Testicular histomorphometry and the proliferative and apoptotic activities of the seminiferous epithelium in Syrian hamster during spontaneous recrudescence after exposure to short photoperiod.

Syrian hamsters are photoperiodic rodents in which reproduction, including testicular function, is stimulated by long photoperiod exposure and curtailed by exposure to a short photoperiod. The objectives of this study were to characterize the testis histomorphometrically and to determine the role of the proliferation and apoptosis phenomena in the recovery of the seminiferous epithelium during spontaneous recrudescence after exposure to short photoperiod. The study was performed using conventional light microscopy, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP in situ nick end labelling staining, image analysis software, and transmission electron microscopy in three recrudescence groups: initial recrudescence (IR), advanced recrudescence (AR) and total recrudescence (TR). The results morphometrically pointed to the gradual recovery of the testicular and tubular volumes, as well as of the seminiferous epithelium. Among the IR and AR groups, the increase in testicular and tubular volumes was accompanied by an increase in tubular diameter and length, with an increase in interstitial volume. From AR to TR, there was an increase in the tubular and total volumes, but, in this case, with a gradual increase in tubular diameter. Recovery of the seminiferous epithelium was accompanied by changes in apoptosis and proliferation activities. The first decreased halfway through the process, and the second remained higher than the control levels throughout the recrudescence stage. Alterations in the spermatozoa were ultrastructurally observed, which indicated that spermiogenesis was not yet completely normal. In conclusion, spontaneous testicular recrudescence in Syrian hamster comprises two histomorphometrical phases: the first related to an increase in tubular length and diameter and interstitial volume and the second depending principally on the gradual increase in tubular diameter. The restoration of the seminiferous epithelium is due to apoptosis reaching normal values in the AR group accompanied by higher proliferative activity than that observed in the Control group.

Infecciones nosocomiales por Pseudomonas aeruginosa multiresistente incluido carbapenémicos: factores predictivos y pronósticos. Estudio prospectivo 2016-2017 / Nosocomial infections caused by multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (carbapenems included): predictive and prognostic factors. A prospective study (2016-2017)

Introducción. Pseudomonas aeruginosa es uno de los principales microorganismos causante de infecciones nosocomiales. En los últimos años están aumentando las resistencias a antimicrobianos y las infecciones producidas por estas cepas se han asociado a un aumento de la mortalidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar su significación clínica y analizar los valores predictivos y pronósticos. Métodos. Estudio prospectivo de casos y controles no emparejados realizado en 64 pacientes diagnosticados de infección nosocomial por P. aeruginosa, 32 de ellos por cepas sensibles y 32 por cepas multiresistentes incluido los carbapenémicos (MDR/XDR-C), ingresados en un hospital de tercer nivel. Se realizó un seguimiento hospitalario hasta el alta o fallecimiento y un control a los 30 días. Se analizaron variables clínico-epidemiológicas y microbiológicas. Resultados. La incidencia de cepas MDR/XDR-C fue de 2,3 por 1000 ingresos. Diez de las cuales fueron productoras de metalo-β-lactamasa tipo VIM. Los factores predictivos asociados de forma independiente con MDR/XDR-C fueron: la estancia previa en UCI o Reanimación (OR 14,01; IC95% 2,105-93,297), la aparición tras >20 días de estancia (OR 29,826; IC 95% 4,783-185,997) y la leucocitosis (OR 10,0190; IC95% 1,842-56,369). En cambio, no se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a los factores de gravedad clínica y la mortalidad en ambos grupos. Conclusión. Los principales factores de riesgo asociados a infecciones por cepas MDR/XDR-C fueron la estancia previa en UCI o Reanimación, la aparición tras >20 días y la leucocitosis. La infección por cepas MDR/XDR-C no se asocia a un aumento de la mortalidad

Introduction. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the major pathogens causing hospital-acquired infections. In recent years, antimicrobial resistance is increasing and multidrug resistant (MDR) and extremely drug resistant (XDR) isolates have been associated with an increase of mortality. The aim of this study is to assess the clinical significance and analyze predictors and prognostic factors. Methods. Prospective case-control non-paired study involving 64 patients with P. aeruginosa nosocomial infection, 32 caused by susceptible P. aeruginosa and 32 by MDR/XDR including to carbapenems (XDR-C) strains, admitted at a third level hospital. The follow-up period was till hospital discharge or death and at 30 days after discharge. For all patients, clinical epidemiology and microbiological data were analyzed. Results: The incidence of MDR/XDR-C strains was 2.3 per 1000 admissions. Ten of which were VIM metallo-β-lactamase-producing. Independent predictor factors associated with MDR/XDR-C infections were: previous ICU or Resuscitation unit admission (OR 14.01; IC 95% 2.105-93.297) appearance >20 days after admission (OR 29.826; IC 95% 4.783-185.997) and leukocytosis (OR 10.0190; IC 95% 1.842-56.369). However, there were not statistically significant differences in clinical severity or mortality between both groups. Conclusion: the major risk factors associated with MDR/XDR-C infections were previous ICU or Resuscitation unit admission, appearance >20 days after admission and leukocytosis. MDR/XDR-C infections were not associated to increased mortality

Optimisation of sonourethrography: the clamp method.

