Changes of Tamarix austromongolica forests with embankment dams along the Laizhou bay.

Background: Embankment dams were built south of the Laizhou bay in China for controlling storm surge disasters, but they are not enough to replace coastal forests in protecting the land. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of embankment dams on natural forests dominated by Tamarix austromongolica and test whether the dam-shrub system is a preferable updated defense. Methods: Coastal forests on two typical flats, one before and one behind embankment dams, were investigated using quadrats and lines. Land bareness, vegetation composition and species co-occurrence were assessed; structures of T. austromongolica populations were evaluated; and spatial patterns of the populations were analyzed using Ripley's K and K1,2 functions. Results: In the area before embankment dams, 84.8% of T. austromongolica were juveniles (basal diameter ≤ 3 cm), and 15.2% were adults (basal diameter > 3 cm); behind the dams, 52.9% were juveniles, and 47.1 were adults. In the area before the dams, the land bareness was 13.7%, four species occurred, and they all were ready to co-occur with T. austromongolica; behind the dams, the land bareness was 0%, and 16 species occurred whereas they somewhat resisted co-occurrence with T. austromongolica. In the area before the dams, the T. austromongolica population was aggregated in heterogeneous patches, and the juveniles tended to co-occur with the adults; behind the dams, they were over-dispersed as nearly uniform distributions, while the juveniles could recruit and were primarily independent of the adults. These results indicate that the T. austromongolica species did not suffer from the unnatural dams, but benefited somehow in population expansion and development. Overall, the T. austromongolica species can adapt to artificial embankment dams to create a synthetic defense against storm surges.

The Yellow River is the key corridor for Tamarix austromongolica to disperse from Asia inlands to east seashores.

Plants of the Tamarix L. genus (Tamaricaceae) mainly occur in arid inlands of Asia, but a few species occur in the coastal areas of China, and the Yellow River may account for this. This study was conducted to elucidate whether and how the Yellow River affects the pattern and development of the Tamarix genus, involving two critical species of Tamarix austromongolica Nakai and Tamarix chinensis Lour. With geographical distribution data, relationships of T. austromongolica with the Yellow River and the pertaining watershed were examined using the method of random permutation. The base-diameter structures of T. austromongolica populations were investigated and compared between different riparian lands that suffer discriminative water inundation. The nearest distances from T. austromongolica locations to the Yellow River and the pertaining watershed were significantly lower than the theoretical expectations in the condition of random distribution (p < .05). In many riparian lands along the Yellow River, wild T. austromongolica populations occurred with vigorous juveniles, despite frequent human disturbances. In coastal areas near the present estuary of the river, wild T. austromongolica plants were still found. In T. austromongolica populations near the Yellow River and sea, the rates of juvenile plants were significantly higher than in other populations situated farther from the river or sea. These findings suggest that the Yellow River can facilitate the eastward dispersal of Tamarix plants that reasonably caused the evolution from T. austromongolica to T. chinensis in ancient coasts in the China east.

A chromosome-level genome assembly provides insights into the local adaptation of Tamarix austromongolica in the Yellow River Basin, China.

Tamarix austromongolica is endemic to the Yellow River Basin and has adapted to diverse ecological settings in the region, including the arid areas of northwestern China and the saline soil regions of the Yellow River Delta. However, the genetic basis of its local adaptation remains unclear. We report a chromosome-level assembly of the T. austromongolica genome based on PacBio high-fidelity sequencing and Hi-C technology. The 12 pseudochromosomes cover 98.44% of the 1.32 Gb assembly, with a contig N50 of 52.57 Mb and a BUSCO score of 98.2%. The genome comprises 913.6 Mb (68.83%) of repetitive sequences and 22,374 protein-coding genes. Genome evolution analyses suggest that genes under positive selection and significantly expanded gene families have facilitated T. austromongolica's adaptability to diverse environmental factors and high resistance to diseases. Using genotyping-by-sequencing, we conducted population structure and selection analyses of 114 samples from 15 sites. Two genetic groups were identified, and 114 and 289 candidate genes were assigned to the populations of the northwestern and eastern parts of the Yellow River, respectively. Furthermore, we discovered numerous candidate genes associated with high-altitude adaptability and salt tolerance. This research provides valuable genomic resources for the evolutionary study and genetic breeding of tamarisk.

