Effects of brake training on lower limbs of soccer players / Efeitos do treinamento de frenagem sobre os membros inferiores dos jogadores de futebol / Efectos del entrenamiento de frenado en las extremidades inferiores de los futbolistas

ABSTRACT Introduction: As sports skills and attacking techniques evolved rapidly, so did sports offense and defense, requiring new techniques for improving sports performance on the field. One technique that has been empirically highlighted is braking training, with little scientific research on its practical results. Objective: Study the effects of brake training on lower limb agility in soccer players. Methods: Male soccer athletes participated in the experiment, and patients were divided into experimental and control groups, where lower limb demand and fracture resistance were tested. Results: After 8 weeks of training, the quality of sensitivity and explosive strength of the lower extremities were checked, where the experimental group showed a highly significant difference in training (P<0.01). The sensitivity index scores were all significantly changed. In the control group, there was a variation in bone density before and after exercise but little significant difference in performance. Conclusion: Compared to traditional resistance training, extending and focusing on lower limb braking training can effectively develop explosive strength and agility in soccer players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: À medida que as habilidades esportivas e a técnica de ataque evoluíram rapidamente, o mesmo foi acontecendo com relação ao ataque e à defesa esportiva, exigindo novas técnicas para o aprimoramento do desempenho esportivo em campo. Uma das técnicas que vem se destacando empiricamente é o treinamento de frenagem, com poucas pesquisas científicas em seus resultados práticos. Objetivo: Estudar os efeitos do treinamento de frenagem sobre a agilidade dos membros inferiores nos jogadores de futebol. Métodos: Atletas masculinos de futebol participaram do experimento, sendo os pacientes divididos em grupos experimentais e de controle, onde a demanda dos membros inferiores e a resistência à fratura foram testadas. Resultados: Após 8 semanas de treinamento, verificou-se a qualidade da sensibilidade e a força explosiva das extremidades inferiores, onde o grupo experimental mostrou uma diferença altamente significativa ao treinamento (P<0,01). Os escores do índice de sensibilidade foram todos significativamente alterados. No grupo de controle, houve uma variação na densidade óssea antes e depois do exercício, porém pouca diferença significativa no desempenho. Conclusão: Em comparação com o treinamento de resistência tradicional, a ampliação e concentração no treinamento de frenagem sobre os membros inferiores pode efetivamente desenvolver a força explosiva e a agilidade nos jogadores de futebol. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: A medida que las habilidades deportivas y la técnica de ataque evolucionaba rápidamente, lo mismo ocurría con el ataque y la defensa deportiva, exigiendo nuevas técnicas para la mejora del rendimiento deportivo en el campo. Una de las técnicas que se ha destacado empíricamente es el entrenamiento de frenado, con poca investigación científica sobre sus resultados prácticos. Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos del entrenamiento de frenado sobre la agilidad de los miembros inferiores en jugadores de fútbol. Métodos: En el experimento participaron atletas de fútbol de sexo masculino, y los pacientes se dividieron en grupos experimentales y de control, en los que se comprobó la demanda de las extremidades inferiores y la resistencia a las fracturas. Resultados: Tras 8 semanas de entrenamiento, se comprobó la calidad de la sensibilidad y la fuerza explosiva de las extremidades inferiores, donde el grupo experimental mostró una diferencia altamente significativa al entrenamiento (P<0,01). Las puntuaciones del índice de sensibilidad cambiaron significativamente. En el grupo de control, hubo una variación en la densidad ósea antes y después del ejercicio, pero poca diferencia significativa en el rendimiento. Conclusión: En comparación con el entrenamiento de resistencia tradicional, extender y centrar el entrenamiento de frenado en las extremidades inferiores puede desarrollar eficazmente la fuerza explosiva y la agilidad en los jugadores de fútbol. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Effects of strength training on physical conditioning in soccer players / Efeitos do treinamento de força sobre o condicionamento físico em jogadores de futebol / Efectos del entrenamiento de fuerza en la condición física en jugadores de fútbol

