Hepatic infarction, hematoma, and rupture in HELLP syndrome: support for a vasospastic hypothesis.

Purpose: HELLP syndrome is a relatively uncommon pregnancy-related condition characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver function tests, and low platelets. It can be accompanied by life-threatening hepatic complications including hepatic infarction, hematoma formation, and hepatic rupture. HELLP syndrome occurs in approximately 0.2% of pregnancies. Major hepatic complications occur in less than 1% of HELLP patients suggesting an incidence of 1/50,000. The pathogenesis is incompletely understood and in particular, it is difficult to understand a disorder with both major thrombotic and bleeding manifestations.Methods: Literature review.Results: On the basis of reports in the published literature, and our own clinical experience, we suggest that vasospasm is one of the principal drivers with hepatic ischemia, infarction, and hemorrhage as secondary events. It is known that vasoactive substances are released by the failing placenta. We suggest these cause severe vasospasm, most likely affecting the small post-sinusoidal hepatic venules. This leads to patchy or confluent hepatic ischemia and/or necrosis with a resultant increase in circulating liver enzymes. Reperfusion is associated with a fall in platelet count and microvascular hemorrhage if the microvasculature is infarcted. Blood tracks to the subcapsular space causing hematoma formation. If the hematoma ruptures the patient presents with severe abdominal pain, intra-abdominal hemorrhage, and shock.Conclusions: We suggest that hepatic and other complications associated with HELLP syndrome including placental abruption, acute renal failure, and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) may also be due to regional vasospasm.

Investigation of gender differences in the cardiovascular actions of direct and indirect sympathomimetic stimulants including cathinone in the anaesthetized rat.

We have studied gender differences in the direct and indirect sympathomimetic cardiovascular effects of the stimulant cathinone (from Khat) (and for comparison methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) and the archetypal indirect sympathomimetic agent tyramine, employing male and female Wistar rats. Animals were sympathectomized by treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine or treated with vehicle. In male and female vehicle-treated pentobarbitone-anaesthetized rats, all three agonists (0.001-1 mg/kg) produced significant tachycardia, tyramine produced large pressor, and in high doses small depressor responses, MDMA produced small pressor responses, and cathinone produced only minor pressor effects. In sympathectomized rats, pressor responses, even those to tyramine, were virtually abolished, and depressor responses to tyramine were abolished. In vehicle-treated rats, the tachycardia to tyramine, but not the tachycardia to cathinone or MDMA, was significantly greater in male than female rats. This may suggest that the mechanism of the tachycardia to tyramine differs from those of the stimulants cathinone and MDMA. Following sympathectomy, there were no differences between male and female rats in the tachycardia to any agent. Hence, there were gender differences in the tachycardia response for tyramine, but no gender differences in the cardiovascular responses to the widely used recreational stimulants cathinone and MDMA. Cardiac stimulant actions of cathinone and MDMA were similar in male and female rats.

Effects of desipramine on prazosin potency at α1A- and α1D-adrenoceptors in rat vas deferens: implications for the α1L-adrenoceptor subclassification.

This study investigates the interaction between cocaine, desipramine and prazosin at α1-adrenoceptor subtypes mediating contractions to noradrenaline in epididymal portions of rat vas deferens. Noradrenaline potency was not significantly affected by desipramine (0.1-1.0 µM) and reduced by desipramine (10 µM), but was increased by the presence of cocaine (3.0-30 µM), particularly in terms of phasic contractions to low concentrations of noradrenaline. In vehicle experiments, prazosin exhibited relatively low potency as an antagonist against the predominantly α1A-adrenoceptor mediated response (pKB 8.50). In the presence of cocaine, prazosin exhibited higher potency against the revealed α1D-adrenoceptor mediated component (e.g. pKB 9.12). In the presence of desipramine, the potency of prazosin was either unchanged or indeed decreased. Cocaine (0.3-30 µM) significantly increased the single pulse nerve-stimulation-evoked contraction, with a maximum increase to 156±12% of control (n=9). In contrast, desipramine in low concentrations (0.1-0.3 µM) produced a small but significant increase to 126.6±5.5% (n=11), but higher concentrations failed to increase the response. In conclusion, desipramine fails to produce sufficient noradrenaline transporter block in low concentrations (0.1 µM) and produces α1-adrenoceptor antagonism in slightly higher concentrations (0.3-1 µM), and so is unsuitable for use in α1-adrenoceptor subclassification studies. Contractions of rat vas deferens are mediated by α1A- and α1D-adrenoceptors, and prazosin has selectivity for α1D- over α1A-adrenoceptors. The α1L-adrenoceptor previously identified in rat vas deferens is the native α1A-adrenoceptor. The range of prazosin potencies and receptor subtypes previously reported in rat vas deferens may be explained by the choice of cocaine or desipramine as noradrenaline transporter blocker.