PURPOSE: To describe the clamp method for performing retrograde sonourethrography (RSUG) and contrast-enhanced voiding sonourethrography (CE-VSUG) via the transperineal approach in male adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective study of 113 males (14-86 years) with urethral strictures confirmed by urethrography who received sonourethrography via the clamp method between 2011 and 2015. The characteristic parameters of the quantitative variables were calculated and a comparative analysis of the qualitative variables was conducted using the McNemar test. RESULTS: RSUG was performed successfully in all the cases (n = 113) and detected 49 cases with anterior urethral strictures; the strictures in the proximal bulbar cone in five of them (10.2%) were not visualised on retrograde urethrography (RUG) (p < 0.05). CE-VSUG was performed successfully in 97 cases and observed posterior urethral strictures in 82; the bladder neck strictures in 6 of them (7.3%) were not observed on voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) (p < 0.05). Retrograde bladder filling was achieved in approximately 6 min. CONCLUSION: The clamp method enables RSUG and CE-VSUG to be performed simply, effectively and painlessly by a single operator. It also allows the evaluation of cases with urethromeatal alterations (stricture, hypospadias and meatotomy). KEY POINTS: • The clamp method enables RSUG to be performed simply and painlessly. • The clamp method requires only one operator and allows assessing urethromeatal alterations. • RSUG shows greater capacity for detecting anterior urethral strictures than RUG. • The clamp method achieves retrograde bladder filling in approximately 6 min. • CE-VSUG shows greater capacity for detecting strictures than VCUG.

Estudio de una cohorte de pacientes tratados con tigeciclina por infección intraabdominal tras cirugía abdominal compleja: epidemiologia y factores pronósticos / Epidemiology and risk factors of patients with intra-abdominal postsurgical infection treated with tigecycline: a cohort study

Objetivos. Estudiar la epidemiología de la infección intraabddominal postquirúrgica, la efectividad de tigeciclina y los factores asociadas a la mortalidad. Paciente y métodos. Estudio prospectivo de los pacientes con infección intraabdominal postquirúrgica con documentación microbiológica y tratados con tigeciclina. Resultados. Se estudiaron 103 pacientes, de los que sólo fueron evaluados 61 que cumplían todos los criterios de selección y que recibieron tratamiento con tigeciclina sola o en combinación. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 67 años con predominio de hombres (72%), el índice de Charlson ≥ 3 estaba presente en el 65,5% de los casos, siendo la diabetes y la neoplasia de colon las enfermedades más frecuentes. La cirugía neoplásica fue la más realizada (n=44, 72%), constatando en 43 (69%) casos el uso previo de antibióticos. El índice de Pitt ≥3 fue del 69%, aislándose como microorganismos más frecuentes Escherichia coli (38%), Enterococcus spp. (34%) con predominio de Enterococcus faecium, y Klebsiella pneumoniae más Enterobacter cloacae en 28%. Todos los pacientes recibieron tigeciclina, sola en 17 (28%) casos o en combinación 44 (72%), fundamentalmente con meropenem 25 (57%) o amikacina 19 (43%). De los 61 pacientes, 11 (18%) fallecieron, habiendo precisado todos ellos cirugía neoplásica ampliada y con aislamientos de enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido. En el análisis univariado se identificaron como factores pronósticos asociados significativamente con mayor mortalidad el índice de Charlson >3, pH venoso <7,30 y leucocitosis >20.000 cells/mm3. Conclusiones. Dado que se trata de una cohorte de pacientes tratados con tigeciclina, el aislamiento de E. faecium era muy frecuente. Tigeciclina, en monoterapia o en combinación, se asoció a una tasa de curación del 82%, constituyendo probablemente, una alternativa de gran interés en el tratamiento empírico de estas infecciones graves (AU)

Objectives. To study a cohort of patients with intra-abdominal postsurgical infection treated with tigecycline to analyze its effectiveness and mortality related factors. Patients and methods. Prospective study of patients with intra-abdominal postsurgical infection with microbiological isolation and treated with tigecycline. Results. Out of 103 patients only 61 full fit inclusion criteria. Mean age was 67 year-old and 72% were male. Charlson score was ≥ 3 in 65.5%, being diabetes and colon cancer the most prevalent diseases. Cancer surgery was the most frequent procedure (n=44, 72%) and previous antibiotic administration was present in 43 cases (69%). Pitt score was ≥ 3 in 69% and most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli (38 %), Enterococcus spp. (34%; mainly Enterococcus faecium) and Klebsiella pneumoniae together with Enterobacter cloacae (28%). Tigecycline was prescribed alone (17; 28%) or in combination with other antibiotics (44; 72%), mainly meropenem (25; 57%) or amikacin (19, 43%). 11 patients died (18%), all of which suffered extended cancer surgery and isolation of extended-spectrum betalactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae. Factors statistically associated to death in univariate analysis were Charlson score 3, pH <7.3 and leucocyte count >20.000 cells/mm3. Conclusions. As being a cohort of patients treated with tigecycline, E. faecium isolation was very frequent. Non-fatal evolution was achieved in 82% cases, being tigecycline a potentially good option in the empiric treatment of very severe infections (AU)

Arrhythmias, elicited by catecholamines and serotonin, vanish in human chronic atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common heart rhythm disorder. Transient postoperative AF can be elicited by high sympathetic nervous system activity. Catecholamines and serotonin cause arrhythmias in atrial trabeculae from patients with sinus rhythm (SR), but whether these arrhythmias occur in patients with chronic AF is unknown. We compared the incidence of arrhythmic contractions caused by norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, and forskolin in atrial trabeculae from patients with SR and patients with AF. In the patients with AF, arrhythmias were markedly reduced for the agonists and abolished for forskolin, whereas maximum inotropic responses were markedly blunted only for serotonin. Serotonin and forskolin produced spontaneous diastolic Ca(2+) releases in atrial myocytes from the patients with SR that were abolished or reduced in myocytes from the patients with AF. For matching L-type Ca(2+)-current (ICa,L) responses, serotonin required and produced ∼ 100-fold less cAMP/PKA at the Ca(2+) channel domain compared with the catecholamines and forskolin. Norepinephrine-evoked ICa,L responses were decreased by inhibition of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) in myocytes from patients with SR, but not in those from patients with AF. Agonist-evoked phosphorylation by CaMKII at phospholamban (Thr-17), but not of ryanodine2 (Ser-2814), was reduced in trabeculae from patients with AF. The decreased CaMKII activity may contribute to the blunting of agonist-evoked arrhythmias in the atrial myocardium of patients with AF.

