Urine dipstick blood and acute kidney injury in infants undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with hemolysis and acute kidney injury (AKI). The study aim was to determine if urine dipstick blood in infants after CPB was associated with AKI and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). METHODS: Infants who underwent CPB at a single center were enrolled prospectively between October 2017 and June 2019. Urine samples prior to CPB and 6 h after CPB cessation were analyzed in batch for NGAL and dipstick blood. AKI was defined using creatinine-based KDIGO criteria within 72 h of CPB. Spearman correlation examined associations between urine dipstick blood and NGAL at each time point. Linear regression estimated the associations between urine dipstick blood and log-transformed NGAL 6 h after CPB. Logistic regression estimated associations and compared discrimination between urine dipstick blood and NGAL for predicting AKI. RESULTS: At baseline, 7/63 samples (11%) had > trace blood. Six hours after CPB, 62/98 samples (63%) had > trace blood and 26% had 3 + (large) blood. In total, 18/98 (18%) with a 6-h post-CPB sample had postoperative AKI. Urine dipstick blood values correlated with urine NGAL 6 h after CPB (r = 0.52, p < 0.01), but not at baseline (r = 0.06, p = 0.66). Those with 3 + (large) blood on urine dipstick had 6 times higher mean NGAL values compared to those with negative/trace blood (mean ratio 6.6, 95%CI 3.1-14.4, p < 0.01). Those with 3 + (large) blood had 8 times higher odds of AKI (OR 7.99, 95%CI 1.5-41.9, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Urine dipstick blood post CPB may be a simple and inexpensive tool to help predict AKI in infants.

Post-acute and Chronic Kidney Function Outcomes of COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents: An EHR Cohort Study from the RECOVER Initiative.

We investigated the risks of post-acute and chronic adverse kidney outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the pediatric population via a retrospective cohort study using data from the RECOVER program. We included 1,864,637 children and adolescents under 21 from 19 children's hospitals and health institutions in the US with at least six months of follow-up time between March 2020 and May 2023. We divided the patients into three strata: patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD), patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) during the acute phase (within 28 days) of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and patients without pre-existing CKD or AKI. We defined a set of adverse kidney outcomes for each stratum and examined the outcomes within the post-acute and chronic phases after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In each stratum, compared with the non-infected group, patients with COVID-19 had a higher risk of adverse kidney outcomes. For patients without pre-existing CKD, there were increased risks of CKD stage 2+ (HR 1.20; 95% CI: 1.13-1.28) and CKD stage 3+ (HR 1.35; 95% CI: 1.15-1.59) during the post-acute phase (28 days to 365 days) after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Within the post-acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection, children and adolescents with pre-existing CKD and those who experienced AKI were at increased risk of progression to a composite outcome defined by at least 50% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), eGFR <15 mL/min/1.73m2, End Stage Kidney Disease diagnosis, dialysis, or transplant.

Clinical characteristics and favorable treatment responses of recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children after kidney transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Recurrence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) or steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) after kidney transplant leads to significant morbidity and potentially earlier allograft loss. To date however, reported rates, risk factors and treatment outcomes have varied widely. METHODS: We applied computational phenotypes to a multicenter aggregation of electronic health records data from 7 large pediatric health systems in the USA, to identify recurrence rates, risk factors, and treatment outcomes. We refined the data collection by chart review. RESULTS: From > 7 million patients, we compared children with primary FSGS/SRNS who received a kidney transplant between 2009 and 2020 and who either developed recurrence (n = 67/165; 40.6%) or did not (n = 98/165). Serum albumin level at time of transplant was significantly lower and recipient HLA DR7 presence was significantly higher in the recurrence group. By 36 months post-transplant, complete remission occurred in 58.2% and partial remission in 17.9%. Through 6 years post-transplant, no remission after recurrence was associated with an increased risk of allograft loss over time (p < 0.0001), but any remission showed similar allograft survival and function decline to those with no recurrence. Since treatments were used in non-random fashion, using spline curves and multivariable non-linear analyses, complete + partial remission chance was significantly higher with greater plasmapheresis sessions, CTLA4-Ig doses or LDL-apheresis sessions. Only treatment with anti-CD20, CTLA4-Ig agents, or LDL-apheresis sessions were associated with complete remission. Excluding 25 patients with mutations did not significantly change our results. CONCLUSIONS: Our contemporary high-risk cohort had higher favorable response rates than most prior reports, from combinations of agents.

