[Cerebral gas embolism as a complication of diffuse interstitial lung disease] / Embolismo gaseoso cerebral como complicación de una enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa.

Introduction: Cerebral gas embolism is an unusual but extremely serious condition that occurs when air is introduced into the arterial or venous circulation of the brain. Although rare, it can lead to significant neurological deficits and even the death of the patient. Clinical Case: 76-year-old patient with pre-existing diffuse interstitial lung disease, who experienced a massive stroke due to spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Her presentation included confusion, seizures, and motor weakness. Imaging tests revealed air bubbles in the cerebral sulci and hypodense areas in the cerebellum and parietooccipitals. In addition, pneumothorax and air in the upper mediastinum were noted on chest radiographs and chest CT scan. Despite therapeutic measures such as hyperbaric oxygen, the patient unfortunately died due to multiple organ failure. Discussion: The diagnosis of cerebral gas embolism generally involves performing a cerebral computed tomography, which is highly sensitive for detecting the presence of air in the cerebral vessels. Management includes monitoring of vital and neurological signs, as well as specific measures such as airway closure, venous catheter aspiration, Trendelenburg positioning, and hyperbaric oxygen. Conclusion: Cerebral gas embolism is a potentially fatal condition that requires a brain computed tomography for diagnosis and it is vitally important to know the prevention measures to avoid the appearance of this complication and also to know the general measures to adopt when it occurs.

Introducción: La embolia gaseosa cerebral es una afección inusual pero extremadamente grave que se produce cuando se introduce aire en la circulación arterial o venosa del cerebro. Aunque poco común, puede derivar en déficits neurológicos significativos e incluso la muerte del paciente. Caso Clínico: Paciente de 76 años con una enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa preexistente, que experimentó un ictus masivo debido a un neumomediastino espontáneo. Su presentación incluyó confusión, convulsiones y debilidad motora. Las pruebas de imagen revelaron burbujas de aire en los surcos cerebrales y áreas hipodensas en el cerebelo y parietooccipitales. Además, se observó neumotórax y aire en el mediastino superior en las radiografías de tórax y la tomografía torácica. A pesar de las medidas terapéuticas como el oxígeno hiperbárico, la paciente lamentablemente falleció debido al fallo multiorgánico. Discusión: El diagnóstico de embolia gaseosa cerebral generalmente implica la realización de una tomografía computarizada cerebral, que es altamente sensible para detectar la presencia de aire en los vasos cerebrales. El manejo incluye el control de las constantes vitales y neurológicas, así como medidas específicas como cierre de la entrada de aire, aspiración de catéteres venosos, posicionamiento de Trendelenburg y oxígeno hiperbárico. Conclusión: La embolia gaseosa cerebral es una afección potencialmente mortal que requiere una tomografía computarizada cerebral para el diagnóstico y de vital importancia conocer las medidas de prevención para evitar la aparición de esta complicación y así mismo conocer las medidas generales a adoptar cuando ésta se presenta.

Anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic activity of (±)-licarin A in neuropathic rats via NO-cyclic-GMP-ATP-sensitive K+ channel pathway.

The study aimed to examine the effect of intraperitoneal and intrathecal (±)-licarin A in neuropathic pain induced by L5 and L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in male Wistar rats and the possible involvement of the NO-cGMP-ATP-sensitive K+ channel pathway. Neuropathic pain signs (allodynia and hyperalgesia) were evaluated on postoperative Day 14 using von Frey filaments. Single intraperitoneal (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg) and intrathecal (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 µg/rat) administration of (±)-licarin A improved allodynia and hyperalgesia. The (±)-licarin A-induced anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic activity was prevented by the intrathecal injection of  l-NAME (100 µg/rat; nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), ODQ (10 µg/rat; guanylate cyclase inhibitor), and glibenclamide (50 µg/rat; adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K+ channel blocker). The data suggest that (±)-licarin A exerts its anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic activity by activating the NO-cGMP-ATP-sensitive K+ channel pathway.

