ultrasonografía tridimensional con sistema de manos libres / New modes of image capture in 3 dimensional ultrasonography with free hand system

La ultrasonografía tridimensional (3D) se ha desarrollado para adquirir, mediante transductores volumétricos, una zona que comprende un volumen, la que se almacena como una secuencia de cuadros que representan este volumen. El uso de transductores no volumétricos también permite almacenar un volumen, pero este es operador dependiente. Usando los principios de la ultrasonografía 3D de manos libres, hemos obtenido la información de dos formas distintas a la volumétrica: la captura estática, que permite registrar zonas en movimiento (como el corazón fetal) y la captura por barrido libre, la que se utiliza para obtener grandes zonas de interés, que no puede ser capturadas en un sólo cuadro. Estas nuevas modalidades, no descritas previamente, nos permite ampliar el uso de la ultrasonografía 3D de manos libres

[Percutaneous drainage of amebic hepatic abscess by guided ultraound. Preliminary results]. / Drenaje percutáneo de absceso hepático amibiano guiado por medio de ultrasonido. Resultados preliminares.

Amebic hepatic abscess (AHA) is the most frequent extraintestinal complication of amebiasis. Over time, its treatment has gone through some changes and at present is based on amebicides and in some cases, percutaneous drainage. The objective of this work is to present our experience with percutaneous drainage by means of guided ultrasound in patients with AHA. In this work, we include 170 patients admitted to the Gastroenterology Unit of the Hospital General de Zona No. 1, (IMSS) in Mexico City during a period of eight years (1990-1997). These cases included the following criteria: Failure to medical therapy, AHA of liquid matter greater than 5 cm determined by ultrasound; risk of rupture, prolonged incapacity with no data of toxico-infection, accessible drainage route; availability of operating room before risk of complication, and normal coagulation tests. A modified Seldinger's technique was utilized. A single punction was carried out in 131 patients, who had only one abscess. Thirty-nine patients required a second evacuation on presenting two abscesses, and in four cases, a third evacuation was required due to the presence of three or more abscesses. Only one case required an urgent surgical procedure due to abscess rupture to pleura. Five patients suffered complications, including the latter. The remaining four patients had a spontaneous resolution. All patients were released during the 24 hours following surgery, and no patient required hospitalization. For this reason, this can be considered a procedure that in the expert hands of interventionist radiologists, has less morbidity. This work will be carried out to 10 years.