Brominated Flame Retardant HBCD and Artificial Light at Night Synergically Caused Visual Disorder and Sleep Difficulty in Zebrafish Larvae.

Sleep difficulty is a widespread health concern exacerbated by factors such as light and chemical pollution. Artificial light at night (ALAN) can disrupt natural sleep-wake cycles, whereas chemical pollutants can impair sleep-related processes. The prevalence of ALAN increases the health risk of coexposure, yet it has not gained sufficient attention. Meanwhile, visual inputs are important for sleep regulation, especially the non-image-forming circadian visual system centered around melanopsin. This study evaluated the light perception ability and sleep performance of zebrafish larvae exposed to flame retardant hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) at environmentally relevant concentrations (2.5 and 25 µg/L) and to cotreatment of HBCD and ALAN. HBCD induced a longer sleep latency of 34.59 min under 25 µg/L (p < 0.01) versus control (26.04 min). The situation was intensified by coexposure with low-level ALAN (10 lx) to 48.04 min. Similar synergic effects were observed for upregulations of Xenopus-related melanopsin genes and downregulations of the melatonin synthesis gene aanat2, suggesting a melanopsin-aanat2-sleep retina-brain pathway. Image-forming opsins (opn1sw1 and opn1sw2) were also activated by HBCD to 1.29-1.53-fold (p < 0.05), together with elevated retina glutamate, but without synergic effects. Collectively, we found that HBCD and ALAN coexposure caused synergic effects on the non-image-forming visual system and caused sleep difficulty in zebrafish larvae.

Metal Ion Modulated Electron Transfer in Metalloviologen Compounds: Photochromism and Differentiable Amine Detection.

Different types of electron transfers (ETs) underlie the versatile use of various solid viologen-derived compounds, which is still insufficiently understood and difficult to control. Here, we demonstrate an effective strategy for modulating the key ET process in crystalline metalloviologen compounds (MVCs). By adjusting the coordinated transition metal ions bearing different electronic structures (e.g., d5, d7, d10), three MVCs (i.e., Mn-1, Co-2, and Cd-3) with highly consistent coordination environments have been synthesized successfully. Surprisingly, whether the photochromism (energy-induced ET mechanism) or the specific analyte recognition (molecule-induced ET mechanism), compound Cd-3 exhibits obvious photochromic behavior and differential dimethylamine detection. Combined detailed structural analysis with theoretical calculations, such unique ion-dependent properties, were correlated to the fine modulation of the electron density of the bipyridinium cores by metal ions. Additionally, thanks to the delicate recognition of dimethylamine vapor, a convenient test strip Cd-3-PAN was prepared as a sensitive biogenic amine sensor for evaluating the real-time freshness of seafood.

Interference of default mode on attention networks in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its association with genetic variants and treatment outcomes.

AIMS: Altered brain functional connectivity has been proposed as the neurobiological underpinnings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and the default mode interference hypothesis is one of the most popular neuropsychological models. Here, we explored whether this hypothesis is supported in adults with ADHD and the association with high-risk genetic variants and treatment outcomes. METHODS: Voxel-based whole-brain connectome analysis was conducted on resting-state functional MRI data from 84 adults with ADHD and 89 healthy controls to identify functional connectivity substrates corresponding to ADHD-related alterations. The candidate genetic variants and 12-week cognitive behavioral therapy data were leveraged from the same population to assess these associations. RESULTS: We detected breakdowns of functional connectivity in the precuneus and left middle temporal gyrus in adults with ADHD, with exact contributions from decreased connectivity within the default mode, dorsal and ventral attention networks, as well as increased connectivity among them with the middle temporal gyrus serving as a crucial 'bridge'. Additionally, significant associations between the altered functional connectivity and genetic variants in both MAOA and MAOB were detected. Treatment restored brain function, with the amelioration of connectivity of the middle temporal gyrus, accompanied by improvements in ADHD core symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the interference of default mode on attention in adults with ADHD and its association with genetic risk variants and clinical management, providing insights into the underlying pathogenesis of ADHD and potential biomarkers for treatment evaluation.

Photothermal driven BMSCs osteogenesis and M2 macrophage polarization on polydopamine-coated Ti3C2 nanosheets/poly(vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene) nanocomposite coatings.