ABSTRACT Introduction: With the development of contemporary soccer, it can be seen that the physical conditioning of athletes has become the gold standard for player evaluation. Objective: Analyze the effects of strength training on soccer players' physical conditioning. Methods: By combining functional strength training with traditional soccer training, the literature was compared, using the method of mathematical statistics and comparative analysis to study the influence of physical conditioning in youth soccer (n=62). Results: After the test, the difference between the control group and the experimental group was significantly enhanced (p = 0.66> 0.05), but there was no difference in effectiveness between the experimental group and the control group after 10 minutes (p = 0.03. <0.05). There was a significant difference in post-test performance between the experimental group and the control group (p = 0.04 <0.05), with emphasis on the hand-throw performance after training. Conclusion: The strength training protocol presented here had a positive impact on the physical conditioning of soccer players, especially on the agility performance of young athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: Com o desenvolvimento do futebol contemporâneo, pode-se constatar que o condicionamento físico dos atletas se tornou o padrão ouro para avaliação de seu jogador. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do treinamento de força sobre o condicionamento físico dos jogadores de futebol. Métodos: Combinando o treinamento funcional de força ao treinamento de futebol tradicional, comparou-se a literatura bibliográfica, utilizando o método de estatística matemática e análise comparativa para estudar a influência sobre o condicionamento físico no futebol juvenil (n=62). Resultados: Após o teste, a diferença entre o grupo controle e o grupo experimental foi significativamente aprimorada (p = 0,66> 0,05), porém não houve diferença na eficácia entre o grupo experimental e o grupo controle após 10 minutos (p = 0,03. <0.05). Verificou-se uma diferença significativa no desempenho pós-teste entre o grupo experimental e o grupo controle (p = 0,04 <0,05), com destaque ao desempenho do lançamento manual após o treinamento. Conclusão: O protocolo de treinamento de força apresentado repercutiu positivamente sobre o condicionamento físico nos jogadores de futebol, com destaque para o desempenho da agilidade nos jovens atletas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Con el desarrollo del fútbol contemporáneo, se puede comprobar que la condición física de los atletas se convirtió en el patrón de oro para la evaluación del jugador. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos del entrenamiento de fuerza en la condición física de los futbolistas. Métodos: Combinando el entrenamiento de fuerza funcional con el entrenamiento de fútbol tradicional, se comparó la literatura, utilizando el método de la estadística matemática y el análisis comparativo para estudiar la influencia en el acondicionamiento físico en el fútbol juvenil (n=62). Resultados: Después de la prueba, la diferencia entre el grupo de control y el grupo experimental fue significativamente mayor (p = 0,66> 0,05), pero no hubo diferencia de eficacia entre el grupo experimental y el grupo de control después de 10 minutos (p = 0,03. <0,05). Hubo una diferencia significativa en el rendimiento posterior a la prueba entre el grupo experimental y el grupo de control (p = 0,04 <0,05), con énfasis en el rendimiento del lanzamiento manual después del entrenamiento. Conclusión: El protocolo de entrenamiento de fuerza aquí presentado tuvo un impacto positivo en el acondicionamiento físico de los jugadores de fútbol, con énfasis en el rendimiento de la agilidad en atletas jóvenes. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Results of pliometry on lower limb motor function in soccer players / Resultados da pliometria sobre a função motora nos membros inferiores de futebolistas / Resultados de la pliometría en la función motora de los miembros inferiores en jugadores de fútbol