Actividad científica del claustro de profesores de Neonatología. Periodo 2015-2021 / Scientific activity of the Neonatology faculty. From 2015 to 2021

Fundamento: los escenarios docentes en centros asistenciales constituyen espacios excelentes para la generación de conocimientos y el desarrollo de la actividad científico-técnica. Objetivo: caracterizar la actividad científica de los profesores del claustro de la especialidad de Neonatología de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas "Miguel Enríquez". Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal y retrospectivo de la producción científica del claustro del periodo 2015-2021. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos, y empíricos: revisión de expedientes docentes y científicos e informes técnicos. La información se procesó utilizando el paquete estadístico SPSS, versión 15.0. La relación de variables se expresó en frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: el 94,4 % del claustro era másteres en ciencias y solo el 11,1 % doctores en ciencias particulares. Más del 80 % tenía grado de especialización elevado y baja categorización investigativa. Se presentaron 174 ponencias científicas, y predominaron los eventos internacionales (37 %). Se otorgaron 40 premios y 62 reconocimientos. El 2018 fue el año más productivo. El 94,4 % había publicado. El 16,7 % participó como tutor/asesor de 10-14 tesis y 55,6 % en ninguna. Participaron activamente en tribunales estatales de especialidad, categorización docente, eventos y arbitraje de documentos en revistas nacionales y extranjeras. Conclusiones: se caracterizó la actividad científica del claustro de profesores de la especialidad de Neonatología. Se constató una adecuada formación pedagógica y académica, y satisfactoria actividad científica con reconocimiento asistencial, docente e investigativo y capacidades para publicar y formar a otros especialistas.

Background: the teaching scenarios in healthcare centers constitute excellent spaces for the generation of knowledge and the development of scientific-technical activity. Objective: to characterize the scientific activity of the faculty of the Neonatology specialty of the "Miguel Enriquez" Faculty of Medical Sciences. Methods: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study of the scientific production of the faculty from 2015 to 2021 was carried out. Theoretical and empirical methods were used: review of teaching and scientific records and technical reports. The information was processed using the SPSS statistical package, version 15.0. The relationship of variables was expressed in absolute and relative values. Results: 94.4% of the faculty had master's degrees in science and only 11.1% had Ph.D.in particular sciences. More than 80% had a high degree of specialization and low investigative rank. 174 scientific papers were presented, and international events predominated (37%). 40 awards and 62 recognitions were awarded. 2018 was the most productive year. 94.4% had published. 16.7% participated as tutor/advisor of 10-14 theses and 55.6% in none. They actively participated in examining boards of specialty, professor´s ranking, events, and arbitration of documents in national and foreign journals. Conclusions: the scientific activity of the faculty of the Neonatology specialty was characterized. Adequate pedagogical and academic training was verified, as well as satisfactory scientific activity with healthcare, teaching and research recognition and capacities to publish and train other specialists.

Producción científica y su pertinencia con las líneas de investigación de neonatología en una institución docente / Scientific Production and Its Relevance to Neonatology Research Lines in a Teaching Institution

Introducción: Los resultados de la investigación científica visibilizaron a la universidad y sus escenarios docentes. Objetivo: Determinar la pertinencia de la producción científica con las líneas de investigación en la especialidad de neonatología, en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Miguel Enríquez. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal y retrospectivo. El universo lo constituyeron las publicaciones científicas realizadas en el período 2015-2021, y su relación con las líneas de investigación. La información se organizó en tres dimensiones: datos generales del claustro, impacto científico tecnológico y pertinencia. La recolección de información se efectuó mediante el buscador Google Académico, la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud y evidencias entregadas. Resultados: Se realizaron 135 publicaciones por 94,4 por ciento de los profesores; 15 libros y 40 94,4 por ciento sección de libros; a razón de 7,5 publicaciones/profesor. Publicaron entre 9 y 13 profesores anualmente. El 54,8 94,4 por ciento presentó artículos científicos, de ellos, 61 94,4 por ciento originales; 15,6 94,4 por ciento en idioma inglés y en bases de datos de buena visibilidad. Se observó tendencia ascendente de tesis generadas y pertinencia con las líneas de investigación establecidas en los escenarios docentes. Conclusiones: La producción científica del claustro y las tesis realizadas resultaron pertinentes con las líneas de investigación establecidas en el programa de neonatología. Las publicaciones de los profesores favorecieron la generación de conocimientos y, en algunas temáticas, constituyeron material docente en la especialidad(AU)

