Glucose plasma levels and pregnancy outcomes in women with HIV.

BACKGROUND: There is limited information on the relation between glucose levels in pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes in HIV-infected pregnant women. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential impact of fasting glucose levels on pregnancy outcomes in a large sample of pregnant women with HIV from a national study, adjusting for potential confounders. METHODS: Data from the Italian National Program on Surveillance on Antiretroviral Treatment in Pregnancy were used. The main outcomes evaluated in univariate and multivariable analyses were birthweight for gestational age>90th percentile (large for gestational age [LGA]), nonelective cesarean delivery, and preterm delivery. Glucose measurements were considered both as continuous and as categorical variables, following the HAPO study definition. RESULTS: Overall, 1,032 cases were eligible for the analysis. In multivariable analyses, a birthweight>90th percentile was associated with increasing fasting plasma glucose levels (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] per unitary (mg/dL) increase, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; P=.005), a higher body mass index, and parity of 1 or higher. A lower risk of LGA was associated with smoking and African ethnicity. A higher fasting plasma glucose category was significantly associated with LGA occurrence, and AORs for the glucose categories of 90-94 mg/ dL and 95-99 mg/dL were 3.34 (95% CI, 1.09-10.22) and 6.26 (95% CI, 1.82-21.58), respectively. Fasting plasma glucose showed no association with nonelective cesarean section [OR per unitary increase, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.98-1.02] or preterm delivery [OR per unitary increase, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.99-1.02]. CONCLUSIONS: In pregnant women with HIV, glucose values below the threshold usually defining hyperglycemia are associated with an increased risk of delivering LGA infants. Other conditions may independently contribute to adverse perinatal outcomes in women with HIV and should be considered to identify pregnancies at risk.

Giant secreting adrenal myelolipoma in a man: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Adrenal myelolipoma is a rare, benign neoplasm that is usually asymptomatic, unilateral and nonsecreting. It develops within the adrenal gland and is composed of mature adipose tissue with elements of the hematopoietic series. We describe the case of what is, to the best of our knowledge, one of the largest secreting adrenal myelolipomas reported in the literature. CASE PRESENTATION: A 52-year-old Caucasian man of medium build who had had moderate hypertension for three years presented to our hospital. He had no other significant symptoms. His hypertension was pharmacologically treated. He came to our hospital to undergo abdominal ultrasonography during a clinical checkup. The ultrasound scan showed the presence of a voluminous hyperechoic mass interposed between the spleen and the left kidney. It was reported as a myelolipoma of the left kidney on the basis of its structural characteristics and position. Computed tomography confirmed our diagnosis. All preoperative biochemical tests were normal, with the exception of high serum cortisol, which was being overproduced by the lesion and was probably responsible for the patient's hypertension. He underwent successful surgery, and his postoperative course was uneventful. The pathologic examination of the lesion confirmed the diagnosis of adrenal myelolipoma. The patient's blood pressure returned to within the normal range. CONCLUSIONS: The "incidental" discovery of an adrenal mass requires careful diagnostic study to plan adequate therapeutic management. Both of the primary investigations at our disposal, ultrasound and blood tests (adrenal hormones), helped in rendering the diagnosis and allowed us to move toward the most appropriate treatment, taking into account the size of the tumor and its probable hormonal production.

Treatment change in pregnancy is a significant risk factor for detectable HIV-1 RNA in plasma at end of pregnancy.