ABSTRACT Introduction: Soccer is watched by hundreds of millions of fans worldwide, in more than 1.5 million teams and 300,000 clubs worldwide, by men and women, children and adults of all levels of expertise. Demanding high performance from its practitioners, achieved only with the strong scientific basis of its technicians by constantly updated research. Objective: Study the results of extensor strength training with plyometrics exercises on the motor function of soccer players' lower limbs. Methods: An experiment with 30 soccer players as research volunteers was performed by randomly dividing them into high load plyometric training group (PHL, 20% of body weight), low load plyometric training group (PLL, 10% of body weight), and control group (CON) for various physiological tests before and after training. Results: Lower limb muscle mass in the PHL group increased significantly; creatine kinase (CK) changes were not statistically significant; regarding isokinetic muscle strength performance, the PHL group showed a significant improvement in peak torque at 60°/s and 180°/s, while the PLL group obtained only a significant improvement at 180°/s. Conclusion: Plyometric exercise promoted a significant improvement in isokinetic muscle strength of the lower extremity of soccer players; its training with different weights did not cause muscle damage. A progressive training load is recommended for athletes with low muscle strength during the initial training phase. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O futebol é assistido por centenas de milhões de torcedores mundialmente, em mais de 1,5 milhões de times e 300.000 clubes em todo o mundo, tanto por homens e mulheres, crianças e adultos de todos os níveis de especialização. Exigindo alta performance de seus praticantes, conseguida apenas com forte embasamento científico de seus técnicos por pesquisas constantemente atualizadas. Objetivo: Estudar os resultados do treinamento de fortalecimento dos extensores com exercícios de pliometria sobre a função motora dos membros inferiores dos jogadores de futebol. Métodos: Um experimento com 30 jogadores de futebol como voluntários de pesquisa foi executado dividindo-os aleatoriamente em grupo de treinamento pliométrico de alta carga (PHL, 20% do peso corporal), grupo de treinamento pliométrico de baixa carga (PLL, 10% do peso corporal) e grupo de controle (CON) para vários testes fisiológicos antes e depois do treinamento. Resultados: A massa muscular dos membros inferiores no grupo PHL aumentou significativamente; as alterações de creatina quinase (CK) não foram estatisticamente significativas; em relação ao desempenho da força muscular isocinética, o grupo PHL apresentou uma melhora significativa no torque de pico a 60°/s e 180°/s, enquanto o grupo PLL obteve apenas uma melhora significativa a 180°/s. Conclusão: A pliometria promoveu uma melhora significativa na força muscular isocinética dos membros inferiores dos jogadores de futebol, seu treinamento com distintos pesos não ocasionou danos musculares. Recomenda-se a utilização de carga de treinamento progressiva aos esportistas com pouca força muscular durante a fase inicial de treinamento. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El fútbol es visto por cientos de millones de aficionados en todo el mundo, en más de 1,5 millones de equipos y 300.000 clubes en todo el mundo, por hombres y mujeres, niños y adultos de todos los niveles de especialización. Exigir un alto rendimiento a sus practicantes, sólo se consigue con una fuerte base científica de sus técnicos mediante una investigación constantemente actualizada. Objetivo: Estudiar los resultados del entrenamiento de la fuerza extensora con ejercicios pliométricos sobre la función motora de los miembros inferiores de los futbolistas. Métodos: Se realizó un experimento con 30 jugadores de fútbol como voluntarios de investigación, dividiéndolos aleatoriamente en el grupo de entrenamiento pliométrico de alta carga (PHL, 20% del peso corporal), el grupo de entrenamiento pliométrico de baja carga (PLL, 10% del peso corporal) y el grupo de control (CON) para realizar diversas pruebas fisiológicas antes y después del entrenamiento. Resultados: La masa muscular de las extremidades inferiores en el grupo PHL aumentó significativamente; los cambios en la creatina quinasa (CK) no fueron estadísticamente significativos; en cuanto al rendimiento de la fuerza muscular isocinética, el grupo PHL mostró una mejora significativa en el par máximo a 60°/s y 180°/s, mientras que el grupo PLL sólo obtuvo una mejora significativa a 180°/s. Conclusión: La pliometría promovió una mejora significativa en la fuerza muscular isocinética de los miembros inferiores de los futbolistas, su entrenamiento con diferentes pesos no causó daño muscular. Se recomienda una carga de entrenamiento progresiva para los atletas con poca fuerza muscular durante la fase de entrenamiento inicial. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Prediction of suicide attempts in a prospective cohort study with a nationally representative sample of the US population.

BACKGROUND: There is still little knowledge of objective suicide risk stratification. METHODS: This study aims to develop models using machine-learning approaches to predict suicide attempt (1) among survey participants in a nationally representative sample and (2) among participants with lifetime major depressive episodes. We used a cohort called the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) that was conducted in two waves and included a nationally representative sample of the adult population in the United States. Wave 1 involved 43 093 respondents and wave 2 involved 34 653 completed face-to-face reinterviews with wave 1 participants. Predictor variables included clinical, stressful life events, and sociodemographic variables from wave 1; outcome included suicide attempt between wave 1 and wave 2. RESULTS: The model built with elastic net regularization distinguished individuals who had attempted suicide from those who had not with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.89, balanced accuracy 81.86%, specificity 89.22%, and sensitivity 74.51% for the general population. For participants with lifetime major depressive episodes, AUC was 0.89, balanced accuracy 81.64%, specificity 85.86%, and sensitivity 77.42%. The most important predictor variables were a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and being of Asian descent for the model in all participants; and previous suicide attempt, borderline personality disorder, and overnight stay in hospital because of depressive symptoms for the model in participants with lifetime major depressive episodes. Random forest and artificial neural networks had similar performance. CONCLUSIONS: Risk for suicide attempt can be estimated with high accuracy.

