Effects of gallic acid on gingival wounds.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim in this study was to investigate the effect of Gallic acid (GA) on gingival tissue injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty rats were categorized into two groups. In the burn group, an excisional wound area was created by removing a 4 mm diameter flap from the left molar region in the mucoperiosteal region of the gingiva. In the Burn+gallic acid group, 1.2 mg/ml GA was administered as irrigation for 1 week. Animals were sacrificed under anesthesia at the end of experiment. Malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured. Hematoxylin Eosin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) immunostaining was applied to tissues. RESULTS: MDA and MPO levels increased, and GSH, epithelization, FGF and EGF expression levels were decreased. Gallic acid treatment improved these scores. Degenerated gingival epithelium, disintegrity in epithelial and connective tissue fibers, edema and inflammatory cells were observed in the burn group. Gallic acid treatment after burn improved the pathologies. After burn injury, FGF and EGF activity was increased in Gallic acid-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that GA has the potential for better healing outcomes in oral wounds. GA seems to have promising therapeutic efficacy in enhancing oral wound healing.

Sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, treatment and prognostic characteristics of 156 generalized pustular psoriasis patients in Turkey: a multicentre case series.

BACKGROUND: Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare and severe inflammatory disease characterized by widespread and superficial sterile pustules on an erythematous background. OBJECTIVES: This multicentre study aimed to determine the clinical profile and course in a large cohort of patients with GPP. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-six GPP patients (mean age, 44.2 ± 18.7 years) who met the diagnostic criteria of the European Consensus Report of GPP were included in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics, quality of life, triggering factors of the disease, clinical, laboratory, treatment and prognostic features were evaluated. RESULTS: 61.5% of the patients were female. The rate of working at or below the minimum wage (≤$332.5/month) was 44.9%. Drugs (36.5%) were the most common trigger. While hypocalcaemia (35.7%) was the most important cause of GPP during pregnancy, systemic steroid withdrawal (20%) was the most frequently reported trigger for infantile/juvenile and mixed-type GPP (15%) (P < 0.05). Acute GPP (53.8%) was the most common clinic. Nails were affected in 43.6% of patients, and subungual yellow spots (28.2%) were the most common change. In annular GPP, fever (P < 0.001) and relapse frequency (P = 0.006) were lower than other subtypes, and the number of hospitalizations (P = 0.002) was lower than acute GPP. GPP appeared at a later age in those with a history of psoriasis (P = 0.045). DLQI score (P = 0.049) and joint involvement (P = 0.016) were also higher in this group. Infantile/juvenile GPP was observed in 16.02% of all patients, and arthritis was lower in this group (24.4 vs. 16%). GPP of pregnancy had the worst prognosis due to abortion observed in three patients. CONCLUSIONS: Recent advances in treatment have improved mortality associated with GPP, but abortion remains a significant complication. Although TNF-α inhibitors have proven efficacy in GPP, they can also trigger the disease. Mixed-type GPP is more similar to acute GPP than annular GPP with systemic manifestations and course.

Clinical characteristics, quality of life and risk factors for severity in palmoplantar pustulosis: a cross-sectional, multicentre study of 263 patients.

BACKGROUND: Palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) is a rare, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by sterile pustules on palmar or plantar areas. Data on PPP are scarce. AIM: To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors for disease severity in a large cohort of Turkish patients with PPP. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional, multicentre study of patients with PPP recruited from 21 tertiary centres across Turkey. RESULTS: In total, 263 patients (165 women, 98 men) were evaluated. Most patients (75.6%) were former or current smokers. The mean Palmoplantar Pustulosis Area and Severity Index (PPPASI) was 8.70 ± 8.06 and the mean Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) score was 6.87 ± 6.08, and these scores were significantly correlated (r = 0.52, P < 0.001). Regression analysis showed that current smoking was significantly associated with increased PPPASI (P = 0.03). Coexisting psoriasis vulgaris (PsV) was reported by 70 (26.6%) patients. Male sex prevalence, PPP onset incidence, disease duration, DLQI, and prevalence of nail involvement and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) were significantly increased among patients with PPP with PsV. Of the 263 patients, 18 (6.8%) had paradoxical PPP induced by biologic therapy, and these patients had significantly increased mean DLQI and prevalence of PsA (r = 0.03, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that smoking is a risk factor for both PPP development and disease severity. Patients with PPP with PsV present distinct clinical features and patients with biologic therapy-induced paradoxical PPP have reduced quality of life and are more likely to have PsA.

Effects of alloplastic graft material combined with a topical ozone application on calvarial bone defects in rats.

BACKGROUND: This study presents the evaluation of the damage in the bone tissue resulting from a calvarial defect in rats and the efficiency of exposure to an ozone application with an alloplastic bone graft on the calvarial bone damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar male rats (n = 56) were divided into four groups: a control group (n = 14), defect and ozone group (n = 14), defect and graft group (n = 14), and defect, graft, and ozone group (n = 14). Under anaesthesia, a circular full-thickness bone defect was created in all groups, and the experimental groups were further divided into two sub-groups, with 7 rats in each group sacrificed at the end of the 4th and 8th weeks. Bone samples were dissected, fixed in 10% formalin solution, and decalcified with 5% ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA). After the routine follow-up on tissues, immunostaining of osteopontin and osteonectin antibodies was applied to sections and observed under a light microscope. RESULTS: The control group exhibited osteopontin and osteonectin expression in fibroblasts and inflammatory cells at the end of the 4th week with an acceleration at the 8th week. Ozone administration elucidated new trabecular bone formation by increasing osteoblastic activity. Lastly, our observations underscore that a combination of allograft and ozone application increased the osteoblast, osteocyte, and bone matrix development at the 4th and 8th weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to an ozone application with an alloplastic bone graft on calvarial bone damage may induce osteoblastic activity, matrix development, mature bone cell formation, and new bone formation in rats.