Prazosin has low potency at α1A-adrenoceptors and high potency at α1D -adrenoceptors in rat vas deferens.

(1) We have investigated α1 -adrenoceptor subtypes mediating contractions to noradrenaline in epididymal portions of rat vas deferens. (2) Contractions to noradrenaline were investigated in the absence or presence of the noradrenaline transporter blocker cocaine. (3) In the absence of cocaine, contractions to noradrenaline were potently antagonized by RS100329, but not by BMY7378, and so are mediated mainly by α1A -adrenoceptors. (4) In the presence of cocaine, noradrenaline potency was increased, particularly in terms of low concentrations and phasic contractions. Contractions to low concentrations of noradrenaline in the presence of cocaine were resistant to RS100329 but potently antagonized by BMY7378, demonstrating that α1D-adrenoceptors are additionally involved in contractions amplified by cocaine. (5) In the absence of cocaine, prazosin exhibited relatively low potency as an antagonist against the α1A-adrenoceptor-mediated component to the response. In the presence of cocaine, prazosin exhibited higher potency against the α1D-adrenoceptor-mediated component. (6) In conclusion, prazosin has previously unreported selectivity for α1D-over α1A -adrenoceptors in functional studies of rat vas deferens. Contractions of rat vas deferens are mediated by α1A-and α1D -adrenoceptors. The range of prazosin potencies and of receptor subtypes previously reported in rat vas deferens may be explained by the presence of these two subtypes.

Influence of ketanserin on the effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine on body temperature in the mouse.

(1) We have investigated the ability of the 5HT2 -receptor antagonist ketanserin to affect the hyperthermia produced by methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in conscious mice and examined whether α1 -adrenoceptor antagonist actions are involved. (2) Mice were implanted with intra-abdominal temperature probes under anaesthesia and allowed 2 weeks recovery. MDMA (20 mg kg(-1) ) was administered subcutaneously 30 min after vehicle or test antagonist and effects on body temperature monitored by telemetry. (3) Following vehicle, MDMA produced a slowly developing hyperthermia, reaching a maximum increase of 1.24 °C at 150 min postinjection. Ketanserin (0.5 mg kg(-1) ) revealed a significant and marked early hypothermia to MDMA, an effect that is mimicked by the α1 -adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (0.1 mg kg(-1) ). (4) Functional studies revealed antagonist actions of ketanserin at α1 -adrenoceptors in rat aorta and rat vas deferens in vitro indicative of α1 -adrenoceptor antagonist actions at the concentration used in vivo. (5) In conclusion, ketanserin (0.5 mg kg(-1) ) modulates the hyperthermic actions of MDMA in mice. Although we cannot rule out additional actions at 5HT2 -receptors, the actions of ketanserin are consistent with α1 -adrenoceptor antagonism. There is no clear evidence from this study that 5HT2-receptors mediate the hyperthermic response to MDMA.

The role of monoamines in the changes in body temperature induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and its derivatives.