Identification of different nutritional status groups in institutionalized elderly people by cluster analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To apply a cluster analysis to groups of individuals of similar characteristics in an attempt to identify undernutrition or the risk of undernutrition in this population. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Seven public nursing homes in the province of Murcia, on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. PARTICIPANTS: 205 subjects aged 65 and older (131 women and 74 men). MEASUREMENTS: Dietary intake (energy and nutrients), anthropometric (body mass index, skinfold thickness, mid-arm muscle circumference, mid-arm muscle area, corrected arm muscle area, waist to hip ratio) and biochemical and haematological (serum albumin, transferrin, total cholesterol, total lymphocyte count). Variables were analyzed by cluster analysis. RESULTS: The results of the cluster analysis, including intake, anthropometric and analytical data showed that, of the 205 elderly subjects, 66 (32.2%) were over - weight/obese, 72 (35.1%) had an adequate nutritional status and 67 (32.7%) were undernourished or at risk of undernutrition. The undernourished or at risk of undernutrition group showed the lowest values for dietary intake and the anthropometric and analytical parameters measured. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that cluster analysis is a useful statistical method for assessing the nutritional status of institutionalized elderly populations. In contrast, use of the specific reference values frequently described in the literature might fail to detect real cases of undernourishment or those at risk of undernutrition.

Objetivos: Aplicar un análisis de conglomerados (cluster analysis) para grupos de individuos de características similares en un intento de identificar la desnutrición o el riesgo de desnutrición en esta población. Métodos: Estudio transversal llevado a cabo en 205 sujetos de 65 años (131 mujeres y 74 hombres), residentes en siete centros públicos de la Región de Murcia, localizada en la costa mediterránea de España. Se valoró ingesta dietética (energía y nutrientes), medidas antropométricas (índice de masa corporal, pliegues cutáneos, circunferencia muscular del brazo, área muscular del brazo, área muscular del brazo corregida, relación cinturacadera) y parámetros bioquímicos y hematológicos (albúmina, transferrina, colesterol total, recuento total de linfocitos). Las variables se analizaron mediante análisis de conglomerados. Resultados: Los resultados del análisis de conglomerados, incluyendo la ingesta, datos antropométricos y analíticos mostraron que, de los 205 sujetos ancianos, 66 participantes (32,2%) presentaron sobrepeso/obesidad, 72 (35,1%) tenían un estado nutricional adecuado y 67 (32,7%) estaban desnutridos o en riesgo de desnutrición. El grupo con desnutrición o en riesgo de desnutrición mostró los valores más bajos de la ingesta dietética y los parámetros antropométricos y clínicos. Conclusiones: El estudio muestra que el análisis de conglomerados es un método estadístico útil para evaluar el estado nutricional de las poblaciones de ancianos institucionalizados. Por el contrario, el uso de los valores de referencia específicos, descritos con frecuencia en la literatura, podría no detectar situaciones reales de desnutrición o en riesgo de desnutrición.

Identification of different nutritional status groups in institutionalized elderly people by cluster analysis / Identificación de grupos de personas mayores institucionalizadas con diferente estado nutricional mediante un análisis de conglomerados

Objectives: To apply a cluster analysis to groups of individuals of similar characteristics in an attempt to identify undernutrition or the risk of undernutrition in this population. Methods: Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Seven public nursing homes in the province of Murcia, on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. Participants: 205subjects aged 65 and older (131 women and 74 men).Measurements: Dietary intake (energy and nutrients),anthropometric (body mass index, skin fold thickness, mid-arm muscle circumference, mid-arm muscle area,corrected arm muscle area, waist to hip ratio) and biochemical and haematological (serum albumin, transferrin, total cholesterol, total lymphocyte count).Variables were analyzed by cluster analysis.Results: The results of the cluster analysis, including intake, anthropometric and analytical data showed that, of the 205 elderly subjects, 66 (32.2%) were over -weight/obese, 72 (35.1%) had an adequate nutritional status and 67 (32.7%) were undernourished or at risk of undernutrition. The undernourished or at risk of undernutrition group showed the lowest values for dietary intake and the anthropometric and analytical parameters measured. Conclusions: Our study shows that cluster analysis is a useful statistical method for assessing the nutritional status of institutionalized elderly populations. In contrast, use of the specific reference values frequently described in the literature might fail to detect real cases of undernourishment or those at risk of undernutrition (AU)