Effects of formaldehyde on vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metallopeptidase 2 and osteonectin levels in periodontal membrane and alveolar bone in rats.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate whether long term formaldehyde inhalation may affect periodontal membrane and alveolar bone loss leading to periodontitis. The negative effects of formaldehyde were described using vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) and osteonectin antibodies involved in the extracellular matrix and angiogenetic development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty adult Wistar albino rats were used in this study. Rats were divided into two groups: a control group (n = 15) and formaldehyde administered group (n = 15). Formaldehyde group was exposed to inhalation of 10 ppm formaldehyde 8 hours a day, 5 days a week for 5 weeks. Maxillary bone regions were dissected under anaesthesia. After fixation in 10% formaldehyde solution, tissues were passed through graded ethanol series to obtain paraffin blocks. Five-micrometre histological sections were cut with RM2265 rotary microtome stained with Masson trichrome and VEGF, MMP-2 and osteonectin antibodies for examination under Olympus BH-2 light microscopy. RESULTS: The present study revealed that congestion in blood vessels, degeneration of collagen fibres and alveolar matrix around alveolar bone were observed to be more significant in formaldehyde group than the control group (p ≤ 0.001). Interestingly, VEGF expression in the formaldehyde group was the most significant finding between the two groups (p < 0.001). When compared inflammation, MMP-2 and osteonectin expressions were significant (p < 0.01) in the formaldehyde group. CONCLUSIONS: It was suggested that formaldehyde toxicity decreased the expression of MMP-2 and in osteoblasts as well as affecting the retention of MMP levels in tooth cavity, which is very low in collagen fibres. But, vice versa for the expression of VEGF in dilated vascular endothelial cells and osteocytes in alveolar bone. As a conclusion, formaldehyde disrupts the periodontal membrane and may cause collagen fibres degeneration by affecting the alveolar bone matrix.

Effects of nicotine administration in rats on MMP2 and VEGF levels in periodontal membrane.

BACKGROUND: Nicotine is associated with increased incidence of periodontal disease and poor response to therapy. This article aimed at identifying the expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMPs2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) proteins on extracellular matrix, fibrous distribution and angiogenetic development in periodontitis caused by nicotine effects on periodontal membrane. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, rats were divided into nicotine and control groups. While the rats in the nicotine group (n = 6) were administered 2 mg/kg nicotine sulphate for 28 days, the animals in the control group (n = 6) were only administered 1.5 mL physiologic saline solution subcutaneously for 28 days. RESULTS: Histological sections were prepared and immunohistochemically stained for MMP2 and VEGF. The sections stained with Trichrome-Masson were observed under light microscope. VEGF and MMP2 immunoreactivity of periodontal gingiva and dentin was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine reduces MMP production, disrupts collagen synthesis and causes periodontitis. We observed that nicotine increases periodontitis by disrupting periodontal membrane and prevents tooth to anchor in dental alveoli by disrupting epithelial structure.

The effects of nicotine on the incisive teeth and expression of vimentin in rats / Efectos de la nicotina sobre los dientes incisivos y la expresión de vimentina en ratas

Nicotine is an alkaloid toxic effects of oral cavity. In this study,14 adult Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 230-260 mg (+/-10 mg) were used as experimental animal. The rats of experimental group (n=6) were nicotinized systemically with nicotine sulphate, 2mg/kg subcutaneously, daily in period of 28 days. Pulp, alveolar bone tissue, periodontal membrane and gingival epithelial junction were investigated in these regions in incisive teeth longitudinal cross-section. Thinning of the collagen fibers in the pulp tissue, vascular congestion, and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed. Mesenchymal tissues that is stained positive for vimentin lay underneath the epithelium. A strong expression of vimentin can be observed in formed periodontal ligament.

La nicotina es un alcaloide con efectos tóxicos sobre la cavidad oral. En este estudio, se utilizaron como animales de experimentación, 14 ratas Sprague-Dawley adultas con un peso entre 230-260 mg (+/- 10 mg). Las ratas del grupo experimental (n = 6) fueron expuestas a nicotina sistémicamente con sulfato de nicotina, 2mg/kg vía subcutánea al día, durante 28 días. Fueron estudiadas la pulpa, tejido óseo alveolar, membrana periodontal y la unión del epitelio gingival en los dientes incisivos en secciones transversales y longitudinales. Se observó un adelgazamiento de las fibras de colágeno, congestión vascular e infiltración de células inflamatorias en el tejido de la pulpa. Los tejidos mesenquimales que tiñeron positivamente para vimentina se ubicaron debajo del epitelio. Una fuerte expresión de vimentina se pudo observar en el ligamento periodontal.