Introduction: The results of scientific research made the university and its teaching scenarios visible. Objective: To determine the relevance of scientific production with the lines of research in the specialty of neonatology, in Miguel Enríquez Faculty of Medical Sciences. Methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study. The universe was formed by the scientific publications made in the period 2015-2021, and their relationship with the lines of research. The information was organized in three dimensions: general data of the faculty, scientific and technological impact, and relevance. The collection of information was carried out through the Google Scholar search engine, the Virtual Health Library and evidence delivered. Results: A total of 135 publications were made by 94.4 percent of the teachers; 15 books and 40 percent book section; at the rate of 7.5 publications/teacher. 9 to 13 professors published annually. 54.8 percent submitted scientific articles, of which 61% were original; 15.6 percent in English and in well-visibilized databases. There was an upward trend in the thesis generated and relevance to the lines of research established in the teaching scenarios. Conclusions: The scientific production of the faculty and the theses carried out were pertinent to the lines of research established in the neonatology program. The publications of the professors favored the generation of knowledge and, in some topics, constituted teaching material in the specialty(AU)

Determination of glyphosate and AMPA in freshwater and soil from agroecosystems by 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride derivatization and liquid chromatography - fluorescence detection and tandem mass spectrometry.

The herbicide glyphosate (GLY) and its metabolite aminophosphonic acid (AMPA) are troublesome compounds for analysis in the environment. Here we report a reliable technique for GLY and AMPA determination in freshwater and soils by means of derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (FMOC-Cl) and further liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (FLD) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis. Selected experiments were carried out to evaluate selectivity, sensitivity, repeatability, linearity and quantification performance in both matrices.

Mortalidad en adolescentes atendidos en Hospital Pediátrico Universitario "Juan Manuel Márquez"

RESUMEN Introducción: La atención a la adolescencia debe dirigirse hacia el fomento de conductas que se ven reflejadas en los indicadores de mortalidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar la mortalidad y sus causas, en los adolescentes de 10-18 años, fallecidos en el decenio 2009-2018. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal, realizado en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente "Juan Manuel Márquez''. Los 164 adolescentes de 10-18 años de edad fallecidos, constituyeron el universo. Los registros del movimiento hospitalario, historias clínicas e informes de Anatomía Patológica de los fallecidos fueron las fuentes de información utilizadas. Entre las variables estudiadas: edad, sexo, procedencia, causa del fallecimiento y año de ocurrencia. Resultados: La tasa de mortalidad fue inferior a 1/100 egresos; predominaron las defunciones en el grupo de 15-18 años (51,9 %), el sexo femenino (50,6 %) y la procedencia de La Habana (53,4 %). Los tumores y enfermedades malignas provocaron casi la mitad de las muertes (48,7 %), seguidos de las lesiones no intencionales (19,7 %). Conclusiones: La mortalidad en los adolescentes fue similar en ambos sexos y edades, con tendencia a la disminución, donde los tumores malignos y las lesiones no intencionales constituyeron las principales causas que se presentaron durante todo el periodo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Attention to adolescence should be directed towards the promotion of behaviors that are reflected in mortality indicators. Objective: Characterize mortality and its causes in adolescents between 10-18 years of age who died in the decade 2009-2018. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at "Juan Manuel Márquez" Pediatric Teaching Hospital. The 164 teenagers aged 10-18 who died constituted the sample. Hospital movement records, medical records and Pathological Anatomy reports of the deceased were the sources of information used. Among the variables studied were: age, sex, origin, cause of death and year of occurrence. Results: The mortality rate was less than 1/100 discharges; deaths predominated in the group of 15-18 years (51.9 %), the female sex (50.6 %) and being from Havana (53.4 %). Tumors and malignant diseases caused almost half of the deaths (48.7%), followed by unintentional injuries (19.7%). Conclusions: Mortality in adolescents was similar in both sexes and ages, with a tendency to decrease, where malignant tumors and unintentional lesions were the main causes that occurred throughout the period.