Clinical outcome of lesion size index-guided high-power radiofrequency catheter ablation for pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation: 2-year follow-up.

INTRODUCTION: The long-term efficacy of high-power (50 W) ablation guided by lesion size index (LSI-guided HP) for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) remains undetermined. Our study sought to assess the clinical efficacy of LSI-guided HP ablation for PVI in patients with AF and explore the potential predictors associated with clinical outcomes. METHODS: We consecutively included 186 patients with AF who underwent LSI-guided HP (50 W) ablation at Fuwai Hospital from June 2019 to October 2021. The target LSI values of 4.5-5.5 and 4.0-4.5 at the anterior and posterior walls, respectively, were used in our study. The baseline clinical characteristics, procedural and ablation data, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. The independent potential predictors associated with AF recurrence were further evaluated. RESULTS: The incidence rate of first-pass PVI was 83.9% (156/186). A total of 11 883 lesions were analyzed, and compared with posterior walls of pulmonary veins, anterior walls had significantly lower mean contact force (8.2 ± 3.0 vs. 8.3 ± 2.3 g, p = .015), longer mean radiofrequency duration (16.9 ± 7.2 vs. 12.9 ± 4.5 s, p < .001) and higher mean LSI (4.8 ± 0.2 vs. 4.4 ± 0.2, p < .001). The overall incidence of periprocedural complications was 3.7%, and steam pops without pericardial effusion occurred in three patients (1.6%). During a mean follow-up of 24.0 ± 8.4 months, the overall AF recurrence-free survival was 87.1% after a single procedure. Patients with paroxysmal AF had a higher incidence of freedom from AF recurrence than those with persistent AF (91.2% vs. 80.8%, log-rank p = .034). Higher LSI (HR 0.50, p < .001) and paroxysmal AF (HR 0.39, p = .029) were significantly associated with decreased AF recurrence. By receiver operating characteristic analysis, the LSI of 4.7 and 4.3 for the anterior and posterior walls of the PVs had the highest predictive value for AF recurrence, respectively. CONCLUSION: LSI-guided HP (50 W) ablation for PVI was an efficient and safe strategy and led to favorable single-procedure 2-year AF recurrence-free survival in patients with AF. Higher LSI and paroxysmal AF were independent predictors of decreased 2-year AF recurrence. The LSI of 4.7 for the anterior wall and 4.3 for the posterior wall of the PVs were the best cutoff values for predicting AF recurrence after LSI-guided HP ablation.

Ecological thresholds of toxic plants for sheep production and ecosystem multifunctionality and their trade-off in an alpine meadow.

Toxic plants are a natural component of alpine meadow which co-evolved with Tibetan sheep for thousands of years. One challenge for indigenous herders is to know the ecological thresholds of toxic plants and maintain their vital functions in ways that are compatible with economic income and ecological conservation. To achieve this, field trials with Tibetan sheep grazing in alpine meadow were conducted to examine the ecological thresholds of toxic plants for sheep production and ecosystem functions and their trade-offs. Our results demonstrated that the changing point values of biomass proportion of toxic plants for dry matter intake and liveweight gain of sheep were 17% and 22%, respectively. The changing point value of biomass (richness) proportion of toxic plants for soil carbon accumulation index was 31% (59%), for soil nutrient cycling index was 38% (42%), and for ecosystem multifunctionality index was 28% (50%). The trade-off between liveweight gain of sheep and ecosystem multifunctionality first decreased and then increased along the gradient of biomass proportion of toxic plants (the value of changing point was 37%), and had a significant negative correlation with richness of toxic plants. In addition, structural equation modeling indicated that toxic plants can affect the trade-off between liveweight gain of sheep and ecosystem multifunctionality though increasing acid detergent fiber of plant and decreasing plant species richness, belowground biomass and soil total phosphorus. Consequently, opinions towards toxic plants should shift from the conventional view that they are serious threat to grassland ecosystem health to an inclusive understanding that they are beneficial to livestock and ecosystem functions under certain ecological thresholds.

