Interfacial Crosslinking for Efficient and Stable Planar TiO2 Perovskite Solar Cells.

The buried interface between the electron transport layer (ETL) and the perovskite layer plays a crucial role in enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of n-i-p type perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, the interface between the chemical bath deposited (CBD) titanium oxide (TiO2) ETL and the perovskite layer using multi-functional potassium trifluoromethyl sulfonate (SK) is modified. Structural and elemental analyses reveal that the trifluoromethyl sulfonate serves as a crosslinker between the TiO2 and the perovskite layer, thus improving the adhesion of the perovskite to the TiO2 ETL through strong bonding of the ─CF3 and ─SO3 - terminal groups. Furthermore, the multi-functional modifiers reduced interface defects and suppressed carrier recombination in the PSCs. Consequently, devices with a champion PCE of 25.22% and a fill factor (FF) close to 85% is achieved, marking the highest PCE and FF observed for PSCs based on CBD TiO2. The unencapsulated device maintained 81.3% of its initial PCE after operating for 1000 h.

Exploring the effects and mechanism of peony pollen in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Paeonia suffruticosa is widely cultivated globally due to its medicinal and ornamental value. Peony pollen (PP) is commonly used in Chinese folk medicine to make tea to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), but its molecular mechanism against BPH is yet to be comprehended. The objective of this research was to experimentally verify the effect of PP in the treatment of BPH and to preliminarily reveal its mechanism of action on BPH using network pharmacology methods. The results revealed that PP could decrease prostate volume and prostate index, serum testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and estradiol (E2) levels. Moreover, it could improve prostate tissue structure in BPH model animals as well. Additionally, database searches and disease target matching revealed 81 compounds in PP. Of these, 3, 7, 8, 2'-tetrahydroxyflavone, Chrysin, Wogonin, Limocitrin, and Sexangularetin were the top five compounds associated with the therapeutic effects of BPH. Furthermore, 177 therapeutic targets for BPH were retrieved from databases of Swiss Target, DisGeNET, Drugbank, Genecards, OMIM, TTD, and Uniprot. In contrast, core targets AKT1, EGFR, IL6, TNF, and VEGFA were obtained by PPI network diagram. Molecular docking also showed that the main efficacy components and potential core targets in PP had good binding capacity. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomics (KEGG) analysis established that the effect of PP in BPH therapy was mainly through regulating the expression levels of protein kinase B on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B pathways. Additionally, Western blot experiments also exhibited a significant elevation in the activated PI3K and AKT proteins in the model (Mod) group relative to the control (Con) group, and the expression of these activated proteins was significantly reduced after PP administration. In summary, this research provides a scientific basis for employing PP to treat BPH, preliminarily reveals its mechanism of action and potential targets, and lays the foundation for further research and development.

Comparing the effects of three processing methods on the efficacy of mulberry leaf tea: Analysis of bioactive compounds, bioavailability and bioactivity.

Adding excipients is an important method to change the flavor and biological activity of food materials during processing. In this study, the contents of 11 bioactive compounds in the mulberry leaf tea with or without processing by addition of honey or salt, and their absorption and elimination characteristics in rats were determined. The biological activities of processed products were studied by in vitro models, and the effects of different processing methods on the compounds and biological activities of mulberry leaf tea extracts were analyzed by multiple factor analysis. We found that different processing methods can change the contents of some compounds in mulberry leaf tea extracts, and then affect the biological activity of extracts. The processing method of adding honey and salt can respectively enhance the antioxidant capacity and anti-apoptotic effect of mulberry leaf, while the processing method without auxiliary materials was more conducive to the repair of blood vessels.

Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle bark: A comprehensive review.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The dried bark of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (BAA), commonly designated as "Chunpi" in Chinese, is extensively used as a common traditional medicine in China, Korea, and India. It has been used to treat multiple ailments, including asthma, epilepsy, spermatorrhea, bleeding, and ophthalmic diseases, for thousands of years. AIM OF THE REVIEW: To present a comprehensive and constructive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, traditional uses, quality control, and toxicology of BAA; to aid the assessment of the therapeutic potential of BAA; to guide researchers working on the development of novel therapeutic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information related to BAA (from 1960 to 2020) was retrieved from a wide variety of electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, and Google Scholar. Additional information and materials were acquired from Chinese Medicine Monographs, the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and several web sources, such as the official website of The Plant List and Flora of China. Additionally, perspectives for future investigations and applications of BAA were extensively explored. RESULTS: Approximately 221 chemical compounds, including alkaloids, quassinoids, phenylpropanoids, triterpenoids, volatile oils, and other compounds, have been isolated and characterized from BAA; among these, the quassinoid ailanthone is the most typical. The crude extracts and active compounds of BAA have been reported to exert a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, herbicidal, and insecticidal activities. Although BAA is safe when administered at a conventional dose, at higher doses, it exhibits toxicity due to the presence of quassinoids. Thus, more studies are required to evaluate the efficacy and safety of BAA. CONCLUSION: Modern pharmacological studies have revealed that BAA, as a valuable medicinal resource, possesses the potential to treat a wide variety of ailments, especially, cancer and gastrointestinal inflammation. These studies present a wide range of perspectives for the development of new drugs related to BAA. However, only a few traditional uses are associated with the reported pharmacological activities of BAA and have been confirmed by preclinical and clinical studies. Moreover, the pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and quality control of BAA should be considered indispensable research topics.

Gastroprotective effect of gallic acid against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats: Involvement of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and anti-apoptosis role.

Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, GA) is a phenolic compound found in many medicinal plants traditionally used in China or patent medicine such as Feiyangchangweiyan capsule (FY capsule) for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases for decades. However, the evidence for the gastroprotective effect of GA is deficient and the pharmacological mechanisms remain limited. The present investigation was initiated to demonstrate the gastroprotective effect and to understand potential underlying mechanism of GA on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Gastric ulcers were induced by absolute ethanol (5 mL/kg, i.g.) in male Sprague-Dawley rats, GA (10, 30, and 50 mg/kg), FY capsule (0.4 g/kg) and 30 mg/kg Lansoprazole was administered orally. Physiological saline and lansoprazole were used as negative and positive control, respectively. Induction of rats with ethanol resulted in a significant rise in ulcer index, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines markers (IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α), TBARS, protein expression of Bax and Caspase-3 and a significant reduction in the activities or levels of endogenous antioxidants (SOD, CAT and GSH), gastric mucosal protective factors (PGE2 and NO) and protein expression of Bcl-2. Pretreatment with GA showed a remarkable decrease in ulcer index, inflammatory cytokines markers, TBARS, protein expression of Bax and Caspase-3 and a significant increase in the activities of endogenous antioxidants, levels of PGE2 and NO, and protein expression of Bcl-2, Nrf2 and HO-1 when compared with ethanol treated groups. This study demonstrated the gastroprotective effect of Gallic acid and FY capsule on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. The underlying mechanism of GA and FY capsule against gastric ulcer in rats caused by ethanol might be involved in Nrf2/HO-1 anti-oxidative pathway and ultimately played an anti-apoptotic role through regulating Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspase-3.

Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells: From Materials and Devices to Applications.

Semitransparent solar cells (ST-SCs) have received great attention due to their promising application in many areas, such as building integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs), tandem devices, and wearable electronics. In the past decade, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have revolutionized the field of photovoltaics (PVs) with their high efficiencies and facile preparation processes. Due to their large absorption coefficient and bandgap tunability, perovskites offer new opportunities to ST-SCs. Here, a general overview is provided on the recent advances in ST-PSCs from materials and devices to applications and some personal perspectives on the future development of ST-PSCs.

Photovoltaic Small Molecules of TPA(FxBT-T-Cz)3: Tuning Open-Circuit Voltage over 1.0 V for Their Organic Solar Cells by Increasing Fluorine Substitution.