Objetivos: Aplicar un análisis de conglomerados (clusteranalysis) para grupos de individuos de características similares en un intento de identificar la desnutrición o el riesgo de desnutrición en esta población. Métodos: Estudio transversal llevado a cabo en 205sujetos de 65 años (131 mujeres y 74 hombres), residentes en siete centros públicos de la Región de Murcia, localizada en la costa mediterránea de España. Se valoró ingesta dietética (energía y nutrientes), medidas antropométricas(índice de masa corporal, pliegues cutáneos, circunferencia muscular del brazo, área muscular del brazo, área muscular del brazo corregida, relación cintura cadera)y parámetros bioquímicos y hematológicos (albúmina, transferrina, colesterol total, recuento total de linfocitos).Las variables se analizaron mediante análisis deconglomerados. Resultados: Los resultados del análisis de conglomerados, incluyendo la ingesta, datos antropométricos y analíticos mostraron que, de los 205 sujetos ancianos, 66 participantes(32,2%) presentaron sobrepeso/obesidad, 72(35,1%) tenían un estado nutricional adecuado y 67(32,7%) estaban desnutridos o en riesgo de desnutrición. El grupo con desnutrición o en riesgo de desnutrición mostró los valores más bajos de la ingesta dietética y los parámetros antropométricos y clínicos. Conclusiones: El estudio muestra que el análisis de conglomerados es un método estadístico útil para evaluar el estado nutricional de las poblaciones de ancianos institucionalizados. Por el contrario, el uso de los valores de referencia específicos, descritos con frecuencia en la literatura, podría no detectar situaciones reales de desnutrición o en riesgo de desnutrición (AU)

[Study of a cohort of patients with Enterococcus spp. Bacteraemia. Risk factors associated to high-level resistance to aminoglycosides]. / Estudio de una cohorte de pacientes con bacteriemias por Enterococcus spp. Factores de riesgo para resistencia de alto nivel a aminoglicósidos.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze a cohort of patients with Enterococcus sp. bacteraemia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective and observational study of a cohort of non-pediatric in-patients with Enterococcus spp. bacteraemia (June 2007-September 2009). Data collection from clinical records was done according to a standard protocol. We analyzed epidemiological, clinical and microbiological data. Treatment with glycopeptides in non allergic patients or in case of betalactam susceptibility (ampicillin) was considered "optimizable". RESULTS: Three were 106 cases of bacteraemia (2.2/1000 admitted patients; 84% E. faecalis); 83% had an underlying condition; 88% nosocomial or health related cases. Urinary infection was present in 20% and primary bacteraemia in 47%. High level resistance to gentamicin (HLRG) was present in 60%; there was no vancomycin or linezolid resistance. Most frequent empiric treatments were penicillin-betalactamase inhibitor (25%) and glycopeptides (22%). Most frequent definitive treatment was glycopeptides (34%), being "optimized" 21% and 44% of empiric and definitive treatments, respectively. Mortality was 23% (related, 14%). In the multivariate analysis, risk factors associated with HLRG were nosocomial acquired infection (OR 6.083; 95CI% 1.428-25.915) and no-abdominal origin (OR 6.006; 95CI%1.398-25.805). In multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for mortality were: Pitt > 3 (OR 14.405; 95CI%2.236-92.808) and active empiric treatment (OR 8.849; 95CI% 1.101-71.429). Incidence in previous cohort was similar but HLRG rate has increased. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors associated with HLRG were nosocomial acquired infection and no-abdominal origin. Risk factors for mortality were initial clinical severity and having received active empiric treatment. HLRG rate has increased.

Estudio de una cohorte de pacientes con bacteriemias por Enterococcus spp. Factores de riesgo para resistencia de alto nivel a aminoglicósidos / Study of a cohort of patients with Enterococcus spp. Bacteraemia. Risk factors associated to high-level resistance to aminoglycosides

Objetivos. Analizar una cohorte de pacientes con bacteriemia enterocócica. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo-observacional de adultos ingresados con aislamiento de Enterococcus spp en hemocultivos (Junio 2007-Septiembre 2009). Se revisaron las historias clínicas siguiendo un protocolo que consideraba variables epidemiológicas, clínicas y microbiológicas. El tratamiento con glicopéptidos en pacientes no alérgicos o cepas sin resistencia a ampicilina se consideró “optimizable”. Resultados. Se detectaron 106 episodios (2/1000 pacientes ingresados; 84% E. faecalis); 83% presentaban comorbilidad de base; 88% de adquisición nosocomial/asociada a cuidados sanitarios. El foco fue urinario en 20% y desconocido en 47%; 60% tenían resistencia de alto nivel a gentamicina (RANG); no hubo cepas resistentes a vancomicina o linezolid. Los tratamientos empíricos más usados fueron penicilina-inhibidor de betalactamasas (25%) y glicopéptidos (22%). En el tratamiento definitivo el antibiótico más usado fue glicopéptido (34%), considerándose “optimizado” 21% de tratamientos empíricos y 44% de definitivos. La mortalidad global fue 23% (relacionada 14%). Se asociaron a RANG: adquisición nosocomial (OR 6,083; IC95% 1,428-25,915) y no tener foco abdominal (OR 6,006; IC95%1,398-25.805). Se asociaron a mayor mortalidad la gravedad clínica inicial (Pitt > 3) (OR 14,405; IC95%2,236-92,808) y haber recibido un tratamiento empírico activo (OR 8,849; IC95% 1,101-71,429). La incidencia de la serie histórica fue similar y aumentó el porcentaje de RANG en la cohorte más reciente. Conclusiones. La adquisición nosocomial y el no tener foco abdominal se asociaron a RANG; la gravedad clínica inicial y recibir tratamiento empírico activo (que no optimizado) se asociaron a mayor mortalidad. Apreciamos un aumento en el porcentaje de RANG (AU)