Hyperthermia is probably the most widely known acute adverse event that can follow ingestion of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) by recreational users. The effect of MDMA on body temperature is complex because the drug has actions on all three major monoamine neurotransmitters [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine and noradrenaline], both by amine release and by direct receptor activation. Hyperthermia and hypothermia can be induced in laboratory animals by MDMA, depending on the ambient temperature, and involve both central thermoregulation and peripheral changes in blood flow and thermogenesis. Acute 5-HT release is not directly responsible for hyperthermia, but 5-HT receptors are involved in modulating the hyperthermic response. Impairing 5-HT function with a neurotoxic dose of MDMA or p-chlorophenylalanine alters the subsequent MDMA-induced hyperthermic response. MDMA also releases dopamine, and evidence suggests that this transmitter is involved in both the hyperthermic and hypothermic effects of MDMA in rats. The noradrenergic system is also involved in the hyperthermic response to MDMA. MDMA activates central alpha(2A)-adrenoceptors and peripheral alpha(1)-adrenoceptors to produce cutaneous vasoconstriction to restrict heat loss, and beta(3)-adrenoceptors in brown adipose tissue to increase heat generation. The hyperthermia occurring in recreational users of MDMA can be fatal, but data reviewed here indicate that it is unlikely that any single pharmaceutical agent will be effective in reversing the hyperthermia, so careful body cooling remains the principal clinical approach. Crucially, educating recreational users about the potential dangers of hyperthermia and the control of ambient temperature should remain key approaches to prevent this potentially fatal problem.

Alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors mediate nerve and agonist-evoked contractions in mouse vas deferens: evidence obtained from knockout technology.

1 It has been demonstrated that nerve-evoked contractions of the rat vas deferens involve alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors. Definitive evidence for a similar alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor-mediated response in mouse vas deferens has been more difficult to obtain. In this study, we have used alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor knockout (alpha(1D)-KO) mice to aid in the pharmacological characterization. 2 Mouse whole vas deferens was stimulated with a single pulse every 5 min. Once a stable response had been obtained, vehicle or antagonist was administered cumulatively at 5-min intervals and a response to stimulation obtained 5 min later. Cumulative concentration-response curves were also obtained for noradrenaline. 3 In vas deferens from alpha(1D)-KO mice, the contractile response to low concentrations of noradrenaline and the contractile response to a single stimulus were significantly reduced as compared to wild type (WT). 4 The alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor selective antagonist, BMY 7378, produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of single pulse-evoked contractions of vas deferens from WT and alpha(1D)-KO mice. BMY 7378 was significantly less potent in inhibiting stimulation-evoked contractions in vas deferens from alpha(1D)-KO mice. 5 It is concluded that alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors mediate a component of nerve- and agonist-evoked contractions of the vas deferens of WT mice.

Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).

This review examines the pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Stimulants that increase alertness/reduce fatigue or activate the cardiovascular system can include drugs like ephedrine available in many over-the-counter medicines. Others such as amphetamines, cocaine and hallucinogenic drugs, available on prescription or illegally, can modify mood. A total of 62 stimulants (61 chemical entities) are listed in the WADA List, prohibited in competition. Athletes may have stimulants in their body for one of three main reasons: inadvertent consumption in a propriety medicine; deliberate consumption for misuse as a recreational drug and deliberate consumption to enhance performance. The majority of stimulants on the list act on the monoaminergic systems: adrenergic (sympathetic, transmitter noradrenaline), dopaminergic (transmitter dopamine) and serotonergic (transmitter serotonin, 5-HT). Sympathomimetic describes agents, which mimic sympathetic responses, and dopaminomimetic and serotoninomimetic can be used to describe actions on the dopamine and serotonin systems. However, many agents act to mimic more than one of these monoamines, so that a collective term of monoaminomimetic may be useful. Monoaminomimietic actions of stimulants can include blockade of re-uptake of neurotransmitter, indirect release of neurotransmitter, direct activation of monoaminergic receptors. Many of the stimulants are amphetamines or amphetamine derivatives, including agents with abuse potential as recreational drugs. A number of agents are metabolized to amphetamine or metamphetamine. In addition to the monoaminomimetic agents, a small number of agents with different modes of action are on the list. A number of commonly used stimulants are not considered as Prohibited Substances.