Systematic data quality assessment of electronic health record data to evaluate study-specific fitness: Report from the PRESERVE research study.

Study-specific data quality testing is an essential part of minimizing analytic errors, particularly for studies making secondary use of clinical data. We applied a systematic and reproducible approach for study-specific data quality testing to the analysis plan for PRESERVE, a 15-site, EHR-based observational study of chronic kidney disease in children. This approach integrated widely adopted data quality concepts with healthcare-specific evaluation methods. We implemented two rounds of data quality assessment. The first produced high-level evaluation using aggregate results from a distributed query, focused on cohort identification and main analytic requirements. The second focused on extended testing of row-level data centralized for analysis. We systematized reporting and cataloguing of data quality issues, providing institutional teams with prioritized issues for resolution. We tracked improvements and documented anomalous data for consideration during analyses. The checks we developed identified 115 and 157 data quality issues in the two rounds, involving completeness, data model conformance, cross-variable concordance, consistency, and plausibility, extending traditional data quality approaches to address more complex stratification and temporal patterns. Resolution efforts focused on higher priority issues, given finite study resources. In many cases, institutional teams were able to correct data extraction errors or obtain additional data, avoiding exclusion of 2 institutions entirely and resolving 123 other gaps. Other results identified complexities in measures of kidney function, bearing on the study's outcome definition. Where limitations such as these are intrinsic to clinical data, the study team must account for them in conducting analyses. This study rigorously evaluated fitness of data for intended use. The framework is reusable and built on a strong theoretical underpinning. Significant data quality issues that would have otherwise delayed analyses or made data unusable were addressed. This study highlights the need for teams combining subject-matter and informatics expertise to address data quality when working with real world data.

Consistency of metabolite associations with measured glomerular filtration rate in children and adults.

Background: There is interest in identifying novel filtration markers that lead to more accurate GFR estimates than current markers (creatinine and cystatin C) and are more consistent across demographic groups. We hypothesize that large-scale metabolomics can identify serum metabolites that are strongly influenced by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and are more consistent across demographic variables than creatinine, which would be promising filtration markers for future investigation. Methods: We evaluated the consistency of associations between measured GFR (mGFR) and 887 common, known metabolites quantified by an untargeted chromatography- and spectroscopy-based metabolomics platform (Metabolon) performed on frozen blood samples from 580 participants in Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD), 674 participants in Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study and 962 participants in African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK). We evaluated metabolite-mGFR correlation association with metabolite class, molecular weight, assay platform and measurement coefficient of variation (CV). Among metabolites with strong negative correlations with mGFR (r < -0.5), we assessed additional variation by age (height in children), sex, race and body mass index (BMI). Results: A total of 561 metabolites (63%) were negatively correlated with mGFR. Correlations with mGFR were highly consistent across study, sex, race and BMI categories (correlation of metabolite-mGFR correlations between 0.88 and 0.95). Amino acids, carbohydrates and nucleotides were more often negatively correlated with mGFR compared with lipids, but there was no association with metabolite molecular weight, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry platform and measurement CV. Among 114 metabolites with strong negative associations with mGFR (r < -0.5), 27 were consistently not associated with age (height in children), sex or race. Conclusions: The majority of metabolite-mGFR correlations were negative and consistent across sex, race, BMI and study. Metabolites with consistent strong negative correlations with mGFR and non-association with demographic variables may represent candidate markers to improve estimation of GFR.

Exploring height outcomes with adjuvant aromatase inhibition in growth hormone-deficient male survivors of childhood cancer.

