Height, zinc and soil-transmitted helminth infections in schoolchildren: a study in Cuba and Cambodia.

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections and zinc deficiency are often found in low- and middle-income countries and are both known to affect child growth. However, studies combining data on zinc and STH are lacking. In two studies in schoolchildren in Cuba and Cambodia, we collected data on height, STH infection and zinc concentration in either plasma (Cambodia) or hair (Cuba). We analyzed whether STH and/or zinc were associated with height for age z-scores and whether STH and zinc were associated. In Cuba, STH prevalence was 8.4%; these were mainly Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections. In Cambodia, STH prevalence was 16.8%, mostly caused by hookworm. In Cuban children, STH infection had a strong association with height for age (aB-0.438, p = 0.001), while hair zinc was significantly associated with height for age only in STH uninfected children. In Cambodian children, plasma zinc was associated with height for age (aB-0.033, p = 0.029), but STH infection was not. Only in Cambodia, STH infection showed an association with zinc concentration (aB-0.233, p = 0.051). Factors influencing child growth differ between populations and may depend on prevalences of STH species and zinc deficiency. Further research is needed to elucidate these relationships and their underlying mechanisms.

Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in children of Northeast Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To diagnose iron deficiency anemia in children. METHODS: The study was conducted with a sample of 301 children aged six to 30 months attending public daycare centers in the city of Recife, Northeast Brazil, in 2004. The diagnoses of anemia were based on a combination of different hematological and biochemical parameters: hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, ferritin, C-reactive protein, transferrin saturation and transferrin receptor. The chi-square test and ANOVA were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of all children studied, 92.4% had anemia (Hb<110 g/L) and 28.9% had moderate/severe anemia (Hb<90 g/L). Lower levels of hemoglobin were found in children aged 6-17 months. Iron deficiency was found in 51.5% of children using ferritin (<12 microg/L) as parameter. Taking into consideration the combination of hemoglobin level, ferritin and transferrin receptor, 58.1% had anemia with iron deficiency, 34.2% had anemia without iron deficiency and 2.3% had iron deficiency without anemia. Mean ferritin concentration was significantly higher in children with high C-reactive protein when compared with those with normal levels (22.1 vs. 14.8 microg/L). CONCLUSIONS: The use of several biochemical and hematological parameters allowed to diagnosing iron deficiency anemia in two thirds of children, suggesting a need to identify other determinants of anemia without iron deficiency.

Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in children of Northeast Brazil / Diagnóstico de anemia por deficiencia de hierro en niños del Noreste de Brasil

OBJETIVO: Diagnosticar anemia por deficiência de ferro em crianças. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi desenvolvido com uma amostra de 301 crianças com idade entre seis e 30 meses, usuárias de creches públicas de Recife, PE, em 2004. Para o diagnóstico da anemia utilizou-se a combinação de diferentes parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos: hemoglobina, volume corpuscular médio, ferritina, proteína C-reativa, saturação da transferrina e receptor da transferrina. Para a análise estatística empregou-se o teste do qui-quadrado e ANOVA. RESULTADOS: Do total de crianças, 92,4 por cento tinha anemia (Hb < 110g/L) e 28,9 por cento apresentou anemia moderada/grave (Hb<90g/L). Níveis mais baixos de hemoglobina foram observados em crianças de seis a 17 meses. Encontrou-se deficiência de ferro em 51,5 por cento das crianças, utilizando-se a ferritina (< 12µg/L) como parâmetro. Considerando a combinação da concentração de hemoglobina, ferritina e do receptor de transferrina, 58,1 por cento tinha anemia com deficiência de ferro, 34,2 por cento anemia sem déficit de ferro e 2,3 por cento deficiência de ferro sem anemia. A concentração média de ferritina foi significativamente maior em crianças com proteína C-reativa aumentada quando comparada com aqueles com níveis normais (22,1 versus 14,8 µg/L). CONCLUSÕES: A utilização de diversos parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos possibilitou diagnosticar anemia por deficiência de ferro em dois terços das crianças, revelando a necessidade de identificar outros determinantes de anemia sem deficiência de ferro.

OBJETIVO: Diagnosticar anemia por deficiência de ferro em crianças. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi desenvolvido com uma amostra de 301 crianças com idade entre seis e 30 meses, usuárias de creches públicas de Recife, PE, em 2004. Para o diagnóstico da anemia utilizou-se a combinação de diferentes parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos: hemoglobina, volume corpuscular médio, ferritina, proteína C-reativa, saturação da transferrina e receptor da transferrina. Para a análise estatística empregou-se o teste do qui-quadrado e ANOVA. RESULTADOS: Do total de crianças, 92,4% tinha anemia (Hb < 110g/L) e 28,9% apresentou anemia moderada/grave (Hb<90g/L). Níveis mais baixos de hemoglobina foram observados em crianças de seis a 17 meses. Encontrou-se deficiência de ferro em 51,5% das crianças, utilizando-se a ferritina (< 12µg/L) como parâmetro. Considerando a combinação da concentração de hemoglobina, ferritina e do receptor de transferrina, 58,1% tinha anemia com deficiência de ferro, 34,2% anemia sem déficit de ferro e 2,3% deficiência de ferro sem anemia. A concentração média de ferritina foi significativamente maior em crianças com proteína C-reativa aumentada quando comparada com aqueles com níveis normais (22,1 versus 14,8 µg/L). CONCLUSÕES: A utilização de diversos parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos possibilitou diagnosticar anemia por deficiência de ferro em dois terços das crianças, revelando a necessidade de identificar outros determinantes de anemia sem deficiência de ferro.