Role of alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes in the effects of methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA) on body temperature in the mouse.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We have investigated the ability of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists to affect the hyperthermia produced by methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA) in conscious mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Mice were implanted with temperature probes under ether anaesthesia and allowed 2 weeks recovery. MDMA (20 mg kg(-1)) was administered subcutaneously 30 min after vehicle or test antagonist or combination of antagonists and effects on body temperature monitored. KEY RESULTS: Following vehicle, MDMA produced a hyperthermia, reaching a maximum increase of 1.8 degrees C at 140 min. Prazosin (0.1 mg kg(-1)) revealed an early significant hypothermia to MDMA of -1.94 degrees C. The alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor antagonist RS 100329 (0.1 mg kg(-1)), or the alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor antagonist BMY 7378 (0.5 mg kg(-1)) given alone, did not reveal a hypothermia to MDMA, but the combination of the two antagonists revealed a significant hypothermia to MDMA. The putative alpha(1B)-adrenoceptor antagonist cyclazosin (1 mg kg(-1)) also revealed a significant hypothermia to MDMA, but actions of cyclazosin at the other alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes cannot be excluded. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: More than one subtype of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor is involved in a component of the hyperthermic response to MDMA in mouse, probably both alpha(1A)- and alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors, and removal of this alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-mediated component reveals an initial hypothermia.

Use of knockout technology to resolve pharmacological problems.

Knock-out (KO) mouse technology has given pharmacologists a powerful tool to study function in the absence of selective antagonists or inhibitors. Such KO technology can confirm predicted function, serendipitously reveal unrecognized function, or help define the mode of action of a drug. In this issue, Liles et al. demonstrate, employing mice unable to synthesize noradrenaline due to the KO of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase gene, that the sympathomimetic actions of ephedrine are directly, rather than indirectly, mediated. This may end 50 years of debate about the actions of ephedrine.

The alpha (1D)-adrenoceptor antagonist BMY 7378 is also an alpha (2C)-adrenoceptor antagonist.

1 We have investigated the actions of the alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor selective antagonist BMY 7378 in comparison with yohimbine at alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. 2 In rat aorta (alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor), BMY 7378 (pA(2) of 8.67) was about 100 times more potent than yohimbine (pA(2) of 6.62) at antagonizing the contractile response to noradrenaline. 3 In human saphenous vein (alpha(2C)-adrenoceptor), BMY 7378 (pA(2) of 6.48) was approximately 10 times less potent than yohimbine (pA(2) of 7.56) at antagonizing the contractile response to noradrenaline. 4 In prostatic portions of rat vas deferens, BMY 7378 (10 mum) did not significantly affect the concentration-dependent inhibition of single pulse nerve stimulation-evoked contractions by xylazine (an action at prejunctional alpha(2D)-adrenoceptors). 5 In ligand-binding studies, BMY 7378 showed 10-fold selectivity for alpha(2C)-adrenoceptors (pK(i) of 6.54) over other alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. 6 It is concluded that BMY 7378, in addition to alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor selectivity in terms of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors, shows selectivity for alpha(2C)-adrenoceptors in terms of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors.

Actions of R- and S-verapamil and nifedipine on rat vascular and intestinal smooth muscle.

1 We have investigated the actions of the calcium entry blockers nifedipine, R-verapamil and S-verapamil in rat aorta, colon and vas deferens. 2 In aorta and colon, these agents produced concentration-dependent relaxations of KCl (80 mM)-induced contractions. In both tissues, the order of potency was nifedipine > S-verapamil > R-verapamil. However, nifedipine showed selectivity for aorta (potency ratio, colon/aorta: 4.36), S-verapamil showed no selectivity (0.62), but R-verapamil showed selectivity for colon (0.19). 3 In prostatic portions of rat vas deferens, nifedipine (10 microM) abolished the contraction to a single electrical stimulus, but R- and S-verapamil were without effect. In epididymal portions of rat vas deferens, R- and S-verapamil inhibited alpha1-adrenoceptor-mediated contractions to a single electrical stimulus at concentrations of 10 microM and above. 4 In conclusion, R-verapamil may prove useful as an intestinal selective calcium entry blocker in the treatment of intestinal disease with a hypermotility component, e.g. irritable bowel syndrome.