Morbilidad en lactantes con destete precoz

RESUMEN Introducción: La leche materna es el producto fisiológico fundamental para promover la salud nutricional del niño y su interrupción precoz es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de enfermedades. Objetivo: Caracterizar la morbilidad en lactantes con destete precoz. Metódos: Estudio observacional, correlacional, de corte transversal realizado en 720 lactantes entre 29 días y 6 meses de edad, ingresados en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente de San Miguel del Padrón entre enero y diciembre del año 2014, que constituyeron el universo y muestra del estudio. Se analizaron variables como edad y tipo de destete, ingresos anteriores y causas de ingresos. La recolección de información se realizó a través de las historias clínicas y un cuestionario aplicado a las madres. Resultados: Solo el 27,7 % estaba con lactancia materna exclusiva, el resto fueron destetados en cualquier edad, incluso antes del mes de nacido. Al aumentar la edad del destete, disminuyeron la cantidad de ingresos y la morbilidad. Los destetados presentaron mayor frecuencia de infecciones respiratorias y digestivas. Conclusiones: En los lactantes estudiados, mientras más temprano ocurre el destete, mayor es el riesgo de morbilidad y de necesidad de ingresos en servicios hospitalarios, por tanto, menor protección para la salud del pequeño.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Breast milk is the fundamental physiological product to promote the nutritional health of the child and its early interruption is a risk factor for the development of diseases. Objective: Characterize morbidity in infants with early weaning. Methods: Observational, correlational, cross-sectional study conducted in 720 infants between 29 days and 6 months of age, admitted to the Pediatric Teaching Hospital of San Miguel del Padrón from January to December 2014, whom represented the universe and the sample of the study. Variables such as age and type of weaning, previous hospitalizations and their causes were analyzed. The collection of information was carried out through medical records and a questionnaire applied to the mothers. Results: Only 27.7% of the children were exclusively breastfed, the rest were weaned at any age, even before one month of birth. As the age of weaning increased, the amount of hospitalizations and morbidity decreased. Those weaned had a higher frequency of respiratory and digestive infections. Conclusions: In the infants studied, the earlier the weaning occurs, the greater the risk of morbidity and the need for admission to hospital services was; therefore, it represented less protection for the child's health.

The intracellular bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii exerts an inhibitory effect on the apoptosis of tick cells.

BACKGROUND: Rickettsia rickettsii is a tick-borne obligate intracellular bacterium that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a life-threatening illness. To obtain an insight into the vector-pathogen interactions, we assessed the effects of infection with R. rickettsii on the proteome cells of the tick embryonic cell line BME26. METHODS: The proteome of BME26 cells was determined by label-free high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Also evaluated were the effects of infection on the activity of caspase-3, assessed by the hydrolysis of a synthetic fluorogenic substrate in enzymatic assays, and on the exposition of phosphatidyserine, evaluated by live-cell fluorescence microscopy after labeling with annexin-V. Finally, the effects of activation or inhibition of caspase-3 activity on the growth of R. rickettsii in BME26 cells was determined. RESULTS: Tick proteins of different functional classes were modulated in a time-dependent manner by R. rickettsii infection. Regarding proteins involved in apoptosis, certain negative regulators were downregulated at the initial phase of the infection (6 h) but upregulated in the middle of the exponential phase of the bacterial growth (48 h). Microorganisms are known to be able to inhibit apoptosis of the host cell to ensure their survival and proliferation. We therefore evaluated the effects of infection on classic features of apoptotic cells and observed DNA fragmentation exclusively in noninfected cells. Moreover, both caspase-3 activity and phosphatidylserine exposition were lower in infected than in noninfected cells. Importantly, while the activation of caspase-3 exerted a detrimental effect on rickettsial proliferation, its inhibition increased bacterial growth. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results show that R. rickettsii modulates the proteome and exerts an inhibitory effect on apoptosis in tick cellsthat seems to be important to ensure cell colonization.