Mild thermal stimulation plays an active role in bone tissue repair and regeneration. In this work, a bioactive polydopamine/Ti3C2/poly(vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene) (PDA/Ti3C2/P(VDF-TrFE)) nanocomposite coating with excellent near-infrared light (NIR)-triggered photothermal effect was designed to improve the osteogenic ability of implants. By incorporating dopamine (DA)-modified Ti3C2 nanosheets into the P(VDF-TrFE) matrix and combining them with alkali initiated in situ polymerization, the resulting PDA/Ti3C2/P(VDF-TrFE) nanocomposite coating gained high adhesion strength on Ti substrate, excellent tribological and corrosion resistance properties, which was quite important for clinical application of implant coatings. Cell biology experiments showed that NIR-triggered mild thermal stimulation on the coating surface promoted cell spreading and growth of BMSCs, and also greatly upregulated the osteogenic markers, including Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN). Simultaneously, the synthesis of heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) was significantly promoted by the mild thermal stimulation, which strengthened the specific interaction between HSP47 and collagen Ⅰ (COL-Ⅰ), thereby activating the integrin-mediated MEK/ERK osteogenic differentiation signaling pathway. In addition, the results also showed that the mild thermal stimulation induced the polarization of macrophages towards M2 phenotype, which can attenuate the inflammatory response of injured bone tissue. Antibacterial results indicated that the coating exhibited an outstanding antibacterial ability against S. aureus and E. coli. Conceivably, the versatile implant bioactive coatings developed in this work will show great application potential for implant osseointegration.

ITFG2, an immune-modulatory protein, targets ATP 5b to maintain mitochondrial function in myocardial infarction.

ITFG2, as an immune-modulatory intracellular protein that modulate the fate of B cells and negatively regulates mTORC1 signaling. ITFG2 is highly expressed in the heart, but its pathophysiological function in heart disease is unclear. In this study, we found that in MI mice, overexpression of ITFG2 via an AAV9 vector significantly reduced the infarct size and ameliorated cardiac function. Knockdown of endogenous ITFG2 by shRNA partially aggravated ischemia-induced cardiac dysfunction. In cardiac-specific ITFG2 transgenic (TG) mice, myocardial infarction size was smaller, eject fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) was higher compared to those in wild-type (WT) mice, suggesting ITFG2 reversed cardiac dysfunction induced by MI. In hypoxic neonatal cardiomyocytes (NMCMs), overexpression of ITFG2 maintained mitochondrial function by increasing intracellular ATP production, reducing ROS levels, and preserving the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Overexpression of ITFG2 reversed the mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction in NMCMs induced by hypoxia. Knockdown of endogenous ITFG2 by siRNA did the opposite. Mechanism, ITFG2 formed a complex with NEDD4-2 and ATP 5b and inhibited the binding of NEDD4-2 with ATP 5b leading to the reduction ubiquitination of ATP 5b. Our findings reveal a previously unknown ability of ITFG2 to protect the heart against ischemic injury by interacting with ATP 5b and thereby regulating mitochondrial function. ITFG2 has promise as a novel strategy for the clinical management of MI.

The CNS relapse in T-cell lymphoma index predicts CNS relapse in patients with T- and NK-cell lymphomas.

ABSTRACT: Little is known about risk factors for central nervous system (CNS) relapse in mature T-cell and natural killer cell neoplasms (MTNKNs). We aimed to describe the clinical epidemiology of CNS relapse in patients with MTNKN and developed the CNS relapse In T-cell lymphoma Index (CITI) to predict patients at the highest risk of CNS relapse. We reviewed data from 135 patients with MTNKN and CNS relapse from 19 North American institutions. After exclusion of leukemic and most cutaneous forms of MTNKNs, patients were pooled with non-CNS relapse control patients from a single institution to create a CNS relapse-enriched training set. Using a complete case analysis (n = 182), including 91 with CNS relapse, we applied a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression model to select weighted clinicopathologic variables for the CITI score, which we validated in an external cohort from the Swedish Lymphoma Registry (n = 566). CNS relapse was most frequently observed in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (25%). Median time to CNS relapse and median overall survival after CNS relapse were 8.0 and 4.7 months, respectively. We calculated unique CITI risk scores for individual training set patients and stratified them into risk terciles. Validation set patients with low-risk (n = 158) and high-risk (n = 188) CITI scores had a 10-year cumulative risk of CNS relapse of 2.2% and 13.4%, respectively (hazard ratio, 5.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.50-18.26; P = .018). We developed an open-access web-based CITI calculator (https://redcap.link/citicalc) to provide an easy tool for clinical practice. The CITI score is a validated model to predict patients with MTNKN at the highest risk of developing CNS relapse.