To simultaneously improve both open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current density (Jsc) for organic solar cells, a novel D(A-π-Ar)3 type of photovoltaic small molecules of TPA(FxBT-T-3Cz)3 was designed and synthesized, which contain central triphenylamine (TPA), terminal carbazole (Cz), armed fluorine-substituted benzothiadiazole (FxBT, where x = 1 or 2), and bridged thiophene (T) units. A narrowed ultraviolet-visible absorption and a decreasing highest occupied molecular orbital energy level were observed from TPA(F1BT-T-3Cz)3 to TPA(F2BT-T-3Cz)3 with increasing fluorine substitution. However, the TPA(F2BT-T-3Cz)3/PC71BM-based solar devices showed a rising Voc of 1.01 V and an enhanced Jsc of 10.84 mA cm-2 as well as a comparable power conversion efficiency of 4.81% in comparison to the TPA(F1BT-T-3Cz)3/PC71BM-based devices. Furthermore, in comparison to the parent TPA(BT-T-3Cz)3 molecule without fluorine substitution, the fluorine-substituted TPA(FxBT-T-3Cz)3 molecules exhibited significantly incremental Voc and Jsc values in their bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, owing to fluorine incorporation in the electron-deficient benzothiadiazole unit.

MicroRNA-127-3p acts as a tumor suppressor in epithelial ovarian cancer by regulating the BAG5 gene.

In the present study, the tumor-suppressive role of microRNA-127-3p (miR-127-3p) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) was elucidated. Expression of miR-127-3p was examined by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) in 9 EOC cell lines and clinical samples from 13 EOC patients. EOC cell lines, OVCAR-3 and Caov-3, were transduced with a lentivirus to overexpress endogenous miR-127-3p. The tumor-suppressive effects of miR-127-3p on EOC proliferation, bufalin sensitivity, invasion and in vivo growth were investigated through proliferation, bufalin sensitivity wound-closure and in vivo tumorigenicity assays, respectively. In addition, luciferase reporter assay and qRT-PCR were conducted to verify whether the Bcl-2-associated athanogene 5 (BAG5) gene was the downstream target of miR-127-3p in EOC. BAG5 was subsequently upregulated in the OVCAR-3 and Caov-3 cells to examine its functional correlation with miR­127-3p regulation in EOC. The results revealed that in both EOC cell lines and EOC tumor tissues, miR-127-3p was downregulated. Lentiviral-mediated miR-127-3p overexpression exerted tumor-suppressive effects in OVCAR-3 and Caov-3 cells by reducing in vitro proliferation and invasion, increasing bufalin sensitivity, and inhibiting in vivo tumor growth. miR­127-3p directly regulated the BAG5 gene in EOC. Subsequent BAG5 upregulation ameliorated the tumor-suppressive effects of miR-127-3p overexpression in EOC. In conclusion, miR-127-3p functions as a tumor suppressor in EOC, and its influence on EOC is directly through regulation of BAG5.

Paeonol and danshensu combination attenuates apoptosis in myocardial infarcted rats by inhibiting oxidative stress: Roles of Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt pathway.

Paeonol and danshensu is the representative active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs Cortex Moutan and Radix Salviae Milthiorrhizae, respectively. Paeonol and danshensu combination (PDSS) has putative cardioprotective effects in treating ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, the evidence for the protective effect is scarce and the pharmacological mechanisms of the combination remain unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of PDSS on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in rats and to elucidate the potential mechanism. Assays of creatine kinase-MB, cardiac troponin I and T and histopathological analysis revealed PDSS significantly prevented myocardial injury induced by ISO. The ISO-induced profound elevation of oxidative stress was also suppressed by PDSS. TUNEL and caspase-3 activity assay showed that PDSS significantly inhibited apoptosis in myocardia. In exploring the underlying mechanisms of PDSS, we found PDSS enhanced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in myocardial injured rats. Furthermore, PDSS increased phosphorylated PI3K and Akt, which may in turn activate antioxidative and antiapoptotic signaling events in rat. These present findings demonstrated that PDSS exerts significant cardioprotective effects against ISO-induced myocardial infarction in rats. The protective effect is, at least partly, via activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and involvement of the PI3K/Akt cell survival signaling pathway.

Benzodi(pyridothiophene): a novel acceptor unit for application in A1-A-A1 type photovoltaic small molecules.