BACKGROUND: Aromatase inhibitors (AI) may improve height in short stature conditions; however, the effect in childhood cancer survivors (CCS) is unknown. We assessed final adult height (FAH) in CCS treated with AI and GH compared with those treated with GH alone. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of GH-deficient male CCS treated between 2007 and 2023. FAH was noted as the height at the fusion of growth plates or 18 years of age. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine treatment association with FAH, adjusting for other risk factors. RESULTS: Ninety-two patients were included; 70 were treated with GH and 22 with combination AI/GH. The mean age at GH initiation did not differ between groups. The mean age at AI initiation was 13.7 ± 1.9 years. A greater proportion of patients in the AI/GH group were treated with stem cell transplantation, abdominal radiation, total body irradiation, and cis-retinoic acid (p < .01). Multivariable linear regression demonstrated no significant treatment association with FAH Z-score (ß = 0.04, 95% CI: -0.9 to 0.9). History of spinal radiation (ß = -0.93, 95% CI: -1.7 to -0.2), lower starting height Z-score (ß = -0.8, 95% CI: -1.2 to -0.4), and greater difference between bone age and chronological age (ß = -0.3, 95% CI: -0.5 to -0.07) were associated with lower FAH Z-score. CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant AI was not associated with increased FAH in male CCS compared with GH monotherapy. Future work is needed to determine the optimal adjunctive treatment to maximize FAH for this population.

Influenza Vaccine Administration and Effectiveness Among Children and Adults With Glomerular Disease.

Introduction: Influenza infections contribute to excess healthcare utilization, morbidity, and mortality in individuals with glomerular disease (GD); however, influenza vaccination may not yield protective immune responses in this high-risk patient population. The objective of the present study was to describe influenza vaccine administration from 2010 to 2019 and explore the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in patients with GD. Methods: We conducted an observational cohort study using healthcare claims for seasonal influenza vaccination (exposure) as well as influenza and influenza-like illness (outcomes) from commercially insured children and adults <65 years of age with primary GD in the Merative MarketScan Research Databases. Propensity score-weighted cox proportional hazards models and ratio-of-hazard ratios (RHR) analyses were used to compare influenza infection risk in years where seasonal influenza vaccines matched or mismatched circulating viral strains. Results: The mean proportion of individuals vaccinated per season was 23% (range 19%-24%). In pooled analyses comparing matched to mismatched seasons, vaccination was minimally protective for both influenza (RHR 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52-1.41) and influenza-like illness (RHR 0.86, 95% CI 0.59-1.24), though estimates were limited by sample size. Conclusion: Rates of influenza vaccination are suboptimal among patients with GD. Protection from influenza after vaccination may be poor, leading to excess infection-related morbidity in this vulnerable population.

Association of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 with Blood Pressure in Primary Proteinuric Glomerulopathies.

INTRODUCTION: Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) has direct effects on the vasculature and myocardium, and high levels of FGF23 are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, the impact of FGF23 on CVD in primary proteinuric glomerulopathies has not been addressed. METHODS: The associations of baseline plasma intact FGF23 levels with resting blood pressure (BP) and lipids over time among adults and children with proteinuric glomerulopathies enrolled in the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) were analyzed using generalized estimating equation regression analyses. Models were adjusted for age, sex, glomerular diagnosis, follow-up time, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urine protein/creatinine ratio, obesity, and serum phosphorous levels. RESULTS: Two hundred and four adults with median FGF23 77.5 (IQR 51.3-119.3) pg/mL and 93 children with median FGF23 62.3 (IQR 44.6-83.6) pg/mL were followed for a median of 42 (IQR 20.5-54) months. In adjusted models, each 1 µg/mL increase in FGF23 was associated with a 0.3 increase in systolic BP index at follow-up (p < 0.001). Greater baseline FGF23 was associated with greater odds of hypertensive BP (OR = 1.0003; 95% CI 1.001-1.006, p = 0.03) over time. Compared to tertile 1, tertile 2 (OR = 2.1; 95% CI 1.12-3.99, p = 0.02), and tertile 3 (OR = 3; 95% CI 1.08-8.08, p = 0.04), FGF23 levels were associated with greater odds of hypertensive BP over time. Tertile 2 was associated with greater triglycerides compared to tertile 1 (OR = 48.1; 95% CI 4.4-91.9, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Overall, higher baseline FGF23 was significantly associated with hypertensive BP over time in individuals with proteinuric glomerulopathies. Further study of FGF23 as a therapeutic target for reducing CVD in proteinuric glomerular disease is warranted.

Derivation of paediatric blood pressure percentiles from electronic health records.