Development of neonatal connectome dynamics and its prediction for cognitive and language outcomes at age 2.

The functional brain connectome is highly dynamic over time. However, how brain connectome dynamics evolves during the third trimester of pregnancy and is associated with later cognitive growth remains unknown. Here, we use resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data from 39 newborns aged 32 to 42 postmenstrual weeks to investigate the maturation process of connectome dynamics and its role in predicting neurocognitive outcomes at 2 years of age. Neonatal brain dynamics is assessed using a multilayer network model. Network dynamics decreases globally but increases in both modularity and diversity with development. Regionally, module switching decreases with development primarily in the lateral precentral gyrus, medial temporal lobe, and subcortical areas, with a higher growth rate in primary regions than in association regions. Support vector regression reveals that neonatal connectome dynamics is predictive of individual cognitive and language abilities at 2  years of age. Our findings highlight network-level neural substrates underlying early cognitive development.

ChineseEEG: A Chinese Linguistic Corpora EEG Dataset for Semantic Alignment and Neural Decoding.

An Electroencephalography (EEG) dataset utilizing rich text stimuli can advance the understanding of how the brain encodes semantic information and contribute to semantic decoding in brain-computer interface (BCI). Addressing the scarcity of EEG datasets featuring Chinese linguistic stimuli, we present the ChineseEEG dataset, a high-density EEG dataset complemented by simultaneous eye-tracking recordings. This dataset was compiled while 10 participants silently read approximately 13 hours of Chinese text from two well-known novels. This dataset provides long-duration EEG recordings, along with pre-processed EEG sensor-level data and semantic embeddings of reading materials extracted by a pre-trained natural language processing (NLP) model. As a pilot EEG dataset derived from natural Chinese linguistic stimuli, ChineseEEG can significantly support research across neuroscience, NLP, and linguistics. It establishes a benchmark dataset for Chinese semantic decoding, aids in the development of BCIs, and facilitates the exploration of alignment between large language models and human cognitive processes. It can also aid research into the brain's mechanisms of language processing within the context of the Chinese natural language.

Structural Characterization and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of a Novel Polysaccharide from Summer-Autumn Tea.

To enhance the utilization of summer-autumn tea, a water-soluble polysaccharide (D1N1) was isolated through a series of techniques including hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and column chromatography. The structure of D1N1 was determined through the utilization of ultraviolet, Fourier-transform infrared, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results revealed that glucose was the predominant component of D1N1, accounting for 95% of its composition. Additionally, D1N1 also contained galactose, arabinose, and rhamnose. The molecular weight (Mw) of D1N1 was determined to be 224.71 kDa. The backbone of D1N1 consisted of →4)-α-D -Glcp (1→, →3,4)-α-D-Galp-(1→, →4,6)-α-D -Glcp (1→ at a molar ratio of 35:1:1, and branching at the O-3 position of →3,4)-α-D-Galp-(1→ and O-6 position of →4,6)-α-D-Glcp (1→ with α-D -Glcp (1→. In addition, the antioxidant activity of D1N1 was also evaluated. D1N1 exhibited excellent antioxidant bioactivity against the DPPH, superoxide anion radical, and ABTS+ radical. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of summer-autumn tea polysaccharide as a potential functional food.

In vitro assays to evaluate CAR-T cell cytotoxicity.

This chapter introduces four commonly used in vitro chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell cytotoxicity assays (lactate dehydrogenase release assay, 51Cr release assay, IncuCyte live cell killing assay, and xCELLigence real-time analysis) and provides a detailed protocol for xCELLigence real-time analysis. Focusing on in vitro assays, this chapter starts with explaining the mechanisms and discussing the utilization of each assay to quantify T-cell-induced cytotoxicity. Due to the high-throughput quantification and straightforward workflow of xCELLigence real-time analysis, a protocol entailing reagents and equipment, a 3-day step-by-step procedure, and instructions for data analysis are provided.