Psychological Disturbances and Their Association with Sleep Disturbance in Patients Admitted for Arrhythmia Diseases.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the depression and anxiety status and their association with sleep disturbance among one single center Chinese inpatients with arrhythmia and help cardiologists better identify patients who need psychological care. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 495 inpatients with arrhythmia treated in Fuwai Hospital from October to December 2019. The psychological status and sleep quality were assessed using the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the potential risk factors for anxiety and depression. Results: The mean age of the participants was 52.8 ± 14.4 years, and 58.0% were male. Approximately 18.3% were in an anxious state, and 33.5% were in a depressive state. In multivariate logistic regression, age from 50 to 59 (p = 0.03), unemployment (p = 0.026) and sleep disturbance (p < 0.001) were the risk factors for anxiety status. Cardiac implanted electronic devices (CIEDs) (p = 0.004) and sleep disturbance (p < 0.001) were the risk factors for depression status. A total of 150 patients (30.3%) were categorized as having poor sleep quality (PSQI > 7). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of having poor sleep quality was 4.30-fold higher in patients with both anxiety and depression (OR: 4.30; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.52-7.35); 2.67-fold higher in patients with depression (OR: 2.67; 95% CI: 1.78-4.00); and 3.94-fold higher in patients with anxiety (OR: 3.94; 95% CI: 2.41-6.44). Conclusions: Psychological intervention is critical for Chinese inpatients with arrhythmia, especially for patients aged 50-59, unemployed, or those using CIEDs. Poor sleep quality could be an important risk factor linked to psychological disturbances.

Comparison of 18 F-DOPA and 18 F-DTBZ for PET/CT Imaging of Idiopathic Parkinson Disease.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare 2 imaging tracers, 18 F-DOPA and 18 F-DTBZ, for PET/CT imaging in idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS: We recruited 32 PD patients and 12 healthy controls in this study. All subjects underwent both 18 F-DOPA and 18 F-DTBZ PET/CT, and the results were interpreted by visual analysis and semiquantitative analysis (specific uptake ratios [SURs]). A 1-way analysis of variance was used to compare the clinical data and the SURs among the patients at different stages. Regression analysis was performed to analyze the correlation between the SURs and the clinical data. RESULTS: Among the PD patients, there were 7 patients in Hoehn and Yahr stage I, 14 patients in stage II, and 11 patients in stage III. Linear correlation was found in striatal SURs between the 2 tracers ( P < 0.05). In patients of early stages, the striatal SUR decrease percent of 2 tracers had no statistical difference (paired t test, P > 0.05). By initial visual analysis, all the patients were interpreted as positive with 18 F-DBTZ (6 unilaterally, 26 bilaterally), and 31 cases were regarded as positive with 18 F-DOPA (8 unilaterally, 23 bilaterally). After setting the upper limit of SUR images with the putamen SURs of healthy controls (SUR T ), all patients were interpreted as positive with both tracers ( 18 F-DTBZ: 5 unilaterally, 27 bilaterally; 18 F-DOPA: 4 unilaterally, 28 bilaterally). CONCLUSION: 18 F-DTBZ and 18 F-DOPA could reflect the same level of dopaminergic neuron degeneration for PD in early stages, and they have the consistent visual analysis results.

Mitral Regurgitation and Body Mass Index Increase the Predictability of Perioperative Bleeding in Anticoagulated Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation.

Background: Catheter ablation (CA) effectively restores sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation (AF) but causes a short-term fluctuation in the coagulation state. Potential risk factors and better management during this perioperative period remain understudied. Methods: We consecutively included 940 patients with nonvalvular AF who received CA at Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China. Patients were divided into two groups according to their bleeding status during 3 months' anticoagulation. Any adverse events related to bleeding in the 3 months were evaluated. The HAS-BLED score and ABC-bleeding score, as well as other potential factors, were explored to predict bleeding risk. Results: In this observational study, 8.0% and 0.9% of the whole population suffered from bleeding and thromboembolic events, respectively. After adjusting for known factors related to bleeding, mitral regurgitation (MR, p for trend <0.001) and body mass index (BMI, odds ratio (OR) = 0.920, 95% CI 0.852-0.993, p = 0.033) were the most significant ones. C-indexes of the HAS-BLED score and ABC-bleeding score for bleeding were 0.558 (0.492-0.624) and 0.585 (0.515-0.655), respectively. The incorporation of MR and BMI significantly improved the predictive value based on HAS-BLED score (C-index = 0.650, 95% CI 0.585-0.715, p = 0.004) and ABC-bleeding score (C-index = 0.671, 95% CI 0.611-0.731, p < 0.001). The relative risk of mild-moderate MR was 4.500 (95% CI 1.625-12.460) in patients with AF having HAS-BLED = 1 and 4.654 (95% CI 1.496-14.475) in HAS-BLED ≥ 2, while it was not observed in patients with HAS-BLED = 0 (p = 0.722). Conclusion: More severe MR and lower BMI are associated with a higher incidence of perioperative bleeding, which helps improve the predictability of increased individual bleeding risk of a patient with nonvalvular AF who has received CA therapy and oral anticoagulants.