BACKGROUND: Identification of abnormal blood pressure (BP) in children requires normative data. We sought to examine the feasibility of using "real-world" office BP data obtained from electronic health records (EHR) to generate age-, sex- and height-specific BP percentiles for children. METHODS: Using data collected 01/01/2009-8/31/2021 from eight large children's healthcare organisations in PEDSnet, we applied a mixed-effects polynomial regression model with random slopes to generate Z-scores and BP percentiles and compared them with currently used normative BP distributions published in the 2017 American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP) Clinical Practise Guidelines (CPG). FINDINGS: We identified a study sample of 292,412 children (1,085,083 BP measurements), ages 3-17 years (53% female), with no chronic medical conditions, who were not overweight/obese and who were primarily seen for general paediatric care in outpatient settings. Approximately 45,000-75,000 children contributed data to each age category. The PEDSnet systolic BP percentile values were 1-4 mmHg higher than AAP CPG BP values across age-sex-height groups, with larger differences observed in younger children. Diastolic BP values were also higher in younger children; starting with age 7 years, diastolic BP percentile values were 1-3 mmHg lower than AAP CPG values. Cohen's Kappa was 0.90 for systolic BP, 0.66 for diastolic BP, and 0.80 overall indicating excellent agreement between PEDSnet and 2017 AAP CPG data for systolic BP and substantial agreement for diastolic BP. INTERPRETATION: Our analysis indicates that real-word EHR data can be used to generate BP percentiles consistent with current clinical practise on BP management in children. FUNDING: Funding for this work was provided by the Preserving Kidney Function in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease (PRESERVE) study; Patient-Centred Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) RD-2020C2020338 (Principal Investigator: Dr. Forrest; Co-Principal Investigator: Dr. Denburg).

The Preserving Kidney Function in Children With CKD (PRESERVE) Study: Rationale, Design, and Methods.

Rationale & Objective: PRESERVE seeks to provide new knowledge to inform shared decision-making regarding blood pressure (BP) management for pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD). PRESERVE will compare the effectiveness of alternative strategies for monitoring and treating hypertension on preserving kidney function; expand the National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network (PCORnet) common data model by adding pediatric- and kidney-specific variables and linking electronic health record data to other kidney disease databases; and assess the lived experiences of patients related to BP management. Study Design: Multicenter retrospective cohort study (clinical outcomes) and cross-sectional study (patient-reported outcomes [PROs]). Setting & Participants: PRESERVE will include approximately 20,000 children between January 2009-December 2022 with mild-moderate CKD from 15 health care institutions that participate in 6 PCORnet Clinical Research Networks (PEDSnet, STAR, GPC, PaTH, CAPRiCORN, and OneFlorida+). The inclusion criteria were ≥1 nephrologist visit and ≥2 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values in the range of 30 to <90 mL/min/1.73 m2 separated by ≥90 days without an intervening value ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2 and no prior dialysis or kidney transplant. Exposures: BP measurements (clinic-based and 24-hour ambulatory BP); urine protein; and antihypertensive treatment by therapeutic class. Outcomes: The primary outcome is a composite event of a 50% reduction in eGFR, eGFR of <15 mL/min/1.73 m2, long-term dialysis or kidney transplant. Secondary outcomes include change in eGFR, adverse events, and PROs. Analytical Approach: Longitudinal models for dichotomous (proportional hazards or accelerated failure time) and continuous (generalized linear mixed models) clinical outcomes; multivariable linear regression for PROs. We will evaluate heterogeneity of treatment effect by CKD etiology and degree of proteinuria and will examine variation in hypertension management and outcomes based on socio-demographics. Limitations: Causal inference limited by observational analyses. Conclusions: PRESERVE will leverage the PCORnet infrastructure to conduct large-scale observational studies that address BP management knowledge gaps for pediatric CKD, focusing on outcomes that are meaningful to patients. Plain-Language Summary: Hypertension is a major modifiable contributor to loss of kidney function in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of PRESERVE is to provide evidence to inform shared decision-making regarding blood pressure management for children with CKD. PRESERVE is a consortium of 16 health care institutions in PCORnet, the National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network, and includes electronic health record data for >19,000 children with CKD. PRESERVE will (1) expand the PCORnet infrastructure for research in pediatric CKD by adding kidney-specific variables and linking electronic health record data to other kidney disease databases; (2) compare the effectiveness of alternative strategies for monitoring and treating hypertension on preserving kidney function; and (3) assess the lived experiences of patients and caregivers related to blood pressure management.