Factores clínicos y sociodemográficos en lactantes con destete precoz / Clinical and socio-demographic factors in newborns with early weaning

Introducción: El abandono progresivo de la lactancia materna es una nueva situación de salud en la que influyen diversos aspectos. Objetivo: Caracterizar factores clínicos y sociodemográficos referentes al destete precoz en lactantes y su relación con aspectos sociodemográficos de sus madres. Métodos: Estudio observacional, correlacional, de corte transversal, realizado en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente de San Miguel del Padrón. Se conformó una muestra con 520 infantes con edades entre 29 días y 6 meses, destetados precozmente e ingresados en el 2014. La información se tomó de las historias clínicas y de un cuestionario aplicado a las madres. Resultados: Entre 3 y 5 meses de edad se encontraron 56,5 por ciento de los lactantes con predominio masculino (59,0 por ciento) y solo 51,3 por ciento de los casos presentó adecuado estado nutricional. Prevaleció la lactancia mixta (52,9 por ciento). El destete prevaleció entre 4 y 5 meses de edad (53,7 por ciento) y por causas comerciales (43,1 por ciento). Las madres entre 20-34 años fueron las que más destetaron (65,7 por ciento), trabajadoras (53,4 por ciento), de escolaridad media (51,6 por ciento) y en unión consensual (50,6 por ciento). Conclusiones: Los factores clínicos como tipo de destete y valoración nutricional se relacionan con factores sociodemográficos como la edad cronológica del niño y la edad del destete. La edad materna no tiene que ver con el destete precoz ni con sus causas. El abandono precoz de la lactancia materna exclusiva es común e independiente de la ocupación laboral y nivel de escolaridad materna, lo que favorece la malnutrición en los infantes(AU)

ntroduction: The progressive dropping of maternal breastfeeding is a new health situation in which different factors have influences. Objective: To characterize the clinical and socio-demographic factors related to early weaning in newborns and their relation with socio-demographic aspects of their mothers. Methods: Observational, correlational, cross-sectional study in the Pediatric Teaching Hospital of San Miguel del Padrón. It was formed a sample of 520 newborns in ages from 29 days and six months old, whom were early weaned and admitted in the hospital in 2014. The correlation of information was made through the clinical records and a questionnaire applied to the mothers. Results: 56.5 percent of the newborns were between 3 and 5 months old predominating the male sex (59.0 percent), and just 51.3 percent of the cases presented an adequate nutritional state. There was a predominance of mixed lactation (52.9 percent), and the weaning prevailed in the 4 to 5 month of life (53.7 percent), and it was due to commercial causes in the 43.1 percent. Mothers in the ages from 20 to 34 years (65.7percent), mothers who work (53.4 percent), mothers of medium education level (51.6 percent) and in consensual union (50.6 percent) were the ones that practiced weaning the most. Conclusions: There clinical factors as the type of weaning and the nutritional value that were associated with socio-demographic factors as the chronological age of the child and the age of weaning. The maternal ages were not related with early weaning or its causes. Regardless of the job or the educational level of the mother is common the early dropping of exclusive breastfeeding, which favours malnutrition in the newborns(AU)

Producción científica sobre la COVID-19 en revistas médicas cubanas a 90 días del inicio de la pandemia / Scientific production on COVID-19 in Cuban medical journals during the first 90 days after the start of the pandemic