Optimal Lesion Size Index for Pulmonary Vein Isolation in High-Power Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation.

Background: Although both high-power (HP) ablation and lesion size index (LSI) are novel approaches to make effective lesions during pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for atrial fibrillation (AF), the optimal LSI in HP ablation for PVI is still unclear. Our study sought to explore the association between LSI and acute conduction gap formation and investigate the optimal LSI in HP ablation for PVI. Methods: A total of 105 consecutive patients with AF who underwent HP ablation guided by LSI (LSI-guided HP) for PVI in our institute between June 2019 and July 2020 were retrospectively enrolled. Each ipsilateral PV circle was subdivided into four segments, and ablation power was set to 50 W with target LSI values at 5.0 and 4.0 for anterior and posterior walls, respectively. We compared the LSI values with and without acute conduction gaps after the initial first-pass PVI. Results: PVI was achieved in all patients, and the incidence of first-pass PVI was 78.1% (82/105). A total of 6,842 lesion sites were analyzed, and the acute conduction gaps were observed in 23 patients (21.9%) with 45 (0.7%) lesion points. The gap formation was significantly associated with lower LSI (3.9 ± 0.4 vs. 4.6 ± 0.4, p < 0.001), lower force-time integral (82.6 ± 24.6 vs. 120.9 ± 40.4 gs, p < 0.001), lower mean contact force (5.7 ± 2.4 vs. 8.5 ± 2.8 g, p < 0.001), shorter ablation duration (10.5 ± 3.6 vs. 15.4 ± 6.4 s, p < 0.001), lower mean temperature (34.4 ± 1.4 vs. 35.6 ± 2.6°C, p < 0.001), and longer interlesion distance (4.4 ± 0.3 vs. 4.3 ± 0.4 mm, p = 0.031). As per the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the LSI had the highest predictive value for gap formation in all PVs segments, with a cutoff of 4.35 for effective ablation (sensitivity 80.0%; specificity 75.4%, areas under the curve: 0.87). The LSI of 4.55 and 3.95 had the highest predictive value for gap formation for the anterior and posterior segments of PVs, respectively. Conclusion: Using LSI-guided HP ablation for PVI, more than 4.35 of LSI for all PVs segments showed the best predictive value to avoid gap formation for achieving effective first-pass PVI. The LSI of 4.55 for the anterior wall and 3.95 for the posterior wall were the best cutoff values for predicting gap formation, respectively.

Ecosystem Coupling and Ecosystem Multifunctionality May Evaluate the Plant Succession Induced by Grazing in Alpine Meadow.

Most alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau are at different stages of community succession induced by grazing practices. Quantifying the succession sequence and assessing the dynamics of plant composition, ecosystem coupling, and multifunctionality across successional stages are essential for reasonable restoration of degraded alpine meadow. Here, we selected areas with different grazing disturbance histories and used them as a space series (i.e., space-for-time substitution) to study the community succession. Our work quantified the plant succession sequence of alpine meadow induced by grazing with plant functional group approach. The plant succession sequence is from the tall sedge community with erect growth to the short undesirable toxic forbs community with prostrate growth. Ecosystem coupling, ecosystem multifunctionality and their relationships were all the lowest in Stage 4. Compared to Stage 4, the ecosystem multifunctionality index increased in Stages 1, 2, and 3 by 102.6, 89.8, and 207.6%, respectively; the extent of ecosystem coupling increased by 20.0, 16.8, and 21.2%, respectively. Our results indicated that the driving factors of ecosystem coupling and ecosystem multifunctionality were soil factor individual in early successional stage to plant-soil simultaneously in late successional stage. Our results also highlighted the importance of toxic weeds during the late stage of degraded succession and suggest that the expansion of toxic plants is a consequence of their greater suitability from a successional perspective. The findings of this study would provide valuable guidance for optimizing the management and restoration practice of alpine meadow.