A series of novel A1-A-A1 type small molecules (SMs) of BDPT-2BT, BDPT-2FBT and BDPT-2DPP were designed and synthesized, in which benzodi(pyridothiophene) (BDPT) was used as a novel weak central acceptor (A) unit, and benzothiadiazole (BT), fluorinated benzothiadiazole (FBT) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) were used as terminal acceptor (A1) units, respectively. The pentacyclic BDPT aromatic unit can form big conjugated and planar SMs with the A1 unit, resulting in enhanced π-π stacking and crystallinity. The effect of the A1 unit on the optical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties of three SMs was observed. The broader absorption spectrum, lower HOMO energy level, higher photo-response efficiency and better photovoltaic properties were exhibited for BDPT-2DPP. A maximum PCE of 3.97% with a Voc of 0.84 V, a Jsc of 9.0 mA cm(-2) and a FF of 52.37% was obtained in the BDPT-2DPP/PC71BM-based solar cells, which is 1.8 and 1.5 times the values of the BDPT-2BT and BDPT-2FBT-based cells, respectively.

Improving Photovoltaic Performance of the Linear A-Ar-A-type Small Molecules with Diketopyrropyrrole Arms by Tuning the Linkage Position of the Anthracene Core.

Two isomeric A-Ar-A-type small molecules of DPP2An(9,10) and DPP2An(2,6), were synthesized with two acceptor arms of diketopyrropyrroles (DPP) and a planar aryl hydrocarbon core of the different substituted anthracene (An), respectively. Their thermal stability, crystallinity, optoelectronic, and photovoltaic performances were investigated. Significantly red-shifted absorption profile and higher HOMO level were observed for the DPP2An(2,6) with 2,6-substituted anthracene relative to the DPP2An(9,10) with 9,10-substituted anthracene, as the former exhibited better planarity and a larger conjugate system. As a result, the solution-processing solar cells based on DPP2An(2,6) and PC71BM (w/w,1:1) displayed remarkably increased power conversion efficiency of 5.44% and short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 11.90 mA/cm(2) under 1% 1,8-diiodooctane additive. The PCE and Jsc values were 3.7 and 2.9 times those of the optimized DPP2An(9,10)-based cells, respectively. This work demonstrates that changing the linkage position of the anthracene core in the A-Ar-A-type SMs can strongly improve the photovoltaic properties in organic solar cells.

[Study on the HPLC fingerprint of toad skin from different regions].

OBJECTIVE: To study the HPLC fingerprint of toad skin and provide a reliable method for quality control and identification. METHODS: It used HPLC for detection and computer aided similarity evaluation system for processing and analysing HPLC fingerprint. RESULTS: The common pattern of HPLC fingerprint of toad skin was astablished, 29 peaks were identified as the characteristic fingerprints, in which 9 peaks corresponded to 9 bufogenins. (2) Each samples' similarity of relative retention time was all above 0.99, but the similarity of relative peak areas was low. CONCLUSION: (1) The method is accurate and with good reproducibility. The fingerprints can be used for the identification and quality control of toad skin. (2) The toad skin from different regions are stable in composition, but the contents of the components are different.

Influence of co-administered danshensu on pharmacokinetic fate and tissue distribution of paeonol in rats.

Cortex Moutan (root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrew) and Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae (root and rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) are two herbs widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. In clinical practice, these two herbs are prescribed together. Studies on the pharmacokinetic interaction between the active constituents of these two herbs (paeonol and danshensu, respectively) can provide substantial foundation for understanding its mechanism and empirical evidence to support the clinical practice. A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method coupled with ultraviolet detector was developed for determination of paeonol in plasma and different tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain) of male Sprague-Dawley rats. When co-administering danshensu, the peak plasma concentration of paeonol was decreased (p < 0.01), the mean residence time (MRT) was prolonged (p < 0.001), the volume of distribution (Vd/F) was increased (p < 0.001), and the concentrations of paeonol in heart, brain, and lung were dramatically increased (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001), compared with these values for rats administered paeonol alone. The results showed that the co-administration of danshensu could alter pharmacokinetic fate and tissue distribution of paeonol in rats, especially in heart and brain, providing substantial foundation for the investigation of the impact of danshensu on paeonol in clinical applications.