RESUMEN Introducción: Desde la aparición del primer caso contagiado por el SARS-Cov-2, la pandemia ha experimentado un ascenso en el número de casos casi incontrolable. La producción científica juega un papel clave en la lucha por este necesario control y erradicación. El número de artículos que se produce diariamente desde los inicios sobrepasan los miles a nivel internacional y las editoriales y bases de datos han puesto su mayor esfuerzo para que estas contribuciones tengan la debida prioridad y visibilidad. Cuba no ha hecho menos en este esfuerzo. Objetivo: caracterizar la producción científica publicada en revistas médicas cubanas en los primeros noventa días de inicio de la pandemia en Cuba. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal donde se analizaron el 100 por ciento de las revistas médicas certificadas como científicas. Se definieron variables como tipología documental, afiliaciones institucionales y colaboración, temática, país y tiempo de publicación entre otros. Resultados: El 58 por ciento de los artículos publicados correspondió a revistas de universidades médicas. El 31,1 por ciento fue aportado por la revista Medisur de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos. El 77,8 por ciento de los artículos son cubanos. El 22,6 por ciento fueron cartas al editor, seguidas de 20,8 por ciento correspondiente a artículos originales. Conclusiones: la producción científica nacional en revistas médicas cubanas en el período estudiado es baja, si tomamos en consideración que las cartas al editor no son artículos de investigación propiamente dichos. Hay áreas de las ciencias médicas como la medicina familiar que pudiendo haber aportado sus experiencias en el trabajo investigativo en la comunidad, aún no lo han hecho en este período de tiempo(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Since the first case of SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed, the pandemic has experienced an almost uncontrollable increase in the number of cases. The scientific production plays a key role in the fight against the necessary control and eradication of the pandemic. From the very beginning, thousands of articles per day are produced at international level; furthermore, editorials and databases have made a great effort to give due priority and visibility to these contributions. Cuba has made significant efforts in this respect. Objective: To characterize the scientific production on COVID-19 in Cuban medical journals during the first ninety days after the start of the pandemic in Cuba. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study aimed at analyzing 100 percent of the scientific medical journals was conducted. Variables such as documental typology, institutional and collaborative affiliations, subject matter, country and time of publication, among others were identified. Results: In total, 58 percent of the articles were published in medical journals and 31,1 percent was a contribution by Medisur Journal, University of Medical Sciences in Cienfuegos. In addition, 77,8 percent of the articles were written by Cuban health researchers, 22,6 percent of the articles were Letters to the Editor and 20,8 percent were original articles. Conclusions: Over the period studied, the national scientific production in Cuban medical journals is low taking into account that the Letters to the Editor are not actual research articles. Some subject areas in Medical Sciences such as Family Medicine, which could have contributed with their experiences in research work within the community, have not produced any scientific article during this period of time(AU)

A tick cell line as a powerful tool to screen the antimicrobial susceptibility of the tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma marginale.

Anaplasma marginale is the causative agent of the severe bovine anaplasmosis. The tick Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the main vectors of A. marginale in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. After the tick bite, the bacterium invades and proliferates within the bovine erythrocytes leading to anemia, impairment of milk production and weight loss. In addition, infection can cause abortion and high mortality in areas of enzootic instability. Immunization with live and inactivated vaccines are employed to control acute bovine anaplasmosis. However, they do not prevent persistent infection. Consequently, infected animals, even if immunized, are still reservoirs of the bacterium and contribute to its dissemination. Antimicrobials are largely employed for the prophylaxis of bovine anaplasmosis. However, they are often used in sublethal doses which may select pre-existing resistant bacteria and induce genetic or phenotypic variations. Therefore, we propose a new standardized in vitro assay to evaluate the susceptibility of A. marginale strains to different antimicrobials. This tool will help health professionals to choose the more adequate treatment for each herd which will prevent the selection and spread of resistant strains. For that, we initially evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility of two field isolates of A. marginale (Jaboticabal and Palmeira) infecting bovines. The least susceptible strain (Jaboticabal) was used for the standardization of an antimicrobial assay using a culture of Ixodes scapularis-derived tick cell line, ISE6. Results showed that enrofloxacin (ENRO) at 0.25, 1 or 4 µg/mL and oxytetracycline (OTC) at 4 or 16 µg/mL are the most efficient treatments, followed by OTC at 1 µg/mL and imidocarb dipropionate (IMD) at 1 or 4 µg/mL. In addition, this proposed tool has technical advantages compared to the previously established bovine erythrocyte culture. Thereby, it may be used to guide cattle farmers to the correct use of antimicrobials. The choice of the most suitable antimicrobial is essential to eliminate persistent infections, prevent the spread of resistant strains and help controlling of bovine anaplasmosis.