Environmental changes in Yellow River Delta with terrace construction and agricultural cropping.

BACKGROUND: Crude flats in delta areas are often saline-alkaline and unsuitable for agricultural cropping. In the 1990s, people residing in the Yellow River delta constructed terraces on the flats for agricultural development. Herein, we investigated environmental changes resulting from this agricultural development and evaluated whether the current land use is effective and sustainable. METHODS: We sampled soil and weeds from croplands, terrace slopes, and crude flats within the delta terrace landscape. The measured soil properties included soil salinity, pH, total N, total P, and organic matter in different lands and soil layers: 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm. The surveyed weed characteristics were the biomass of roots and rhizomes, species composition, life form, cover and height. These indices were statistically verified by different land types and soil layers. RESULTS: Soil salinity in the terrace crop lands was found to have reduced to <4 g·kg-1, whereas in the crude flats, remained >6 g·kg-1. Soil pH in the terrace croplands was surprisingly increased to >9 ; meanwhile, organic matter content decreased drastically, which is significantly different from that observed in the case of terrace slopes and crude flats. Total N and P content in the terrace crop lands were seemingly unchanged on averages but at the depths >20 cm, they reduced unavoidably. Plant underground organs were relatively scarcer in the croplands than in the other lands. Weeds grew well on the terrace slopes but were insufficient in the croplands. Overall, terrace construction is effective for developing coastal saline flats for agricultural use, but the traditional land use in the Yellow River delta has caused chronic soil degradation that is against a sustainable productive industry.

LRP6 Polymorphisms Is Associated With Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure in the Chinese Han Population.

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) plays a critical role in cardiovascular homeostasis. The deficiency of LRP6 is associated with a high risk of arrhythmias. However, the association between genetic variations of LRP6 and sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains unknown. This study aims to explore the association between common variants of LRP6 and the prognosis of chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. From July 2005 to December 2009, patients with CHF were enrolled from 10 hospitals in China. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2302684 was selected for the evaluation of the effect of LRP6 polymorphisms on the survival in patients with CHF. A total of 1,437 patients with CHF were finally included for the analysis. During a median follow-up of 61 months (range 0.4-129 months), a total of 546 (38.0%) patients died, including 201 (36.8%) cases with SCD and 345 (63.2%) cases with non-SCD. Patients carrying A allele of rs2302684 had an increased risk of all-cause death (adjusted HR 1.452, 95% CI 1.189-1.706; P < 0.001) and SCD (adjusted HR 1.783, 95% CI 1.337-2.378; P < 0.001). Therefore, the SNP rs2302684 T>A in LRP6 indicated higher risks of all-cause death and SCD in patients with CHF. LRP6 could be added as a novel predictor of SCD and might be a potential therapeutic target in the prevention of SCD in the CHF population.

Multipolar mapping for catheter ablation of premature ventricular complexes originating from papillary muscles in the structurally normal heart: a case series.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies on radiofrequency catheter ablation of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) arising from the left ventricle (LV) papillary muscles (PM) show a modest procedural success rate with higher recurrence rate. Our study sought to explore the utility of using a multipolar mapping with a steerable linear duodecapolar catheter for ablating the PM PVCs. METHODS: Detailed endocardial multipolar mapping was performed using a steerable linear duodecapolar catheter in 6 consecutive PM PVCs patients with structurally normal heart. The clinical features and procedural data as well as success rate were analysed. RESULTS: LV endocardial electroanatomic mapping was performed in all patients via a retrograde aortic approach using a duodecapolar mapping catheter. All patients displayed a PVC burden with 16.2 ± 5.4%. Duodecapolar catheter mapping demonstrated highly efficiency with an average procedure time (95.8 ± 7.4 min) and fluoroscopy time (14.2 ± 1.5 min). The mean number of ablation applications points was 6.8 ± 1.9 with an average overall ablation duration of 6.1 ± 3.0 min. The values of earliest activation time during mapping using duodecapolar catheter were 37.8 ± 7.2 ms. All patients demonstrated acute successful ablation, and the PVC burden in all patients after an average follow-up of 8.5 ± 2.0 months was only 0.7%. There were no complications during the procedures and after follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Mapping and ablation of PM PVCs using a duodecapolar catheter facilitated the identification of earliest activation potentials and pace mapping, and demonstrated a high success rate during follow-up.