Adjuvant chemotherapy and survival outcomes in older women with HR+/HER2- breast cancer: a propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study using the SEER database.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the impact of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) on survival outcomes in older women with hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HR+/HER2-) breast cancer (BC). DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, which contains publicly available information from US cancer registries. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The study included 45 762 older patients with BC aged over 65 years diagnosed between 2010 and 2015. METHODS: Patients were divided into two groups based on age: 65-79 years and ≥80 years. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to balance clinicopathological characteristics between patients who received ACT and those who did not. Data analysis used the χ2 test and Kaplan-Meier method, with a subgroup analysis conducted to identify potential beneficiaries of ACT. OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). RESULTS: Due to clinicopathological characteristic imbalances between patients with BC aged 65-79 years and those aged ≥80 years, PSM was used to categorise the population into two groups for analysis: the 65-79 years age group (n=38 128) and the ≥80 years age group (n=7634). Among patients aged 65-79 years, Kaplan-Meier analysis post-PSM indicated that ACT was effective in improving OS (p<0.05, HR=0.80, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.88), particularly in those with advanced disease stages, but did not show a significant benefit in CSS (p=0.09, HR=1.13, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.31). Conversely, for patients aged ≥80 years, ACT did not demonstrate any improvement in OS (p=0.79, HR=1.04, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.36) or CSS (p=0.09, HR=1.46, 95% CI 0.69 to 2.26) after matching. Subgroup analysis also revealed no positive impact on OS and CSS. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HR+/HER2- BC ≥80 years of age may be considered exempt from ACT because no benefits were found in terms of OS and CSS.

Snapshot compressive structured illumination microscopy.

We propose a snapshot compressive structured illumination microscopy (SoSIM) system to increase the number of reconstructed resolution-enhanced (RE) images per second and reduce the data bandwidth by capturing compressed measurements. In this system, multiple low-resolution images are encoded by a high-speed digital micro-mirror device with random binary masks. These images are then captured by a low-speed camera as a snapshot compressed measurement. Following this, we adopt an efficient deep neural network to reconstruct nine images with different structured illumination patterns from a single measurement. The reconstructed images are then combined into a single-frame RE image using the method of spectral synthesis in the frequency domain. When the camera operates at 100 frames per second (fps), we can eventually recover dynamic RE videos at the same speed with 100 fps.

Insight into the differential toxicity of PFOA and PFBA based on a 3D-cultured MDA-MB-231 cell model.

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a category of high-concerned emerging contaminants which are suspected to correlate with various human adverse health outcomes including tumors. It is also a question whether short-chain PFASs are qualified alternatives under the regulation of long-chain PFASs. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) culture system based on Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel matrix was used to investigate the impacts of 120-h perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) exposure of MDA-MB-231 cells. The results showed that PFOA exposure promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells in an environmentally relevant concentration range (0.1 to 10 µM), exhibiting a clear malignant-promoting risk. In contrast, PFBA only showed a trend to induce non-invasive cell migration. Hippo/YAP signaling pathway was identified as the contributor to the differences between the two PFASs. PFOA but PFBA reduced YAP phosphorylation and increased the nuclear content of YAP, which further facilitated abundant key factors of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Our results provided a new idea for the carcinogenicity of PFOA using a 3D-based paradigm. Although the effects by PFBA were much milder than PFOA in the current test duration, the cell model suitable for longer exposure is still necessary to better assess the safety of alternative short-chain PFASs.

Relationship between oily fish intake and breast cancer based on estrogen receptor status: a Mendelian randomization study.

OBJECTIVE: We used a Mendelian randomization (MR) method in our research to examine the relationship between genetically determined oily fish intake and breast cancer (BC) incidence. METHODS: The summary data pertaining to the oily fish intake were acquired from the UK Biobank, which consisted of a sample size of 460,443 people. Information on BC was received from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). We analyzed the causal connection between oily fish intake and BC incidence using various methods, including inverse variance weighting (IVW). Heterogeneity was investigated using Cochran's Q test. IVW, MR-Egger, and MR-PRESSO methods were used for sensitivity analysis. In addition, a multivariate MR adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and weight was used for further research. RESULTS: Two-sample MR results showed that oily fish intake was negatively associated with total breast cancer (odds ratio (OR) 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39-0.87, IVW method), estrogen receptor-positive (ER +) breast cancer (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.21-0.93, IVW method), and estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) breast cancer (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.30-0.93, IVW method). The sensitivity analysis did not observe the presence of heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy. In multivariate MR analysis, the negative association between oily fish intake and total breast cancer (P = 0.03) and ER- breast cancer (P = 0.04) risk persisted after adjusting for BMI and body weight. However, no correlation was found in ER + breast cancer (P = 0.30). CONCLUSION: The oily fish intake has a negatively correlated with the incidence of total breast cancer, particularly in the cases of ER- breast cancer. There is a lack of substantial evidence supporting a link between the oily fish intake and the incidence of ER + breast cancer.