Determination of multiclass, semi-polar pesticide residues in fatty fish muscle tissue by gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.

With the aim of monitoring multiclass semi-polar pesticide residues in freshwater fatty fish, two QuEChERS approaches (so-called acetate buffered and unbuffered versions) were evaluated for the determination of 77 pesticide residues. Compounds were selected according to the dominant rainfed agriculture activities in South America. Unbuffered QuEChERS was finally chosen for validation purposes owing that it provided the best results in terms of recovery yields. Method performance was evaluated in two instrumental systems, liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in Scheduled MRM™ algorithm available on hybrid quadrupole - linear ion trap (QLIT) instrument, and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) under selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Spiking experiments were carried out to determine the trueness, precision, linearity, limit of quantification of the method as well as matrix effect. The Unbuffered QuECHERS method described here: •Was validated for the analysis of 67 pesticide residues in fish muscle tissue.•Presented quantification limits in the range 1-15 µg kg-1 for the vast majority of the studied compounds.•Enable environmental monitoring of pesticide residues in fish due to their low LOQs.

Conocimiento y valores: binomio esencial en la formación profesional / Knowledge and values: essential binomial in professional training

Introducción: La formación de valores es un proceso gradual, donde es necesario buscar e indagar cuáles valores y por qué vías se deben formar, desarrollar, afianzar y potenciar en diferentes momentos de la vida, según las necesidades que se van presentando en la formación de un profesional. Objetivo: Evaluar la posición que asumen los estudiantes ante diferentes situaciones que pueden ocurrir a lo largo de su formación académica y una vez que comiencen su vida laboral. Método: Se realizó una investigación exploratoria utilizando como técnica la encuesta que fue aplicada a 52 estudiantes del sexto año de la asignatura de Ginecología y Obstetricia de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas "Salvador Allende" en el curso académico 2013-2014. Resultados: En la situación relacionada con el compañerismo llama la atención que existan alumnos que no tienen interiorizado este valor y justifican actitudes erróneas relacionadas con esto. Es de señalar que la mayoría de los estudiantes consideran correcto el valor honestidad, pero es preocupante que algunos de los encuestados se identifican con actitudes deshonestas y no asumen una posición de rechazo y no aceptación ante el fraude. Conclusión: La mayoría de los estudiantes tienen valores y actitudes consecuentes con un buen profesional de la salud, pero no se puede dejar de tener en cuenta la identificación con determinados aspectos y conductas negativas que denoten falta de valores y principios éticos y su posible presencia en los futuros facultativos que pueden afectar la calidad de los servicios, la atención integral a la población, a los y las colegas y a la ética profesional y en este sentido debe continuar trabajándose(AU)

Introduction: The formation of values ​​is a gradual process, where it is necessary to search and investigate which values ​​and through which routes should be formed, developed, strengthened and strengthened at different times of life, according to the needs that are presented in the training of A professional. Objective: To evaluate the position that students assume in different situations that may occur throughout their academic training and once they begin their working life. Method: An exploratory investigation was carried out using as a technique the survey that was applied to 52 students of the sixth year of the subject of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the School of Medical Sciences "Salvador Allende" in the academic year 2013-2014. Results: In the situation related to companionship, it is striking that there are students who do not have this value internalized and justify erroneous attitudes related to this. It should be noted that most students consider honest value correct, but it is worrisome that some of the respondents identify with dishonest attitudes and do not assume a position of rejection and non-acceptance of fraud. Conclusion: Most students have values ​​and attitudes consistent with a good health professional, but we can not fail to take into account the identification with certain aspects and negative behaviors that denote lack of values ​​and ethical principles and their possible presence in the future facultative that can affect the quality of the services, the integral attention to the population, to the and the colleagues and to the professional ethics and in this sense it must continue working(AU)

Occurrence of pesticide residues in fish from south American rainfed agroecosystems.