Efficacy of a foodlet-based multiple micronutrient supplement for preventing growth faltering, anemia, and micronutrient deficiency of infants: the four country IRIS trial pooled data analysis.

Diets of infants across the world are commonly deficient in multiple micronutrients during the period of growth faltering and dietary transition from milk to solid foods. A randomized placebo controlled trial was carried out in Indonesia, Peru, South Africa, and Vietnam, using a common protocol to investigate whether improving status for multiple micronutrients prevented growth faltering and anemia during infancy. The results of the pooled data analysis of the 4 countries for growth, anemia, and micronutrient status are reported. A total of 1134 infants were randomized to 4 treatment groups, with 283 receiving a daily placebo (P), 283 receiving a weekly multiple micronutrient supplement (WMM), 280 received a daily multiple micronutrient (DMM) supplement, and 288 received daily iron (DI) supplements. The DMM group had a significantly greater weight gain, growing at an average rate of 207 g/mo compared with 192 g/mo for the WMM group, and 186 g/mo for the DI and P groups. There were no differences in height gain. DMM was also the most effective treatment for controlling anemia and iron deficiency, besides improving zinc, retinol, tocopherol, and riboflavin status. DI supplementation alone increased zinc deficiency. The prevalence of multiple micronutrient deficiencies at baseline was high, with anemia affecting the majority, and was not fully controlled even after 6 mo of supplementation. These positive results indicate the need for larger effectiveness trials to examine how to deliver supplements at the program scale and to estimate cost benefits. Consideration should also be given to increasing the dosages of micronutrients being delivered in the foodlets.

IRIS. I: a FOODlet-based multiple-micronutrient intervention in 6- to 12-month-old infants at high risk of micronutrient malnutrition in four contrasting populations: description of a multicenter field trial.

Infants in developing countries are at risk of concurrent micronutrient deficiencies, because the same causative factors may lead to deficiencies of different micronutrients. Inadequate dietary intake is considered one of the major causes of micronutrient deficiencies, especially among poor and underprivileged children in developing countries. Operational strategies and distribution systems are often duplicated when supplementation programs for single micronutrients are implemented at the same time. The International Research on Infant Supplementation (IRIS) trial was conducted in four distinct populations on three continents: Africa, Latin America, and Asia. The participating countries were South Africa, Peru, Vietnam, and Indonesia. The study had a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled design. Each country aimed to enroll at least 70 infants per intervention group (65 + 5 anticipated dropouts). The micronutrient vehicle was in the form of a "foodlet" (food-like tablet) manufactured as chewable tablets, which were easy to break and dissolve, and which had the same taste, color, and flavor for all countries. Children were randomly assigned to one of four 6-month intervention groups: group 1 received a daily foodlet containing multiple micronutrients; group 2 received a daily placebo foodlet containing no micronutrients; group 3 received a weekly foodlet that contained multiple micronutrients (twice the dose of the daily foodlet) and placebo foodlets on the other days of the week; group 4 received a daily foodlet containing only 10 mg of elemental iron. The IRIS Trial aimed to examine the prevalence of multi-micronutrient deficiencies in 6- to 12-month-old infants from rural populations, and to examine the efficacy of multi-micronutrient supplementation in infants from the different countries included in the study. This paper describes the general methodology of the IRIS trial and the operational differences among the country sites.

Effect of high altitude on protein metabolism in Bolivian children.

In Bolivia, malnutrition in children is a major health problem that may be caused by inadequate protein, energy, and micronutrient intake; exposure to bacterial and parasitic infections; and life in a multistress environment (high altitude, cold, cosmic radiation, low ambient humidity). However, no data on protein absorption and utilization at high altitude were available. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of altitude on protein metabolism in Bolivian children. We measured protein utilization using leucine labeled with a stable isotope ((13)C) in two groups of healthy prepubertal children matched for age. Group 1 (n = 10) was examined at high altitude (HA) in La Paz (3600 m), and group 2 (n = 10) at low altitude (LA) in Santa Cruz (420 m). The nutritional status did not differ between groups but, as was to be expected, the HA group had higher hemoglobin concentration than the LA group. The children consumed casein that was intrinsically labeled with L-(1-(13)C) leucine and expired (13)CO(2) was analyzed. Samples of expired air were measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometer in Clermont-Ferrand. It was found that cumulative leucine oxidation ((13)CO(2)) at 300 min after ingestion was 19.7 +/- 4.9% at HA and 25.2 +/- 3.2% at LA. These results showed that protein absorption and/or utilization is significantly affected by altitude.

Anemia por deficiencia de hierro en la región Andina: definición y estrategias de intervención / Iron deficiency anemia in the Andean region: definition and interventions strategies

La anemia es una enfermedad sistémica que afecta a diferentes órganos y funciones. Puede estar causada por una inadecuada producción de eritrocitos, tener un origen congénito o deberse a infecciones o fenómenos inmunológicos. Sin embargo, su causa más frecuente es la deficiencia de hierro, desorden nutricional muy común a nivel internacional

Definición de la anemia en la altura: efecto de una suplementación con hierro y folatos sobre los indicadores hematológicos y evaluación del estado nutricional de los niños del altiplano boliviano / sss

El presente documento tiene el propósito de evaluar lo bien fundado de los umbrales de hemoglobina adaptados a la altura propuestos por la OMS para estas poblaciones de niños. Estudiar los valores de los indicadores hematológicos de dos poblaciones de niños de 6 meses a 9 años del Altiplano boliviano. Definir los valores normales de estos indicadores en particular del índice de hemoglobina, para estas poblaciones