Vascular inhibitory actions of 17beta-oestradiol in rat portal vein.

1. We have examined the effects of 17beta-oestradiol on spontaneous spikes and contractions to noradrenaline in rat portal vein. 2. The 17beta-oestradiol (10 microM) significantly reduced the maximum height of spontaneous spike contractions and significantly reduced the maximum contraction to noradrenaline (10 microM) in portal vein from both male and female rats. 3. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (10 microM) did not significantly affect the inhibitory actions of 17beta-oestradiol (10 microM) against spontaneous spike contractions and contractions to noradrenaline. 4. In summary, 17beta-oestradiol diminishes spontaneous spike contractions and the contractile response to noradrenaline in rat portal vein, by a non-genomic action.

Prejunctional actions of methylenedioxymethamphetamine in vas deferens from wild-type and alpha(2A/D)-adrenoceptor knockout mice.

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') has major agonist actions at prejunctional alpha(2A/D)-adrenoceptors in the rat. We wished to establish whether MDMA has potency at more than one subtype of alpha(2)-adrenoceptor, in line with affinity in ligand-binding studies. We have investigated the effects of MDMA in vas deferens from wild-type and from knockout mice lacking the alpha(2A/D)-adrenoceptor. The potency of the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist xylazine at inhibiting stimulation-evoked contractions to a single stimulus in the presence of cocaine was significantly reduced in knockout (pD(2) of 8.27+/-0.07, -log M, n=4) as compared with wild-type mice (8.69+/-0.08, n=4, P<0.05), whereas potency of MDMA was unchanged (5.39+/-0.06, n=4 versus 5.38+/-0.06, n=6). Similar differences between xylazine and MDMA were seen for responses to stimulation at 10 Hz for 4 s. In studies of mouse atria pre-incubated with (3)H-noradrenaline, the stimulation-evoked release of tritium was inhibited to a similar extent by MDMA (10 microM) in tissues from wild-type and knockout mice. The prejunctional alpha(2A/D)-adrenoceptor is reported to be replaced by the alpha(2C)-adrenoceptor in this knockout mouse, so that we have evidence that suggests that MDMA has similar potencies at both subtypes in functional studies.

Effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine on noradrenaline-evoked contractions of rat right ventricle and small mesenteric artery.

We have compared the effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and cocaine on contractions to noradrenaline in 1 Hz paced rat right ventricular strips, and in rat small mesenteric artery and aorta. Noradrenaline increased the force of contraction of 1 Hz paced ventricular strips with a pD(2) (-log EC(50)) of 5.64+/-0.07. Both cocaine (10 microM) and MDMA (10 microM) significantly increased the potency of noradrenaline to 6.31+/-0.11 and 6.42+/-0.13, respectively. However, in the presence of cocaine (10 microM) which increased the potency of noradrenaline to 6.78+/-0.15, MDMA (10 microM) no longer increased the potency of noradrenaline (pD(2) of 6.78+/-0.32). Likewise, following chemical sympathectomy, MDMA failed to increase the potency of noradrenaline. The potency of the agonist isoprenaline, which is not a substrate for the noradrenaline transporter, was not increased by either cocaine or MDMA. In rat small mesenteric artery, but not aorta, MDMA and cocaine significantly increased the potency of noradrenaline, but in the presence of cocaine, MDMA had no further effect. Hence, MDMA shares with cocaine an ability to potentiate the actions of noradrenaline, an action in the case of MDMA which may involve competitive blockade of the noradrenaline transporter, rather than simply displacement of noradrenaline. Since cocaine is linked to an increased incidence of myocardial infarction, these results may have implications in terms of cardiac morbidity of MDMA.

Vascular actions of MDMA involve alpha1 and alpha2-adrenoceptors in the anaesthetized rat.