Environmental sustainability of South American rainfed agroecosystems is of current concern. In this work, we evaluate the occurrence of multiple pesticide residues in muscle tissue of wild fish species from two large rivers in South America (Uruguay and Negro Rivers). Two sampling campaigns (representing summer and winter crops) were performed during 2015 targeting a wide biodiversity of fish species used for human consumption (ranging from migratory to non-migratory and from detritivorous to top-predators). Three different localities associated to rainfed agriculture were assessed, two of them enclosed to a RAMSAR site (National Park "Esteros de Farrapos e Islas del Rio Uruguay"). Pesticide residues occurred in muscle tissue of 143 from 149 sampled fishes (96%). Thirty different pesticides were detected at concentrations from <1 to 194µgkg-1. Incidence of pesticides in fish were tightly related to: i) features of the contaminant: (Kow, environmental persistence and mobility) and ii) intensity of use of particular pesticides and land dedicated to rainfed agriculture. Trifloxystrobin, metolachlor and pyraclostrobin showed the highest rates of occurrence. Of great concern is that strobirulins have highest toxicity to fish from those detected compounds. From the pattern of pesticides occurring for non-migratory fish species it was possible to trend important spatial differences related to the intensity of rainfed agriculture. Results suggest a regular exposition of aquatic wild biota to sublethal concentrations of multiple semi-polar pesticides.

Looking at the big picture: understanding how the oviduct's dialogue with gametes and the embryo shapes reproductive success.

The oviduct is a tubular organ comprising three distinct anatomical regions (the infundibulum, the ampulla and the isthmus) connecting the ovary and the uterus. Oviductal function is regulated by ovarian hormones, gametes, and embryo-derived factors, for optimally facilitating key reproductive events. A cross- talk is established between the oviduct and the gametes and embryo and this dialogue shapes the microenvironment in which gamete transport, fertilization, and early embryonic development occur. This review aims to address each participant in this conversation in a holistic manner by delineating several advances in the field within the greater context of understanding how oviduct-gamete and oviduct-embryo dialogue shape reproductive success and furthermore how this knowledge can be applied in vitro.

Looking at the big picture: understanding how the oviduct’s dialogue with gametes and the bryo shapes reproductive success

The oviduct is a tubular organ comprising three distinct anatomical regions (the infundibulum, the ampulla and the isthmus) connecting the ovary and the uterus. Oviductal function is regulated by ovarian hormones, gametes, and embryo-derived factors, for optimally facilitating key reproductive events. A crosstalk is established between the oviduct and the gametes and embryo and this dialogue shapes the microenvironment in which gamete transport, fertilization, and early embryonic development occur. This review aims to address each participant in this conversation in a holistic manner by delineating several advances in the field within the greater context of understanding how oviduct-gamete and oviduct-embryo dialogue shape reproductive success and furthermore how this knowledge can be applied in vitro.

Looking at the big picture: understanding how the oviducts dialogue with gametes and the bryo shapes reproductive success

The oviduct is a tubular organ comprising three distinct anatomical regions (the infundibulum, the ampulla and the isthmus) connecting the ovary and the uterus. Oviductal function is regulated by ovarian hormones, gametes, and embryo-derived factors, for optimally facilitating key reproductive events. A crosstalk is established between the oviduct and the gametes and embryo and this dialogue shapes the microenvironment in which gamete transport, fertilization, and early embryonic development occur. This review aims to address each participant in this conversation in a holistic manner by delineating several advances in the field within the greater context of understanding how oviduct-gamete and oviduct-embryo dialogue shape reproductive success and furthermore how this knowledge can be applied in vitro.(AU)