Circulating Metabolomic Associations with Neurocognitive Outcomes in Pediatric CKD.

BACKGROUND: Children with CKD are at risk for impaired neurocognitive functioning. We investigated metabolomic associations with neurocognition in children with CKD. METHODS: We leveraged data from the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study and the Neurocognitive Assessment and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis of Children and Young Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease (NiCK) study. CKiD is a multi-institutional cohort that enrolled children aged 6 months to 16 years with eGFR 30-90 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 ( n =569). NiCK is a single-center cross-sectional study of participants aged 8-25 years with eGFR<90 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 ( n =60) and matched healthy controls ( n =67). Untargeted metabolomic quantification was performed on plasma (CKiD, 622 metabolites) and serum (NiCK, 825 metabolites) samples. Four neurocognitive domains were assessed: intelligence, attention regulation, working memory, and parent ratings of executive function. Repeat assessments were performed in CKiD at 2-year intervals. Linear regression and linear mixed-effects regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, delivery history, hypertension, proteinuria, CKD duration, and glomerular versus nonglomerular diagnosis were used to identify metabolites associated with neurocognitive z-scores. Analyses were performed with and without adjustment for eGFR. RESULTS: There were multiple metabolite associations with neurocognition observed in at least two of the analytic samples (CKiD baseline, CKiD follow-up, and NiCK CKD). Most of these metabolites were significantly elevated in children with CKD compared with healthy controls in NiCK. Notable signals included associations with parental ratings of executive function: phenylacetylglutamine, indoleacetylglutamine, and trimethylamine N-oxide-and with intelligence: γ -glutamyl amino acids and aconitate. CONCLUSIONS: Several metabolites were associated with neurocognitive dysfunction in pediatric CKD, implicating gut microbiome-derived substances, mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered energy metabolism, circulating toxins, and redox homeostasis.

Evaluating Kidney Function Decline in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease Using a Multi-Institutional Electronic Health Record Database.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to use electronic health record data from a US national multicenter pediatric network to identify a large cohort of children with CKD, evaluate CKD progression, and examine clinical risk factors for kidney function decline. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study identified children seen between January 1, 2009, to February 28, 2022. Data were from six pediatric health systems in PEDSnet. We identified children aged 18 months to 18 years who met criteria for CKD: two eGFR values <90 and ≥15 ml/min per 1.73 m2 separated by ≥90 days without an intervening value ≥90. CKD progression was defined as a composite outcome: eGFR <15 ml/min per 1.73 m2, ≥50% eGFR decline, long-term dialysis, or kidney transplant. Subcohorts were defined based on CKD etiology: glomerular, nonglomerular, or malignancy. We assessed the association of hypertension (≥2 visits with hypertension diagnosis code) and proteinuria (≥1 urinalysis with ≥1+ protein) within 2 years of cohort entrance on the composite outcome. RESULTS: Among 7,148,875 children, we identified 11,240 (15.7 per 10,000) with CKD (median age 11 years, 50% female). The median follow-up was 5.1 (interquartile range 2.8-8.3) years, the median initial eGFR was 75.3 (interquartile range 61-83) ml/min per 1.73 m2, 37% had proteinuria, and 35% had hypertension. The following were associated with CKD progression: lower eGFR category (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.44 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.23 to 1.69], aHR 2.38 [95% CI, 2.02 to 2.79], aHR 5.75 [95% CI, 5.05 to 6.55] for eGFR 45-59 ml/min per 1.73 m2, 30-44 ml/min per 1.73 m2, 15-29 ml/min per 1.73 m2 at cohort entrance, respectively, when compared with eGFR 60-89 ml/min per 1.73 m2), glomerular disease (aHR 2.01 [95% CI, 1.78 to 2.28]), malignancy (aHR 1.79 [95% CI, 1.52 to 2.11]), proteinuria (aHR 2.23 [95% CI, 1.89 to 2.62]), hypertension (aHR 1.49 [95% CI, 1.22 to 1.82]), proteinuria and hypertension together (aHR 3.98 [95% CI, 3.40 to 4.68]), count of complex chronic comorbidities (aHR 1.07 [95% CI, 1.05 to 1.10] per additional comorbid body system), male sex (aHR 1.16 [95% CI, 1.05 to 1.28]), and younger age at cohort entrance (aHR 0.95 [95% CI, 0.94 to 0.96] per year older). CONCLUSIONS: In large-scale real-world data for children with CKD, disease etiology, albuminuria, hypertension, age, male sex, lower eGFR, and greater medical complexity at start of follow-up were associated with more rapid decline in kidney function.