We have investigated the effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy'), i.v., on diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in pithed and pentobarbitone anaesthetized rats. In pithed rats, the non-selective 5-HT receptor antagonist methiothepin (0.1 mg kg(-1)) and the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonists methoxyidazoxan and yohimbine (1 mg kg(-1)) showed significant alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist potency, but methiothepin did not show alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist potency. MDMA (1 and 5 mg kg(-1)) produced pressor responses which were significantly reduced by the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (0.1 mg kg(-1)), yohimbine (1 mg kg(-1)) or methiothepin (0.1 mg kg(-1)), but not by the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ritanserin (1 mg kg(-1)). In anaesthetized rats, antagonists revealed two phases with three components to the effects of MDMA (5 mg kg(-1)) on DBP: an initial pressor response, a later pressor component at 1 min, the sustained depressor response. Methoxyidazoxan, methiothepin or the combination ritanserin/prazosin significantly reduced the initial pressor response, although neither of the latter compounds alone had any effect. The pressor response to MDMA (5 mg kg(-1)) at 1 min was converted to a depressor response by prazosin and to a lesser extent methiothepin and methoxyidazoxan. The depressor response to MDMA (5 mg kg(-1)) was significantly reduced by methoxyidazoxan (0.1 mg kg(-1)), and by the noradrenaline re-uptake blocker cocaine 10 mg kg(-1) but not 1 mg kg(-1). However, the most marked reduction in the depressor response was produced by the combination of methoxyidazoxan and cocaine. It is concluded that the initial pressor response to MDMA (5 mg kg(-1)) in anaesthetized rats involves alpha2- and possibly alpha1-adrenoceptors and 5-HT2 receptors, the pressor component at 1 min is largely alpha1-adrenoceptor mediated, and the sustained depressor response involves alpha2-adrenoceptors.

Investigation of the subtypes of alpha1-adrenoceptor mediating contractions of rat vas deferens.

1 The subtypes of alpha1-adrenoceptor mediating contractions of rat vas deferens to endogenous and exogenous noradrenaline and to the exogenous agonists methoxamine, phenylephrine and A61603 have been examined. 2 The effects of antagonists on the shape of concentration-response curves, both tonic and phasic, to the four agonists were analysed. Prazosin produced parallel shifts in all cases. Particularly for RS 17053 against noradrenaline, there was some evidence for a resistant component of the agonist response. High concentrations of RS 17053 (1-10 microM) virtually abolished tonic contractions but phasic contractions were resistant. 3 A series of nine antagonists (the above and WB4101, benoxathian, phentolamine, BMY 7378, HV 723, spiperone) were investigated against contractions to noradrenaline. The correlation with the potency of the series of alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists against contractions to noradrenaline was significant only for the alpha1A-adrenoceptor ligand binding site (r=0.88, n=9, P<0.01). 4 In epididymal portions (nifedipine 10 microM), the isometric contraction to a single electrical pulse is alpha1-adrenoceptor mediated. The correlation with ligand binding sites for 11 antagonists (the above plus ARC 239 and (+)-niguldipine) was significant only for the alpha1D-adrenoceptor subtype (r=0.65, n=11, P<0.05). 5 In conclusion, tonic contractions of rat vas deferens produced by exogenous agonists are mediated predominantly by alpha1A-adrenoceptors, although a second subtype of receptor may additionally be involved in phasic contractions. Nerve-stimulation evoked alpha1-adrenoceptor mediated contractions seem to predominantly involve non-alpha1A-adrenoceptors, and the receptor involved resembles the alpha1D-receptor.

Investigation of the prejunctional alpha2-adrenoceptor mediated actions of MDMA in rat atrium and vas deferens.

