VERITAS: Harnessing the power of nomenclature in biologic discovery.

We are entering an era in which therapeutic proteins are assembled using building block-like strategies, with no standardized schema to discuss these formats. Existing nomenclatures, like AbML, sacrifice human readability for precision. Therefore, considering even a dozen such formats, in combination with hundreds of possible targets, can create confusion and increase the complexity of drug discovery. To address this challenge, we introduce Verified Taxonomy for Antibodies (VERITAS). This classification and nomenclature scheme is extensible to multispecific therapeutic formats and beyond. VERITAS names are easy to understand while drawing direct connections to the structure of a given format, with or without specific target information, making these names useful to adopt in scientific discourse and as inputs to machine learning algorithms for drug development.

Polyethylene glycol modified FGF21 engineered to maximize potency and minimize vacuole formation.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is involved in regulating energy metabolism, and it has shown significant promise as a treatment for type II diabetes; however, the native protein has a very short circulating half-life necessitating frequent injections to maintain a physiological effect. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugation to proteins has been used as a method for extending the circulating half-life of many pharmaceutical proteins; however, PEG does carry the risk of vacuole formation, particularly in the renal tubular epithelium. Since renal vacuole formation may be particularly problematic for diabetic patients, we engineered site-directed PEGylated variants of FGF21 with sustained potency and minimized vacuole formation. This was accomplished both by probing the site of PEGylation on FGF21 as well as by examining various PEG configurations. While the site of PEGylation has a significant impact on the bioactivity of FGF21, it has only a marginal impact on vacuole formation; however, the configuration and number of PEGs conjugated to the protein has a much more profound effect on vacuologenesis.

A novel approach to improve the function of FGF21.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has potent effects on normalizing glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis, and represents an attractive novel therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Approaches to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of FGF21, such as conjugation with polyethylene glycol, have been explored for therapeutic development. However, not only is there room for further pharmacokinetic improvements, additional re-engineering approaches to improve the potency and stability of FGF21 have not been reported. Here, we describe a novel approach to modify and improve the function of FGF21 by altering its C-terminal ßKlotho interaction domain. METHODS: We first identified Avimer proteins that are capable of binding ßKlotho. Then we explored replacing the C-terminal ßKlotho interaction domain of FGF21 with a ßKlotho-binding Avimer protein. RESULTS: Such a ßKlotho-binding Avimer protein was able to fully complement the C-terminal domain function of FGF21. The resulting FGF21-Avimer fusion is functionally indistinguishable from wild type FGF21, and more tolerant of C-terminal modification. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate a viable strategy to modulate the affinity, potency, and engineering of FGF21, paving the way for further improvements of FGF21 as a therapeutic.

Rationale-Based Engineering of a Potent Long-Acting FGF21 Analog for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, the use of wild type native FGF21 is challenging due to several limitations. Among these are its short half-life, its susceptibility to in vivo proteolytic degradation and its propensity to in vitro aggregation. We here describe a rationale-based protein engineering approach to generate a potent long-acting FGF21 analog with improved resistance to proteolysis and aggregation. A recombinant Fc-FGF21 fusion protein was constructed by fusing the Fc domain of human IgG1 to the N-terminus of human mature FGF21 via a linker peptide. The Fc positioned at the N-terminus was determined to be superior to the C-terminus as the N-terminal Fc fusion retained the ßKlotho binding affinity and the in vitro and in vivo potency similar to native FGF21. Two specific point mutations were introduced into FGF21. The leucine to arginine substitution at position 98 (L98R) suppressed FGF21 aggregation at high concentrations and elevated temperatures. The proline to glycine replacement at position 171 (P171G) eliminated a site-specific proteolytic cleavage of FGF21 identified in mice and cynomolgus monkeys. The derived Fc-FGF21(RG) molecule demonstrated a significantly improved circulating half-life while maintaining the in vitro activity similar to that of wild type protein. The half-life of Fc-FGF21(RG) was 11 h in mice and 30 h in monkeys as compared to 1-2 h for native FGF21 or Fc-FGF21 wild type. A single administration of Fc-FGF21(RG) in diabetic mice resulted in a sustained reduction in blood glucose levels and body weight gains up to 5-7 days, whereas the efficacy of FGF21 or Fc-FGF21 lasted only for 1 day. In summary, we engineered a potent and efficacious long-acting FGF21 analog with a favorable pharmaceutical property for potential clinical development.

Targeted codon optimization improves translational fidelity for an Fc fusion protein.

High levels of translational errors, both truncation and misincorporation in an Fc-fusion protein were observed. Here, we demonstrate the impact of several commercially available codon optimization services, and compare to a targeted strategy. Using the targeted strategy, only codons known to have translational errors are modified. For an Fc-fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli, the targeted strategy, in combination with appropriate fermentation conditions, virtually eliminated misincorporation (proteins produced with a wrong amino acid sequence), and reduced the level of truncation. The use of full optimization using commercially available strategies reduced the initial errors, but introduced different misincorporations. However, truncation was higher using the targeted strategy than for most of the full optimization strategies. This targeted approach, along with monitoring of translation fidelity and careful attention to fermentation conditions is key to minimizing translational error and ensuring high-quality expression. These findings should be useful for other biopharmaceutical products, as well as any other transgenic constructs where protein quality is important.

FGF21 N- and C-termini play different roles in receptor interaction and activation.

Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) signaling requires the presence of beta-Klotho, a co-receptor with a very short cytoplasmic domain. Here we show that FGF21 binds directly to beta-Klotho through its C-terminus. Serial C-terminal truncations of FGF21 weakened or even abrogated its interaction with beta-Klotho in a Biacore assay, and led to gradual loss of potency in a luciferase reporter assay but with little effect on maximal response. In contrast, serial N-terminal truncations of FGF21 had no impact on beta-Klotho binding. Interestingly, several of them exhibited characteristics of partial agonists with minimal effects on potency. These data demonstrate that the C-terminus of FGF21 is critical for binding to beta-Klotho and the N-terminus is critical for fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) activation.