[Net carbon exchange and its driving factors of Haloxylon ammodendron plantation in the oasis-desert ecotone of Minqin, China]. / 民勤绿洲-è’æ¼ è¿‡æ¸¡å¸¦æ¢­æ¢­äººå·¥æž—å‡€ç¢³äº¤æ¢åŠå ¶å½±å“å› å­.

Carbon fluxes in a Haloxylon ammodendron plantation in the oasis-desert ecotone of Minqin was measured using an eddy covariance system. To provide scientific data for carbon source/sink assessment, we quantitatively analyzed the characteristics of CO2 flux and its driving factors in the growing season from May to October, 2018. The results showed that the trend of daily net carbon exchange in the growing season followed a symmetrical "U" shape curve. As to seasonality, bimodal curve was obvious. The plantation ecosystem was a carbon sink every month. The total carbon sequestrated was 34.38 g C·m-2, with the peak of 12.31 g C·m-2 in September and the lowest value of 0.89 g C·m-2 in July. The net carbon exchange in this ecosystem increased during the daytime with the increasing photosynthetically active radiation, consistent with the Michaelis-Menten rectangular hyperbola change. When the vapor pressure deficit was greater than 2.5 kPa, the increasing trend tended to flat. Ecosystem respiration increased exponentially with temperature, with temperature sensitivity being 1.7. Net carbon exchange in either day or night was significantly correlated with soil temperature through the whole growing season.

Conservation choice on the rare endangered plants Glehnia littoralis.

The coastal herbs Glehnia littoralis have been domesticated as traditional medicines for many centuries. The domestication may have caused changes or declines of cultivated G. littoralis (CGL) relative to wild G. littoralis (WGL). By comparing fruit properties of CGL and WGL, we tested the hypothesis that domesticated G. littoralis have suffered major declines, and human cultivation cannot be sufficient to conserve this species. We collected fruits of CGL and WGL in the Shandong peninsula, China, and compared their buoyancy in seawater, germination potential after seawater immersion, and thousand-grain weights. Float rates of the WGL and CGL fruits were 95.6 (mean) ± 2.6% (standard deviation) and 30.0 ± 7.1%, respectively. The germination potential of CGL was significantly reduced, although the thousand-grain weights of CGL (21.85 ± 0.17 g) were higher than those of the WGL fruits (14.73 ± 0.21 g). These results suggest that the CGL have experienced significant declines relative to the WGL, presumably due to the loss of seawater inundation, selection and dispersal. These declines disfavour the persistence of CGL, and human domestication and cultivation are believed to be insufficient for conserving G. littoralis. Sand coasts where WGL still persists should be designated timely as nature reserves to conserve this species.

Natural persistence of the coastal plant Glehnia littoralis along temperate sandy coasts.

We studied germination behaviors and persistence mechanism of wild Glehnia littoralis, a typical coastal species at temperate sandy coasts of the North Pacific Ocean, and tested the hypothesis that the coastal plants may have evolved special seeds adapting to the coasts, by which they recruit and persist easily, occupying the coasts as ideal habitats. In the Shandong Peninsula, China, we investigated temperature and moisture conditions of coast sand in relation to germination and evaluated effects of sand burial, seawater immersion and sowing time on germination. When germination began, daily dawn temperatures of sand were about 10 °C and daily noon temperatures were about 25 °C; the temperatures were not different in the sand <8 cm deep. The sand at these depths showed a significant difference in moisture contents. The seeds exhibited large germination rates if sand burial was at depths >= 3 cm and winter freezing was kept longer than 2.5 months. Seeds experiencing seawater immersion were able to germinate well. These evidences suggest that G. littoralis has evolved special seeds adapting to seawater dispersal and specific season rhythm. By the seeds, G. littoralis occupies temperate sandy coasts as ideal habitats to persist.

A novel mutation in the SCN5A gene contributes to arrhythmogenic characteristics of early repolarization syndrome.