[Pollution Level and Risk Assessment of OPEs in Typical River Basins of China].

Organophosphate esters(OPEs), as a substitute for brominated flame retardants, are widely used in production and life, and their environmental pollution and toxic effects have attracted widespread attention. In this study, the concentrations and distribution characteristics of OPEs in seven major drainage basins of China were sorted out. The average daily dose of OPEs in Chinese adults, adolescents, and children was calculated to assess the health risks, and the reliability of the results was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. The toxic effect concentrations of 12 OPEs on aquatic organisms were investigated, and the species sensitivity distribution(SSD) curve was constructed to assess the ecological risk. The results showed that the 5th percentile concentration of ΣOPEs in the seven drainage basins was 52.61 ng·L-1 under the low exposure scenario. The median concentration of ΣOPEs in the seven basins was 499.74 ng·L-1, with trichloroethyl phosphate(TCEP), triethyl phosphate(TEP), and triethyl phosphate(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) esters(TDCP) as the main contaminants. Under the high exposure scenario, the 95th percentile concentration of ΣOPEs in the seven basins was 1904.4 ng·L-1, 3.8 times that of the intermediate exposure scenario, and the Yangtze River Basin had the highest ΣOPEs concentration under the high exposure scenario. The health risk assessment showed that the non-carcinogenic risk of OPEs exposure through drinking water was within acceptable limits for different populations. Trimethyl phosphate(TMP), triisobutyl phosphate(TiBP), and TCEP were the main contributors to cancer risk. The results of ecological risk assessment showed that TCEP had medium ecological risk at the high exposure level, tributyl phosphate(TnBP) had medium ecological risk under the intermediate exposure scenario, and there was higher ecological risk under the high exposure scenario. Triphenyl phosphate(TPhP) had a risk quotient greater than 1 under the low, intermediate, and high exposure scenarios, and there was a high ecological risk, which requires special attention.

Dietary L-Tryptophan consumption determines the number of colonic regulatory T cells and susceptibility to colitis via GPR15.

Environmental factors are the major contributor to the onset of immunological disorders such as ulcerative colitis. However, their identities remain unclear. Here, we discover that the amount of consumed L-Tryptophan (L-Trp), a ubiquitous dietary component, determines the transcription level of the colonic T cell homing receptor, GPR15, hence affecting the number of colonic FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and local immune homeostasis. Ingested L-Trp is converted by host IDO1/2 enzymes, but not by gut microbiota, to compounds that induce GPR15 transcription preferentially in Treg cells via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Consequently, two weeks of dietary L-Trp supplementation nearly double the colonic GPR15+ Treg cells via GPR15-mediated homing and substantially reduce the future risk of colitis. In addition, humans consume 3-4 times less L-Trp per kilogram of body weight and have fewer colonic GPR15+ Treg cells than mice. Thus, we uncover a microbiota-independent mechanism linking dietary L-Trp and colonic Treg cells, that may have therapeutic potential.

Quantitative analysis of optic disc changes in school-age children with ametropia based on artificial intelligence.

AIM: To explore changes in the optic disc and peripapillary atrophy (PPA) in school-age children with ametropia using color fundus photography combined with artificial intelligence (AI) technology. METHODS: Based on the retrospective case-controlled study, 226 eyes of 113 children aged aged 6-12y were enrolled from October 2021 to May 2022. According to the results of spherical equivalent (SE), the children were divided into four groups: low myopia group (66 eyes), moderate myopia group (60 eyes), high myopia group (50 eyes) and emmetropia control group (50 eyes). All subjects underwent un-aided visual acuity, dilated pupil optometry, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, ocular axis measurement and color fundus photography. RESULTS: The width of PPA, horizontal diameter ratio of PPA to the optic disc and area ratio of PPA to the optic disc were significantly different among the four groups (P<0.05). The width of the nasal and temporal neuroretinal rim, the roundness of the optic disc, the height of PPA, the vertical diameter ratio of PPA to the optic disc, and the average density of PPA in the high myopia group were significantly different compared with the other three groups (P<0.05). There were strong negative correlations between SE and area ratio of PPA to the optic disc (r=-0.812, P<0.001) and strong positive correlation between axial length (AL) and area ratio of PPA to the optic disc (r=0.736, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: In school-age children with high myopia, the nasal and temporal neuroretinal rims are narrowed and even lost, which have high sensitivity. The area ratio of the PPA to the optic disc could be used as an early predictor of myopia progression, which is of great significance for the development prevention and management of myopia.