Objectives. To analyze a cohort of patients with Enterococcus sp. bacteraemia. Patients and methods. Retrospective and observational study of a cohort of non-pediatric in-patients with Enterococcus spp. bacteraemia (June 2007-September 2009). Data collection from clinical records was done according to a standard protocol. We analyzed epidemiological, clinical and microbiological data. Treatment with glycopeptides in non allergic patients or in case of betalactam susceptibility (ampicillin) was considered “optimizable”. Results. Three were 106 cases of bacteraemia (2.2/1000 admitted patients; 84% E. faecalis); 83% had an underlying condition; 88% nosocomial or health related cases. Urinary infection was present in 20% and primary bacteraemia in 47%. High level resistance to gentamicin (HLRG) was present in 60%; there was no vancomycin or linezolid resistance. Most frequent empiric treatments were penicillin-betalactamase inhibitor (25%) and glycopeptides (22%). Most frequent definitive treatment was glycopeptides (34%), being “optimized” 21% and 44% of empiric and definitive treatments, respectively. Mortality was 23% (related, 14%). In the multivariate analysis, risk factors associated with HLRG were nosocomial acquired infection (OR 6.083; 95CI% 1.428-25.915) and no-abdominal origin (OR 6.006; 95CI%1.398-25.805). In multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for mortality were: Pitt > 3 (OR 14.405; 95CI%2.236-92.808) and active empiric treatment (OR 8.849; 95CI% 1.101-71.429).). Incidence in previous cohort was similar but HLRG rate has increased. Conclusions. Risk factors associated with HLRG were nosocomial acquired infection and no-abdominal origin. Risk factors for mortality were initial clinical severity and having received active empiric treatment. HLRG rate has increased (AU)

[Bacteraemia at a second level hospital: epidemiological study, analysis of pronostic factors associated to mortality and economic cost estimation]. / Bacteriemias en un hospital de segundo nivel: estudio epidemiológico, análisis de factores pronósticos asociados a mortalidad y estimación de su coste económico.

INTRODUCTION: Bacteraemia (B) accounts for a considerable proportion (0.36%) of all hospital admissions due to infections diseases and it is associated to increased hospital costs. The aim of this study is to describe a cohort of patients with bacteraemia at a second level hospital, to analyze factors associated to mortality and its economical impact during hospital admission. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Observational study of a cohort of adult patients with bacteraemia admitted at a second level hospital during 2010. Data collection from clinical records has been done according to a standard protocol: epidemiological and clinical variables and factors associated to mortality were analysed. Total economical cost per patient was estimated. RESULTS: 148 patients were included: 80 community B (55.4%), 23 health care associated B (15.5%) and 45 nosocomial B (28.5%). The incidence was 9 cases 10.000 persons/year. Mean age was 69 years and the global mortality was 24%. In bivariate analysis smoking, diabetes mellitus, McCabe Jackson score type I-II, Pitt Index ≥ 3, APACHE ≥ 20, Glasgow ≤ 9, shock, respiratory distress, invasive procedures, nosocomial bacteraemia and inadequate empiric or definitive antibiotic treatment were associated to mortality (p<0.05). Factors associated to mortality in multivariate analysis included McCabe Jackson score type I-II (OR 4.95; 95% CI 1.095-22.38), haemodialysis during acute stage (OR 7.8; 95% CI 2.214-27.773) and inadequate empiric antibiotic treatment (OR 7.68; 95% CI 19.82-29.77). Admission economic cost per patient was 9,459 € for community acquired bacteriemia, 5,656 € for health care associated bacteraemia and 41,680€ for nosocomial bacteraemia. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidity, inadequate empiric antibiotic treatment and haemodialysis during acute phase are statistically significantly in our cohort of patients with bacteraemia.

When is coagulase-negative Staphylococcus bacteraemia clinically significant?

BACKGROUND: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are common contaminants in blood cultures (BC). A prospective study of patients with ≥ 2 blood culture sets and at least 1 positive CoNS BC was performed to develop an algorithm to assist in determining the clinical significance of CoNS bacteraemia. METHODS: A single reviewer examined the medical records of patients with CoNS bacteraemia (January-June 2010). The determination of clinical significance was made according to CDC/NHSN (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Healthcare Safety Network) criteria. To explore risk factors associated with clinical significance, a multivariate analysis was performed. The performances of various algorithms were then compared. An algorithm to assist in determining clinical significance was developed. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-nine cases were included; 97 (36%) were considered clinically significant bacteraemia (CSB). Predictors of CSB in the multivariate analysis were: time to positivity < 16 h (odds ratio (OR) 4.540, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.734-11.884), identification of Staphylococcus epidermidis (OR 4.273, 95% CI 2.124-5.593), central venous catheter (OR 4.932, 95% CI 2.467-9.858), > 2 CoNS-positive bottles from different BC sets (OR 1.957, 95% CI 1.401-2.733), and Charlson score ≥ 3 (OR 2.102, 95% CI 1.078-4.099). The algorithm with best sensitivity (62%) and specificity (93%) for determining clinical significance of CoNS included Charlson score ≥ 3, Pitt score ≥ 1, neutropenic patients, presence of central venous catheter, identification of S. epidermidis, and time to positivity < 16 h. The positive predictive value was 83% and the negative predictive value was 81% (likelihood ratio 8.87). CONCLUSION: The use of this algorithm could potentially reduce the misclassification of nosocomial bloodstream infections and inappropriate antibiotic treatment in patients for whom a positive CoNS does not represent a CSB.