1. We have investigated the effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') on peripheral noradrenergic neurotransmission in the rat. 2. In rat atrial slices pre-incubated with [3H]-noradrenaline and in the presence of desipramine (1 micronM) to prevent effects of MDMA on basal outflow of tritium, MDMA (10 micronM) significantly inhibited the release of tritium evoked by short trains of six pulses at 100 Hz every 10 s for 3 min. This effect did not occur in the presence of the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (1 micronM). 3. In epididymal portions of rat vas deferens in the presence of nifedipine (10 micronM), MDMA produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of single pulse nerve stimulation-evoked contractions with a pD2 of 5.88+/-0.16 (n=4). Inhibitory effects of MDMA were antagonized by the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (0.3 micronM), but not by the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist cyanopindolol in a concentration (1 micronM) which markedly antagonized the inhibitory actions of the 5-HT-1 receptor agonist 5-carboxamidotryptamine. 4. In prostatic portions of rat vas deferens in the presence of cocaine (3 micronM), MDMA produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of single pulse nerve stimulation-evoked contractions with a pD2 of 5. 12+/-0.21 (n=4). In the absence of cocaine, only the highest concentration of MDMA (30 micronM) produced an inhibition, but the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (0.3 micronM) converted the response to MDMA from inhibition to potentiation of the stimulation-evoked contraction. 5. In radioligand binding studies, MDMA showed similar affinities for alpha2B, alpha2C and alpha2D-adrenoceptor sites, with pKi values of 5.14+/-0.16, 5.11+/-0. 05 and 5.31+/-0.14, respectively. 6 It is concluded that MDMA has significant alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist actions.

Comparison of the effects of nitric oxide synthase, guanylate cyclase and potassium channel inhibition on vascular contractions in vitro in the rat.

1. We have investigated the differences between the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NMMA, the guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue and the potassium channel blockers apamin and charybdotoxin or apamin and iberiotoxin, in their abilities to increase vasoconstrictor responses in rat small mesenteric arterial rings. 2. When administered during the maintained contraction to PGF2alpha (10 microM), L-NMMA (100 microM) or the combination of apamin (0.7 microM) and charybdotoxin (0.1 microM) significantly increased the contractile response. Methylene blue (10 microM) increased the contraction, but this did not reach significance. However, apamin (0.7 microM) and iberiotoxin (0.1 microM) also significantly increased the contractile response. 3. The combination of L-NMMA or methylene blue with apamin/charybdotoxin produced significantly greater increases in the contractile response to PGF2alpha than achieved individually. 4. Relaxations to acetylcholine (10 microM) were significantly reduced by L-NMMA or methylene blue but not by apamin in combination with charybdotoxin or iberiotoxin. 5. Since apamin/iberiotoxin had similar effects to apamin/charybdotoxin, it is likely that the actions of these agents involve direct actions on smooth muscle potassium channels rather than inhibition of endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor (EDHF). These results suggest that endothelium-derived nitric oxide but not EDHF has a major role in modulating vascular tone under these conditions.

Vascular actions of 17beta-oestradiol in rat aorta and mesenteric artery.

1. It has been proposed that the cardiovascular protective actions of 17beta-oestradiol may involve calcium antagonistic actions. We have examined the effects of 17beta-oestradiol on contractions to noradrenaline and KCl in male rat small mesenteric artery and aorta. 2. In rat mesenteric artery, 17beta-oestradiol (10 microM) significantly reduced the maximum contraction to noradrenaline (67.7 +/- 5.8% of control) and KCl (38.8 +/- 3.1% of control) without affecting potency. 3. In rat aorta, 17beta-oestradiol (10 microM) also significantly reduced contractions to noradrenaline (77.5 +/- 4.8% of control), and the effects were mimicked by droloxifene (10 microM). The effect of oestrogen was not prevented by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (10 microM). In experiments carried out in calcium-free solution in which calcium stores were depleted, 17beta-oestradiol (10 microM) significantly reduced the contraction to calcium restoration in rat aorta. 4. In aorta from female rats, 17beta-oestradiol (10 microM) significantly reduced contractions to noradrenaline (73.6 +/- 10.8% of control), but this effect of oestrogen was not prevented by cycloheximide (10 microM). 5. In summary, 17beta-oestradiol diminishes the maximum contractile response to noradrenaline in both rat small mesenteric artery and aorta, an effect which at least in the aorta is mimicked by the oestrogen receptor antagonist/partial agonist droloxifene, and may be due to restriction of calcium entry by a nongenomic action.