Coded aperture temporal compressive digital holographic microscopy.

We report a coded aperture temporal compressive digital holographic microscopy (CATCHY) system to capture high-speed high-resolution samples by integrating snapshot compressive imaging (SCI) into digital holographic microscopy. Specifically, a two-dimensional (2D) detector samples a 4D (x, y, z, t) spatiotemporal data in a compressive manner, and after this, an efficient deep learning-based video SCI reconstruction algorithm is employed to reconstruct the desired 4D data cube. Up to ten high-resolution microscopic images are reconstructed from a snapshot measurement captured by our CATCHY system. Experimental results demonstrate the potential to visualize the 3D dynamic process of micro-nanostructures and imaging biological samples with high spatial and temporal resolution.

iTRAQ-based differential proteomic analysis of high- and low-virulence strains of Spiroplasma eriocheiris.

Spiroplasma eriocheiris is one of the major pathogenic bacteria in crustaceans, featuring high infectivity, rapid transmission, and an absence of effective control strategies, resulting in significant economic losses to the aquaculture industry. Research into virulence-related factors provides an important perspective to clarify how Spiroplasma eriocheiris is pathogenic to shrimps and crabs. Therefore, in this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology was utilized to undertake a differential proteomic analysis of high- and low-virulence Spiroplasma eriocheiris strains at different growth phases. A total of 868 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained, of which 31 novel proteins were identified by proteogenomic analysis. There were 62, 61, 175, and 235 DEPs between the log phase (YD) and non-log phase (YFD) of the high-virulence strain, between the log phase (CD) and non-log phase (CFD) of the low-virulence strain, between YD and CD, and between CFD and YFD, respectively. All the DEPs were compared with virulence protein databases (MvirDB and VFDB), and 68 virulence proteins of Spiroplasma eriocheiris were identified, of which 12 were involved in a total of 21 metabolic pathways, including motility, chemotaxis, growth, metabolism and virulence of the bacteria. The results of this study form the basis for further research into the molecular mechanism of virulence and physiological differences between high- and low-virulence strains of Spiroplasma eriocheiris, and provide a scientific basis for a detailed understanding of its pathogenesis.

Epidemiological characteristics of leukemia in China, 2005-2017: a log-linear regression and age-period-cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND: Leukemia is a threat to human health, and there are relatively few studies on the incidence, mortality and disease burden analysis of leukemia in China. This study aimed to analyze the incidence and mortality rates of leukemia in China from 2005 to 2017 and estimate their age-period-cohort effects, it is an important prerequisite for effective prevention and control of leukemia. METHODS: Leukemia incidence and mortality data from 2005 to 2017 were collected from the Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report. Joinpoint regression model was used to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) and annual percentage change (APC) response time trend. Age-period-cohort model was constructed to analyze the effects of age, period and cohort. RESULTS: The age-standardized incidence rate of leukemia was 4.54/100,000 from 2005 to 2017, showed an increasing trend with AAPC of 1.9% (95% CI: 1.3%, 2.5%). The age-standardized mortality rate was 2.91/100,000, showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2012 with APC of 2.1% (95%CI: 0.4%, 3.9%) and then a decreasing trend from 2012 to 2017 with APC of -2.5% (95%CI: -5.3%, 0.3%). The age-standardized incidence (mortality) rates of leukemia were not only higher in males than that in females, but also increased more rapidly. The incidence of leukemia in rural areas was lower than in urban areas, but the AAPC was 2.2 times higher than urban areas. Children aged 0-4 years were at higher risk of leukemia. The risk of leukemia incidence and mortality increased with age. The period effect of leukemia mortality risk showed a decreasing trend, while the cohort effect showed an increasing and then decreasing trend with the turning point of 1955-1959. CONCLUSIONS: The age-standardized incidence rate of leukemia in China showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2017, while the age-standardized mortality rate increased first and then decreased in 2012 as a turning point. Differences existed by gender and region. The risk of leukemia incidence and mortality increased accordingly with age. The risk of mortality due to leukemia gradually decreased from 2005 to 2017. Leukemia remains a public health problem that requires continuous attention.