Bacteriemias en un hospital de segundo nivel: Estudio epidemiológico, análisis de factores pronósticos asociados a mortalidad y estimación de su coste económico / Bacteraemia at a second level hospital: epidemiological study, analysis of pronostic factors associated to mortality and economic cost estimation

Introducción. Las bacteriemias (B) representan el 0,36% de los ingresos por patología infecciosa y generan un gasto sanitario importante. El objetivo es analizar una cohorte de pacientes con bacteriemia ingresados en un hospital de segundo nivel: determinar las características epidemiológicas y los factores asociados a mortalidad y estimar su coste. Pacientes y Métodos. Estudio observacional retrospectivo de una cohorte de pacientes adultos ingresados con bacteriemia verdadera en un hospital de segundo nivel durante el año 2010. Se recopilaron los datos clínicos y epidemiológicos de los pacientes y se analizaron los factores asociados a mortalidad. Se estimó el coste económico del ingreso por paciente. Resultados. Se incluyeron 148 episodios: 80 B comunitarias (55,4%), 23 B asociadas a cuidados sanitarios (15,5%) y 45 B nosocomiales (28,5%). La incidencia fue de 9 casos 10.000 habitantes/ año. La edad media fue de 69 años y la mortalidad global del 24%. En el análisis bivariante se asociaron a mortalidad (p< 0,05): hábito tabaquico, diabetes mellitus, McCabe Jackson tipo I-II, índice de Pitt >= 3, APACHE >= 20, Glasgow <=9, shock, distress respiratorio, la necesidad de algún procedimiento invasivo, la bacteriemia nosocomial y el tratamiento antibiótico empírico o definitivo incorrecto. En el análisis multivariante se asociaron de forma estadísticamente significativa con la mortalidad: McCabe tipo I-II (OR 4,95; IC 95% 1,095-22,38), necesidad de hemodiálisis durante el proceso clínico (OR 7,8; IC 95% 2,214-27,773) y tratamiento empírico inadecuado (OR 7,68; IC 95% 19,82- 29,77). El coste estimado por paciente es de 9.459€ en el caso de las B comunitarias, 5.656€ para las B asociadas a los cuidados sanitarios y 41.680€ para las B nosocomiales. Conclusiones. La gravedad de la enfermedad de base, el tratamiento antibiótico empírico inadecuado y la necesidad de hemodiálisis durante el proceso clínico son los principales factores pronósticos de mortalidad en nuestra cohorte de pacientes con bacteriemia(AU)

Introduction. Bacteraemia (B) accounts for a considerable proportion (0.36%) of all hospital admissions due to infections diseases and it is associated to increased hospital costs. The aim of this study is to describe a cohort of patients with bacteraemia at a second level hospital, to analyze factors associated to mortality and its economical impact during hospital admission. Patients and Methods. Observational study of a cohort of adult patients with bacteraemia admitted at a second level hospital during 2010. Data collection from clinical records has been done according to a standard protocol: epidemiological and clinical variables and factors associated to mortality were analysed. Total economical cost per patient was estimated. Results. 148 patients were included: 80 community B (55.4%), 23 health care associated B (15.5%) and 45 nosocomial B (28.5%). The incidence was 9 cases 10.000 persons/year. Mean age was 69 years and the global mortality was 24%. In bivariate analysis smoking, diabetes mellitus, McCabe Jackson score type I-II, Pitt Index >=3, APACHE >= 20, Glasgow <=9, shock, respiratory distress, invasive procedures, nosocomial bacteraemia and inadequate empiric or definitive antibiotic treatment were associated to mortality (p<0.05). Factors associated to mortality in multivariate analysis included McCabe Jackson score type I-II (OR 4.95; 95% CI 1.095-22.38), haemodialysis during acute stage (OR 7.8; 95% CI 2.214-27.773) and inadequate empiric antibiotic treatment (OR 7.68; 95% CI 19.82- 29.77). Admission economic cost per patient was 9,459€ for community acquired bacteriemia, 5,656€ for health care associated bacteraemia and 41,680€ for nosocomial bacteraemia. Conclusions. Comorbidity, inadequate empiric antibiotic treatment and haemodialysis during acute phase are statistically significantly in our cohort of patients with bacteraemia(AU)

A solution to ankle-brachial index limitations in peripheral transluminal angioplasty.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the limitations of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) in the revascularisation of diabetic patients with critical limb ischaemia (CLI) who were undergoing peripheral transluminal angioplasty (PTA) compared with the degree of arterial stenosis and with transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcpO2). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study assessed 250 consecutive diabetic patients in whom we evaluated results of posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis Doppler, ABI, TcpO2, and duplex scans. In total, 104 patients were considered suitable candidates for PTA. RESULTS: In 42% of the patients studied, ABI could either not be used (9.34% due to no signal; 14.02% because the artery could not be compressed) or was incorrect (18.7% before PTA; 15.9% after PTA). In contrast, TcpO2 was determined in all cases. After PTA, vessel stenosis decreased from 58.33±20.07% to 21.87±13.57% (p<0.001), whereas ABI increased from 0.79±0.57 to 0.95±0.47 (p<0.001) and TcpO2 from 27.37±10.40 mmHg to 38.23±10.25 mmHg (p<0.001). A statistical analysis revealed scant correlation between techniques (TcpO2 and ABI) (r=0.14). CONCLUSIONS: ABI shows significant limitations for the diagnosing and treating CLI patients compared with TcpO2.

Efficacy of intralesional triamcinolone injection in the treatment of mammillary fistula: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Recurring mammillary fistula (MF) is often difficult to manage. PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of intralesional triamcinolone (ILT) injection versus irrigation with saline solution in the management of MF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted including 10 patients with MF. The patients were distributed non-randomly into two groups: saline group (n = 5) and triamcinolone group (n = 5). Ultrasound guidance was used for ILT injection. The injection was repeated in the case of no response or recurrence. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed between the saline and triamcinolone groups for clinical parameters and ultrasonographic characteristics of the MF and for the outcomes of the two methods of treatment. However, a statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups for recurrence of MF (P < 0.046). Success of the treatment with ILT injection was observed in 90% of the patients (9/10), and a failure in one case (10%) after three ILT injections, who was referred for surgery. CONCLUSION: ILT injection is an effective, simple, and safe treatment for the management of MF.