PURPOSE: To investigate the risk factors for an HIV-1 RNA plasma viral load above 400 copies/mL in the third trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: Data from a large national study were used. The possible determinants were assessed in univariate analyses and in a multivariate logistic regression model in order to adjust for possible confounders. RESULTS: Among 662 pregnancies followed between 2001 and 2008, 131 (19.8%) had an HIV-1 plasma copy number above 400/mL at the third trimester of pregnancy. In the multivariate analysis, the variables significantly associated with this occurrence were earlier calendar year (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] per additional calendar year, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.63-0.77; P<.001), lower CD4 count at enrollment (AOR per 100 cells lower, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.09-1.27; P<.001), HIV-1 RNA levels above 400 copies per mL at enrollment (AOR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.50-3.33; P<.001), and treatment modification during pregnancy (AOR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.07-2.57; P=.024). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment changes in pregnancy significantly increase the risk of an incomplete viral suppression at the end of pregnancy. In HIV-infected women of childbearing age, proper preconception care, which includes the preferential prescription of regimens with the best safety profile in pregnancy, is likely to prevent an incomplete viral suppression at the end of pregnancy.

An atypical case of hepatic cavernous hemangioma.

INTRODUCTION: The case of an atypical hepatic angiocavernoma is referred. The lesion, first described as a hypoechogenic area compared to the surrounding parenchyma, with anechogenic shoots inside, suggestive for vascular structures developed one year later into a totally asonic area with frayed margins. This change is very unusual and uncommon for this kind of lesions. CASE PRESENTATION: The case of a 74-year old caucasian male, complaining of slight dyspeptic symptoms (post-prandial fullness and bloating) is referred. The routine blood tests were all normal. Abdominal ultrasound showed a large, roughly round-shaped lesion (diameter 14 cm) in the VIII hepatic segment diagnosed as hepatic angiocavernoma, which turned unexpectedly in a cystic like lesion one year later. CONCLUSION: The atypical angioma's degeneration could account for one of the causes of the patient's exitus. It could be related to blood seizure by the large hepatic angioma due to the intratumoural haemorrhage.

Ultrasonographic study of gallbladder wall thickness and emptying in cirrhotic patients without gallstones.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Gallbladder wall thickening and impaired contractility are currently reported in cirrhotic patients and often related to portal hypertension and hepatic failure. The purpose of this work was to evaluate, by ultrasonographic method, gallbladder wall thickness and gallbladder emptying after a standard meal in normal subjects and in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis without gallstones. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with Child-Pugh class A liver cirrhosis and twenty healthy controls were studied. Gallbladder wall thickness (GWT), gallbladder fasting volume (FV), residual volume (RV), and maximum percentage of emptying (%E) were calculated. Measurements of mean portal velocity, portal vein flow, and serum albumin were performed too. Statistical analysis was assessed by Student's "t test" for unpaired data. RESULTS: GWT was 0.60 +/- 0.22 cm in cirrhotic patients and 0.21 +/- 0.06 cm in controls (P < .0001). FV and RV were, respectively, 37.8 +/- 3.7 cm(3) and 21.8 +/- 3 cm(3) in cirrhotic patients, 21.9 +/- 4.2 cm(3) and 4.6 +/- 2.2 cm(3) in healthy volunteers (P < .0001). %E was smaller in cirrhotics (42.6 +/- 7.8) as compared to controls (80.3 +/- 7.2; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with compensated liver cirrhosis without gallstones gallbladder wall thickness is increased whereas its contractility is reduced. These early structural and functional alterations could play a role in gallstone formation in more advanced stages of the disease.