Assessment of fluid removal using ultrasound, bioimpedance and anthropometry in pediatric dialysis: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Fluid overload is associated with morbidity and mortality in children receiving dialysis. Accurate clinical assessment is difficult, and using deuterium oxide (D2O) to measure total body water (TBW) is impractical. We investigated the use of ultrasound (US), bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), and anthropometry to assess fluid removal in children receiving maintenance hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: Participants completed US, BIS, and anthropometry immediately before and 1-2 h after HD for up to five sessions. US measured inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter, lung B-lines, muscle elastography, and dermal thickness. BIS measured the volume of extracellular (ECF) and intracellular (ICF) fluid. Anthropometry included mid-upper arm, calf and ankle circumferences, and triceps skinfold thickness. D2O was performed once pre-HD. We assessed the change in study measures pre- versus post-HD, and the correlation of change in study measures with percent change in body weight (%∆BW). We also assessed the agreement between TBW measured by BIS and D2O. RESULTS: Eight participants aged 3.4-18.5 years were enrolled. Comparison of pre- and post-HD measures showed significant decrease in IVC diameters, lung B-lines, dermal thickness, BIS %ECF, mid-upper arm circumference, ankle, and calf circumference. Repeated measures correlation showed significant relationships between %∆BW and changes in BIS ECF (rrm =0.51, 95% CI 0.04, 0.80) and calf circumference (rrm=0.80, 95% CI 0.51, 0.92). BIS TBW correlated with D2O TBW but overestimated TBW by 2.2 L (95% LOA, -4.75 to 0.42). CONCLUSION: BIS and calf circumference may be helpful to assess changes in fluid status in children receiving maintenance HD. IVC diameter, lung B-lines and dermal thickness are potential candidates for future studies.

Improving Clinical Care for Children With CKD: A Report From a National Kidney Foundation Scientific Workshop.

Development of clinical guidelines and recommendations to address the care of pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has rarely included the perspectives of providers from a variety of health care disciplines or the patients and parents themselves. Accordingly, the National Kidney Foundation hosted an in-person, one and a half-day workshop that convened a multidisciplinary group of physicians, allied health care professionals, and pediatric patients with CKD and their parents, with the goal of developing key clinical recommendations regarding best practices for the clinical management of pediatric patients living with CKD. The key clinical recommendations pertained to 5 broad topics: addressing the needs of patients and parents/caregivers; modifying the progression of CKD; clinical management of CKD-mineral and bone disorder and growth retardation; clinical management of anemia, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension; and transition and transfer of pediatric patients to adult nephrology care. This report describes the recommendations generated by the participants who attended the workshop.

Vitamin D supplementation in children and young adults with persistent proteinuria secondary to glomerular disease.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is common in glomerular disease. Supplementation may be ineffective due to ongoing urinary losses of vitamin D binding protein. We sought to determine if daily cholecalciferol supplementation would increase vitamin D concentrations in children with glomerular disease and persistent proteinuria, without adverse effects. METHODS: Eighteen participants at least 5 years of age with primary glomerular disease and urine protein:creatinine ratio ≥ 0.5 were enrolled from four pediatric nephrology practices to receive cholecalciferol supplementation: 4,000 IU or 2,000 IU per day for serum 25 hydroxyvitamin vitamin D (25OHD) concentrations < 20 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL to < 30 ng/mL, respectively. Measures of vitamin D and mineral metabolism were obtained at baseline and weeks 6 and 12. Multivariable generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression estimated mean percent changes in serum 25OHD concentration. RESULTS: Median baseline 25OHD was 12.8 ng/mL (IQR 9.3, 18.9) and increased to 27.8 ng/mL (20.5, 36.0) at week 6 (p < 0.001) without further significant increase at week 12. A total of 31% of participants had a level ≥ 30 ng/mL at week 12. Supplementation was stopped in two participants at week 6 for mildly elevated calcium and phosphorus, respectively, with subsequent declines in 25OHD of > 20 ng/mL. In the adjusted GEE model, 25OHD was 102% (95% CI: 64, 141) and 96% (95% CI: 51, 140) higher versus baseline at weeks 6 and 12, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Cholecalciferol supplementation in vitamin D deficient children with glomerular disease and persistent proteinuria safely increases 25OHD concentration. Ideal dosing to fully replete 25OHD concentrations in this population remains unknown. CLINICAL TRIAL: NCT01835639. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