What is the impact of a rapid diagnostic E-test in the treatment of patients with Gram-negative bacteraemia?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) in antibiotic therapeutic decisions in non-paediatric patients with Gram-negative bacteraemia (GNB). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A RDT consisting of a direct antibiogram was used on blood isolates of GNB. GNB were also identified and sensitivity tests were performed according to standard criteria. Information on empirical treatment was registered (T1), as well as the antibiotic administered once the results of the RDT were available (T2). Finally, we noted the ideal antibiotic that the infectious diseases specialist (IDS) would have prescribed (T3). The decision regarding T2 was always taken by the patient's physician or the physician on duty. RESULTS: A RDT was performed for 248 patients. The most frequently isolated bacterium was Escherichia coli (13% producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase). T1 was considered appropriate in 74% and appropriate but optimizable in 43%. T2 was considered appropriate in 95%, appropriate but optimizable in 36%, and inappropriate in 5%. The cost of the optimizable treatment (T2) was € 2210, while the cost of the ideal treatment would have been € 416; the saving in antibiotic cost of 1 day of treatment would have been € 1694. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment prescribed by a non-IDS after a RDT was inappropriate in 5% and optimizable in 36%. It is our recommendation that information provided by a RDT should be interpreted by an IDS to make the information more beneficial both economically and 'ecologically'.

Multicenter validation of two nomograms to predict non-sentinel node involvement in breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Nomograms are used to predict the involvement of non-sentinel nodes (nSN) in breast cancer. This study attempts to externally validate two of the more commonly used nomograms (MSKCC and Stanford University). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five hundred and one cases of positive SNB with posterior axillary lymphadenectomy from 11 Spanish hospitals with widespread experience of the technique were studied. In all cases, an estimate of the probability of nSN involvement was made using the MSKCC and the Stanford University nomograms. Discrimination was assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. To assess the calibration of the nomogram, observed probability was plotted against the nomogram-calculated predicted probability. RESULTS: The overall predictive accuracy of the MSKCC nomogram was 0.684 (95 % confidence interval, 0.635-0.732), while in the case of that from Stanford the predictive accuracy was 0.658 (95 % confidence interval 0.607-0.709). The mean predicted probability of nSN metastases in each group of patients was correlated with the observed probability with an acceptable concordance (r = 0.820; p < 0.004 in MSKCC nomogram and r = 0.888; p < 0.001 in Stanford nomogram). CONCLUSION: These nomograms can be useful tools in the evaluation of patients with breast cancer and positive sentinel nodes but other factors, including a comprehensive clinical assessment, must be used to decide the most appropriate surgical approach for an individual patient, especially with regard to avoiding unnecessary lymphadenectomy.

Bacteriemias por Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa: análisis de factores pronóstico e influencia del tratamiento antibiótico / Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus bacteraemia: prognosis factors and influence of antibiotic treatment

Introducción: Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa (SCN) es el microorganismo que se aisla con mayor frecuencia en los hemocultivos (HC) obtenidos en pacientes hospitalizados; su pronóstico se ha asociado a la gravedad clínica del paciente así como a un tratamiento antibiótico empírico inadecuado pero en la actualidad la influencia del tratamiento antibiótico empírico adecuado en la supervivencia de los enfermos no representa un factor pronóstico claramente reconocido. Los objetivos del estudio fueron analizar los factores asociados a una mayor mortalidad en pacientes con bacteriemia por SCN y la influencia del tratamiento antibiótico empírico en su evolución. Pacientes y método: análisis prospectivo (enero a junio de 2010) de los pacientes con HC positivos para SCN en un centro hospitalario universitario; se clasificó la bacteriemia como verdadera atendiendo a criterios de los CDC y se evaluaron los parámetros epidemiológicos, clínicos y microbiológicos relacionados con el fallecimiento del paciente. Resultados: se incluyeron 269 casos en el estudio (97 bacteriemias verdaderas); el 92% de los pacientes evolucionó hacia la curación y el 8% fallecieron (el 1,6% de los fallecimientos se consideró relacionado con la bacteriemia por SCN). Staphylococcus epidermidis fue el SCN identificado con más frecuencia. En el estudio de mortalidad relacionada se incluyeron 93 casos de bacteriemia verdadera. Se asociaron de forma estadísticamente significativa al fallecimiento de los pacientes (estudio bivariante) la gravedad clínica del enfermo (Winston I-III), el ser portador de marcapasos, el desarrollo de sepsis o endocarditis infecciosa y la bacteriemia persistente. El tratamiento empírico adecuado no se asoció a una mayor supervivencia. Conclusiones: el pronóstico de los enfermos con bacteriemia por SCN se asocia a la gravedad y las complicaciones sépticas desarrolladas, siendo mayor en pacientes portadores de marcapasos; en nuestra experiencia el tratamiento empírico inadecuado no se asocia a mortalidad(AU)

Introduction: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the most frequent isolated microorganism in blood cultures; mortality has been associated to severity and to adequacy of empirical treatment but the relevance of the latter is not clearly recognised. The aims of the study were to analyze clinical and microbiological factors related to mortality in patients with CNS bacteraemia and the influence of empirical treatment in prognosis. Patients and methods: a prospective cohort study of patients with CNS bacteraemia was performed (January to June 2010) at a university-affiliated hospital; a determination of clinical significance was made and true bacteraemia was defined according to CDC criteria. We analysed epidemiological, clinical and microbiological variables related to mortality. Results: a total of 269 cases were included (97 were considered true bacteraemia); 92% survived and mortality was 8% (1.6% CNS bacteraemia related mortality). Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequent isolated species; 93 patients were included in the related mortality study of patients with true bacteraemia. Factors associated to mortality in the bivariate analysis (p<0.05) were: Winton score I-III, presence of pacemakers, sepsis or infective endocarditis and persistent bacteraemia. Adequate empirical treatment was not associated to survival. Conclusions: severity at onset, the development of septic complications and having a pacemaker are associated to mortality in patients with CNS bacteraemia; in our cohort, inadequate empirical treatment is not related to mortality(AU)