Factors influencing gestational age-adjusted birthweight in a national series of 600 newborns from mothers with HIV.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have assessed the determinants of birthweight in newborns from HIV-positive mothers in analyses that adjusted for different gestational age at delivery. METHOD: We calculated gestational age-adjusted birthweight Z-score values in a national series of 600 newborns from women with HIV and in 600 newborns from HIV-negative women matched for gender and gestational age. The determinants of Z-score values in newborns from HIV-positive mothers were assessed in univariate and multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: Compared to newborns from HIV-negative women, newborns from HIV-positive women had significantly lower absolute birthweight (2799 vs. 2887 g; p = .007) and birthweight Z score (-0.430 vs. -0.222; p < .001). Among newborns from mothers with HIV, the maternal characteristics associated with significantly lower Z-score values in univariate analyses were recent substance use (Z-score difference [ZSD] 0.612, 95% CI 0.359-0.864, p < .001), smoking >10 cigarettes/day (ZSD 0.323, 95% CI 0.129-0.518, p = .001), absence of pregnancies in the past (ZSD 0.200, 95% CI 0.050-0.349, p = .009), no antiretroviral treatment in the past (ZSD 0.186, 95% CI 0.044-0.327, p = .010), and Caucasian ethnicity compared to Hispanic (ZSD 0.248, 95% CI 0.022-0.475, p = .032). Body mass index (BMI) at conception and maternal glycemia levels during pregnancy were also significantly related to birthweight Z scores. Glycemia, BMI, and recent substance use maintained a significant association with Z-score values in multivariate analyses. In the multivariate analysis, the only factors significantly associated with Z-score values below the 10th percentile were recent substance use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.17, 95% CI 1.15-8.74) and smoking (AOR 2.26, 95% CI 1.13-4.49). DISCUSSION: We identified several factors associated with gestational age-adjusted birthweight in newborns from women with HIV. Smoking and substance use have a significant negative impact on intrauterine growth, which adds to an independent HIV-related effect on birthweight. Prevention and information on this issue should be reinforced in women with HIV of childbearing age to reduce the risk of negative outcomes in their offspring.

Lipodystrophy is an independent predictor of hypertriglyceridemia during pregnancy in HIV-infected women.

Lipid values were measured during pregnancy in HIV-infected, treatment-experienced women. A previous history of lipodystrophy was associated with significantly higher triglyceride values at all pregnancy trimesters. In multivariate analyses lipodystrophy independently increased the risk of hypertriglyceridemia by threefold at the first trimester, and by eightfold at the second and third trimesters. Protease inhibitor treatment was also independently associated with hypertriglyceridemia.

Antiretroviral therapy at conception in pregnant women with HIV in Italy: wide range of variability and frequent exposure to contraindicated drugs.

METHODS: Data from a large national surveillance study was used to describe antiretroviral regimens in pregnant women with HIV, with particular reference to the presence at conception of antiretroviral treatments contraindicated in pregnancy. Therapeutic changes during pregnancy were also analysed. RESULTS: Among 334 women on antiretroviral treatment at conception, less than half (42.4%) reported current pregnancy as planned. A large number of different regimens (80) was observed. All the regimens included at least one nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors were present in similar proportions (39.2% and 40.7%, respectively). The most commonly used drugs were lamivudine (83.2% of regimens), zidovudine (50.0%), stavudine (d4T; 38.0%), nevirapine (25.7%), didanosine (ddl; 17.7%) and nelfinavir (17.7%). Treament with efavirenz (13.5% of regimens) and ddl+d4T (9.6%) was markedly frequent. Use of efavirenz at conception was associated with a subsequent treatment change during pregnancy (odds ratio [OR]: 13.2.; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.2-53.8, P < 0.001). A similar but less strong association was found for ddl (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.03-3.25, P = 0.033), whereas being on nevirapine was associated with a lower risk (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.38-0.81, P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that treatment at conception frequently represents the regimen previously selected for the treatment of the non-pregnant woman. The observed rates of exposure to contraindicated treatment should lead prescribing physicians to consider in HIV-positive women therapeutic choices that take into account the likelihood of an unplanned pregnancy. Such an approach is likely to reduce not only unintended exposures to contraindicated drugs, but also therapeutic changes during pregnancy.

Radioisotopic assessment of gastric emptying of solids in elderly subjects.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Few studies in literature have investigated the gastric emptying of solids in elderly subjects. We assessed the differences between young and elderly subjects in the gastric emptying rate of solids by a radioisotopic method. METHODS: Two groups of 15 elderly male subjects (mean age 68.20 years and 77.26 years, respectively) and a group of young male subjects (mean age 30.23 years) underwent a radioisotopic study of gastric emptying after eating a radiolabeled solid meal. Half-time of gastric emptying (T1/2) and emptying index (EI), i.e. rate of gastric emptying at 120 min, were measured with two opposing detectors connected to a computerized rate-meter. Results are expressed as means +/- SD. RESULTS: Significantly different values were obtained in the two groups both at T1/2 (183+/-88 and 195+/-75, respectively) and EI (0.40+/-0.3 and 0.36+/-0.4), compared with young subjects (T1/2=53+/-23; EI=1.10+/-0.3) (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Gastric emptying of solids is significantly delayed in elderly men; this variable must be taken into account when studies on gastric emptying rates are performed.