Several genetic variants have been associated with early repolarization syndrome (ERS). However, the lack of functional validations of the mutant effects has limited the interpretation of genetic tests. In the present study, we identified and characterized a novel sodium channel, voltage gated, type V alpha subunit (SCN5A) mutation that was associated with ERS. A 67-year-old male proband suffering from recurrent syncope underwent a documented electrocardiogram (ECG) for polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). It was noted that baseline 12-lead ECG exhibited a predominantly elevated ST-segment which mimicked acute myocardial ischemia in lead V2-V6, and the ECG also demonstrated J waves in lead Ⅱ, Ⅲ, aVF and V2-V6. Using genetic analysis, we noted that the proband carried a novel heterozygous missense mutation of A1055G in the SCN5A gene. Whole-cell configuration of patch-clamp analysis revealed that the mutation significantly decreased peak sodium current (INa) density and shifted the steady-state inactivation curve of INa to a more negative potential. Confocal imaging suggested that in the mutant channel a defect of protein expression both on the cell membrane and in cytoplasm was present. The present study demonstrated that a novel heterozygous missense mutation of A1055G in SCN5A led to 'loss-of function' of the sodium channels, and we suggest that it accounts for the arrhythmogenic characteristics of ERS.

Endemic shrubs in temperate arid and semiarid regions of northern China and their potentials for rangeland restoration.

Some endemic shrubs in arid and semiarid ecosystems are in danger of extinction, and yet they can play useful roles in maintaining or restoring these ecosystems, thus practical efforts are needed to conserve them. The shrubs Amygdalus pedunculata Pall., Amygdalus mongolica (Maxim.) Ricker and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim. ex Kom.) Cheng f. are endemic species in arid and semiarid regions of northern China, where rangeland desertification is pronounced due to chronic overgrazing. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that these endemic shrubs have developed adaptations to arid and semiarid environments and could play critical roles as nurse species to initiate the process of rangeland recovery. Based on careful vegetation surveys, we analysed the niches of these species in relation to precipitation, temperature and habitats. All sampling plots were categorized by these endemics and sorted by the non-metric multidimensional scaling method. Species ratios of each life form and species co-occurrence rates with the endemics were also evaluated. Annual average temperature and annual precipitation were found to be the key factors determining vegetation diversity and distributions. Amygdalus pedunculata prefers low hills and sandy land in temperate semiarid regions. Amygdalus mongolica prefers gravel deserts of temperate semiarid regions. Ammopiptanthus mongolicus prefers sandy land of temperate arid regions. Communities of A. pedunculata have the highest diversity and the largest ratios of long-lived grass species, whereas those of A. mongolicus have the lowest diversity but the largest ratios of shrub species. Communities of A. mongolica are a transition between the first two community types. These findings demonstrate that our focal endemic shrubs have evolved adaptations to arid and semiarid conditions, thus they can be nurse plants to stabilize sand ground for vegetation restoration. We suggest that land managers begin using these shrub species to restore degraded rangelands as part of a general conservation effort.

Catheter Ablation of Premature Ventricular Contractions Originating in the Aortic Sinus Cusp or Great Cardiac Vein: Two QRS Morphologies with One Origin.

BACKGROUND: Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) originating from aortic sinus cusps (ASCs) can exhibit preferential conduction to right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the electrophysiological characteristics for guiding catheter ablation in patients with two morphological types of PVCs that originate from ASCs or the great cardiac vein (GCV). METHODS: We analyzed electrocardiogram from 10 patients with PVCs of two QRS morphologies. The patients who exhibited dominant left bundle branch block (LBBB) QRS morphology and less right bundle branch block (RBBB) morphology were designated as group 1 (n = 7), and those with dominant RBBB QRS morphology were designated as group 2 (n = 3). During PVCs, electroanatomical mapping was performed in both RVOT and ASC in group 1 and only performed in ASC or GCV in group 2. RESULTS: In group 1, the earliest ventricular activation preceding the onset of the QRS complex (V-QRS) was recorded for 27 ± 6 ms (range 18-36 ms) in RVOT and 25 ± 6 ms (range 18-34 ms) in the ASC, while V-QRS was recorded for 28 ms, 42 ms, 40 ms in the ASC or GCV in group 2. All patients were successfully ablated at one site finally, including left coronary cusp in seven, left-right coronary cusp commissure in two, and GCV in one. None of the patients experienced recurrence or complications during the 18.4 ± 5.1 (range 6-24 months) months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Two QRS morphologies (LBBB and RBBB with inferior axis) in PVCs could be a predictor of PVCs originating from ASC or GCV.