Loneliness, but not social distancing, is associated with the incidence of suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 outbreak: a longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Although social distancing is necessary to decrease COVID-19 dissemination, it might also be associated with suicidal ideation. Therefore, we analyzed the impact of social distancing and loneliness in suicidal ideation. METHODS: We performed two waves of a snowball sample, web-based survey in Brazil (W1: from May 6th to June 6th, 2020; W2: from June 6th to July 6th, 2020). We assessed whether risk factors related to social relationships (loneliness, living alone, not leaving home, and the number of days practicing social distancing) at W1 were associated with suicidal ideation at W1 and W2 using multiple regression models. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic, mental health, and lifestyle variables. RESULTS: A total of 1,674 (18-75 years old; 86.5% females) were included in our longitudinal sample. Living alone (OR: 1.16; 95%CI = 1.03 - 1.30; p=0.015), number of days practicing social distancing (OR: 1.002; 95%CI = 1.000 - 1.004; p=0.027), and loneliness (OR: 1.49; 95%CI = 1.32 - 1.68; p<0.001) were associated with suicidal ideation in the cross-sectional analysis of W1. Only loneliness (OR= 2.12; 95%CI = 1.06 - 4.24; p = 0.033) remained significant as a risk factor to suicidal ideation in the longitudinal analysis between both waves. LIMITATION: Snowball, convenience sample design limits outcome estimates. Assessments were not objectively performed. CONCLUSION: Loneliness was consistently associated with the incidence of suicidal ideation, while other variables, such as living alone, not leaving home, and the number of days practicing social distancing, were not. Measures to overcome loneliness are therefore necessary to reduce suicidal ideation during pandemics.

Plasma IL-17A levels in patients with late-life depression

Objective: A consistent body of research has confirmed that patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have increased concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, the soluble IL-2 receptor, and C-reactive protein, compared to controls; however, there is limited information on IL-17A in MDD. Moreover, information about IL-17A in older populations, i.e., patients with late-life depression (LLD), is conspicuously missing from the literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of IL-17A in LLD. Methods: A convenience sample of 129 individuals, 74 with LLD and 55 non-depressed controls, were enrolled in this study. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare plasma IL-17A levels between LLD and controls subjects, and Spearman's rank order correlation was used to investigate correlation of these levels with clinical, neuropsychological, and cognitive assessments. Results: Plasma IL-17A levels were not statistically different between LLD patients and controls (p = 0.94). Among all subjects (LLD + control), plasma IL-17A did not correlate significantly with depressive symptoms (rho = -0.009, p = 0.92) but a significant correlation was observed with cognitive assessments (rho = 0.22, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Our findings do not support an association between plasma IL-17A levels and LLD. Nevertheless, IL-17A may be associated with cognitive impairment in LLD patients. If this finding is confirmed in future longitudinal studies, modulation of the T-helper 17 cell (Th17) immune response may be a treatment target for cognitive impairment in this population.

Plasma IL-17A levels in patients with late-life depression.

OBJECTIVE: A consistent body of research has confirmed that patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have increased concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1ß, the soluble IL-2 receptor, and C-reactive protein, compared to controls; however, there is limited information on IL-17A in MDD. Moreover, information about IL-17A in older populations, i.e., patients with late-life depression (LLD), is conspicuously missing from the literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of IL-17A in LLD. METHODS: A convenience sample of 129 individuals, 74 with LLD and 55 non-depressed controls, were enrolled in this study. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare plasma IL-17A levels between LLD and controls subjects, and Spearman's rank order correlation was used to investigate correlation of these levels with clinical, neuropsychological, and cognitive assessments. RESULTS: Plasma IL-17A levels were not statistically different between LLD patients and controls (p = 0.94). Among all subjects (LLD + control), plasma IL-17A did not correlate significantly with depressive symptoms (rho = -0.009, p = 0.92) but a significant correlation was observed with cognitive assessments (rho = 0.22, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our findings do not support an association between plasma IL-17A levels and LLD. Nevertheless, IL-17A may be associated with cognitive impairment in LLD patients. If this finding is confirmed in future longitudinal studies, modulation of the T-helper 17 cell (Th17) immune response may be a treatment target for cognitive impairment in this population.