Early invasive diagnostic techniques in pregnant women who are infected with the HIV: a multicenter case series.

OBJECTIVE: Studies that mostly were conducted before the widespread use of combination antiretroviral treatments have reported that antenatal invasive procedures markedly increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus vertical transmission. We aimed to evaluate the vertical transmission rate and other maternal and neonatal complications among women who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus who underwent antenatal invasive procedures during the second trimester of pregnancy and who were delivered after the advent of antiretroviral regimens. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a multicenter case series of women who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus who underwent amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling or cordocentesis during the second trimester of pregnancy and who were delivered after January 1, 1997. RESULTS: Sixty-three of 775 recruited women (8.1%) had performed early invasive diagnostic techniques . This rate has improved progressively from 4% in 1997 to 14%. Two of 60 viable infants (3.3%; 95% CI, 0.6%-10.1%) were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. This rate did not differ significantly from the transmission rate that was observed in women who did not undergo antenatal invasive techniques (1.7%; P = .30). CONCLUSION: The current risk of human immunodeficiency virus vertical transmission that is associated with early invasive diagnostic techniques is lower than previously reported.

Pattern of gastric emptying in functional dyspepsia. An ultrasonographic study.

We assessed the ultrasonographic pattern of gastric emptying in patients with functional dyspepsia, evaluating its relationship with symptoms. Twenty dyspeptic patients, with slight (group A) and severe (group B) symptoms, and 10 controls (group C) underwent ultrasonographic study of gastric emptying by measuring postprandial variations of the antral area at regular intervals. The time at which the antral area returned to the basal value was assumed to be the final emptying time. The final emptying time was significantly longer in both group A (294 +/- 42 min) and group B (340 +/- 36 min) compared to controls (244 +/- 21 min), but no significant difference was observed between them. A significantly (P < 0.05) greater dilation of the antral area was found at 50 min in group B compared to group A patients. A different pattern of antral motor function rather than a delay of gastric emptying correlates with the severity of symtoms in dyspeptic patients.

Gallbladder and gastric emptying: relationship to cholecystokininemia in diabetics.

Background: Impaired gastrointestinal and gallbladder motility, as a complication of long-lasting diabetes mellitus, has been ascribed to the possible development of autonomic neuropathy, although the intervention of hormonal factors may not completely be excluded. In this regard, cholecystokinin (CCK), a gut hormone known to regulate pancreatic exocrine secretion, gallbladder contraction, and bowel motility in response to a meal, is impaired in patients with diabetes mellitus. This prompted us to evaluate the relationship between the plasma levels of CCK and gallbladder and gastric emptying in neuropathy-free diabetic patients treated with insulin (group A) or with oral hypoglycemic agents (group B) under basal conditions and in response to a standard test meal. Methods: Plasma CCK was measured by radioimmunoassay. Gastric and gallbladder emptying were evaluated ultrasonographically. Results: Plasma CCK levels were significantly lower in both groups of diabetics than in healthy controls during a fast and in response to a standard meal. However, meal ingestion was able to evoke a pattern of CCK response in both groups of diabetic patients similar to that seen in controls. Fasting gallbladder volume was higher in patients with diabetes than in controls, whereas the percentage of emptying was lower in patients of both groups. Gastric final emptying time was significantly longer in both groups of diabetics than in controls. Conclusion: This study shows that patients with diabetes have lower plasma levels of CCK, which may explain their relatively hypotonic gallbladder and reduced gastric motility.