Infecciones por Acinetobacter baumannnii multirresistente y resistente a carbapenem: factores asociados a la mortalidad / Multidrug and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: Factors associated with mortality

Background and objective: To analyse factors related to mortality and influence of antibiotic treatment on outcome in patients with nosocomial infection due to multidrug and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-C AB). Patients and methods: Observational and prospective study of a cohort of adult patients with MDR-C AB infection. Data collection from clinical records was done according to a standard protocol (January 2007 through June 2008). Patients with MDR-C AB infection were identified by review of results of microbiology cultures from the hospital microbiology laboratory. Epidemiological and clinical variables and predictors of mortality were analysed. Results: 24 out of 101 cases were considered colonizations and 77 infections (27 bacteraemia); global mortality in infected patients was 49% (18 cases with bacteraemia and 20 with no bacteraemia). In the multivariate analysis, including the 77 cases of infection, the prognosis factors associated with mortality were age (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.02-1.2), McCabe 1 (OR 33.98; 95% CI 4.33-266.85), bacteraemia (OR 9.89; 95% CI 1.13-86.13), inadequate empiric treatment (OR 16.7; 95% CI 2.15-129.79), and inadequate definitive treatment (OR 26.29; 95% CI 1.45-478.19). In the multivariate analysis including the 57 cases of infection with adequate definitive treatment, the prognosis factors associated with mortality were McCabe 1 (OR 24.08; 95% CI 3.67-157.96) and monotherapy versus combined treatment (OR 7.11; 95% CI 1.63-30.99). Conclusions: Our cohort of patients with MDR-C AB infection is characterised by a very high mortality (49%); the severity of patients and inadequate treatment or monotherapy are statistically associated with mortality (AU)

Fundamento y objetivo: Analizar los factores asociados a mortalidad y la influencia del tratamiento antibiótico en la evolución de los pacientes con infección por Acinetobacter baumannii multiresistente y resistente a carbapenem (ABMDR-C). Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional y prospectivo de una cohorte de pacientes adultos con infección por ABMDR-C (Enero 2007 a junio 2008). Los casos de infección se identificaron a partir de los resultados de los cultivos microbiológicos. Analizamos las variables epidemiológicas y clínicas asociadas a mortalidad. Resultados: Veinticuatro de los 101 aislamientos de ABMDR-C se consideraron colonizaciones y 77 fueron definidos como infecciones (27 bacteriemias); la mortalidad global de los casos de infección fue del 49% (18 pacientes con bacteriemia y 20 sin bacteriemia). En el análisis multivariado que incluía a los 77 pacientes con infección, los factores predictores de mortalidad fueron: edad (OR 1,09; IC95% 1,02-1,2), McCabe 1 (OR 33,98; IC95% 4,33-266,85), bacteriemia (OR 9,89; IC95% 1,13-86,13), tratamiento empírico inadecuado (OR 16,7; IC95% 2,15-129,79), tratamiento definitivo inadecuado(OR 26,29; IC95% 1,45-478,19). En el análisis multivariado que incluía los 57 pacientes que recibieron tratamiento definitivo adecuado, los factores predictores de mortalidad fueron McCabe 1 (OR 24,08; IC95% 3,67-157,96) y tratamiento en monoterapia versus combinaciones (OR 7,11; IC95% 1,63-30,99). Conclusiones: En nuestra cohorte de pacientes con infección por ABMDR-C la mortalidad es elevada (49%); los pacientes graves y el tratamiento antibiótico inadecuado o el tratamiento definitivo adecuado en monoterapia se asocian de forma estadísticamente significativa a mayor mortalidad (AU)

Multidrug and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: Factors associated with mortality.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To analyse factors related to mortality and influence of antibiotic treatment on outcome in patients with nosocomial infection due to multidrug and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-C AB). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Observational and prospective study of a cohort of adult patients with MDR-C AB infection. Data collection from clinical records was done according to a standard protocol (January 2007 through June 2008). Patients with MDR-C AB infection were identified by review of results of microbiology cultures from the hospital microbiology laboratory. Epidemiological and clinical variables and predictors of mortality were analysed. RESULTS: 24 out of 101 cases were considered colonizations and 77 infections (27 bacteraemia); global mortality in infected patients was 49% (18 cases with bacteraemia and 20 with no bacteraemia). In the multivariate analysis, including the 77 cases of infection, the prognosis factors associated with mortality were age (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.02-1.2), McCabe 1 (OR 33.98; 95% CI 4.33-266.85), bacteraemia (OR 9.89; 95% CI 1.13-86.13), inadequate empiric treatment (OR 16.7; 95% CI 2.15-129.79), and inadequate definitive treatment (OR 26.29; 95% CI 1.45-478.19). In the multivariate analysis including the 57 cases of infection with adequate definitive treatment, the prognosis factors associated with mortality were McCabe 1 (OR 24.08; 95% CI 3.67-157.96) and monotherapy versus combined treatment (OR 7.11; 95% CI 1.63-30.99). CONCLUSIONS: Our cohort of patients with MDR-C AB infection is characterised by a very high mortality (49%); the severity of patients and inadequate treatment or monotherapy are statistically associated with mortality.