Immunosuppression Exposure and Risk of Infection-Related Acute Care Events in Patients With Glomerular Disease: An Observational Cohort Study.

Rationale & Objective: Infections cause morbidity and mortality in patients with glomerular disease. The relative contributions from immunosuppression exposure and glomerular disease activity to infection risk are not well characterized. To address this unmet need, we characterized the relationship between time-varying combinations of immunosuppressant exposure and infection-related acute care events while controlling for disease activity, among individuals with glomerular disease. Study Design: Prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study. Setting & Participants: Adults and children with biopsy-proven minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, or immunoglobulin A nephropathy/vasculitis were enrolled at 71 clinical sites in North America and Europe. A total of 2,388 Cure Glomerulonephropathy Network participants (36% aged <18 years) had at least 1 follow-up visit and were included in the analysis. Exposures: Immunosuppression exposure modeled on a weekly basis. Outcome: Infections leading to an emergency department visit or hospitalization. Analytical Approach: Marginal structural models were used to estimate the effect of time-varying immunosuppression exposure on hazard of first infection-related acute care event while accounting for baseline sociodemographic and clinical factors, and time-varying disease activity. Results: A total of 2,388 participants were followed for a median of 3.2 years (interquartile range, 1.6-4.6), and 15% experienced at least 1 infection-related emergency department visit or hospitalization. Compared to no immunosuppression exposure, steroid exposure, steroid with any other immunosuppressant, and nonsteroid immunosuppressant exposure were associated with a 2.65-fold (95% CI, 1.83-3.86), 2.68-fold (95% CI, 1.95-3.68), and 1.7-fold (95% CI, 1.29-2.24) higher risk of first infection, respectively. Limitations: Absence of medication dosing data, lack of a control group, and potential bias in ascertainment of outcome events secondary to the coronavirus 2 pandemic. Conclusions: Corticosteroids with or without concomitant additional immunosuppression significantly increased risk of infection leading to acute care utilization in adults and children with glomerular disease.

Skeletal Outcomes in Children and Young Adults with Glomerular Disease.

BACKGROUND: Children with glomerular disease have unique risk factors for compromised bone health. Studies addressing skeletal complications in this population are lacking. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study utilized data from PEDSnet, a national network of pediatric health systems with standardized electronic health record data for more than 6.5 million patients from 2009 to 2021. Incidence rates (per 10,000 person-years) of fracture, slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), and avascular necrosis/osteonecrosis (AVN) in 4598 children and young adults with glomerular disease were compared with those among 553,624 general pediatric patients using Poisson regression analysis. The glomerular disease cohort was identified using a published computable phenotype. Inclusion criteria for the general pediatric cohort were two or more primary care visits 1 year or more apart between 1 and 21 years of age, one visit or more every 18 months if followed >3 years, and no chronic progressive conditions defined by the Pediatric Medical Complexity Algorithm. Fracture, SCFE, and AVN were identified using SNOMED-CT diagnosis codes; fracture required an associated x-ray or splinting/casting procedure within 48 hours. RESULTS: We found a higher risk of fracture for the glomerular disease cohort compared with the general pediatric cohort in girls only (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3 to 1.9). Hip/femur and vertebral fracture risk were increased in the glomerular disease cohort: adjusted IRR was 2.2 (95% CI, 1.3 to 3.7) and 5 (95% CI, 3.2 to 7.6), respectively. For SCFE, the adjusted IRR was 3.4 (95% CI, 1.9 to 5.9). For AVN, the adjusted IRR was 56.2 (95% CI, 40.7 to 77.5). CONCLUSIONS: Children and young adults with glomerular disease have significantly higher burden of skeletal complications than the general pediatric population.