Left Atrial Septal Pouch (LASP) and Cryptogenic Stroke: A Narrative Review.

Over 20% of ischemic strokes are cardioembolic strokes, necessitating research into thrombus formation locations, particularly the left atrial appendage (LAA). The left atrial septal pouch (LASP), which is linked to thrombus development and stasis, has drawn attention recently as a possible thromboembolic location, especially in atrial fibrillation (AF). The primary aim of this review is to explore LASP's role in cryptogenic strokes and to discuss the methods used to assess LAA anatomy. Imaging modalities such as cardiac computed tomography (CT) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) are crucial for diagnosing and characterizing LASP. LASP, found in about one-third of individuals, provides an additional site for thrombus development in the left atrium. The potential clinical implications of LASP-related thromboembolic events include the need for targeted therapeutic strategies, such as anticoagulant medication and, in some cases, consideration of LASP closure to prevent recurrent strokes. Further investigation is required to elucidate LASP's involvement in thromboembolic events and to guide stroke prevention in at-risk patients.

Applications of Nanotechnology in the Field of Cardiology.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of death globally, demanding innovative therapeutic strategies. Nanoformulations, including nanoparticles, address challenges in drug delivery, stem cell therapy, imaging, and gene delivery. Nanoparticles enhance drug solubility, bioavailability, and targeted delivery, with gas microbubbles, liposomal preparations, and paramagnetic nanoparticles showing potential in treating atherosclerosis and reducing systemic side effects. In stem cell therapy, nanoparticles improve cell culture, utilizing three-dimensional nanofiber scaffolds and enhancing cardiomyocyte growth. Gold nanoparticles and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-derived microparticles promote stem cell survival. Stem cell imaging utilizes direct labeling with nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), while optical tracking employs dye-conjugated nanoparticles. In gene delivery, polymeric nanoparticles like polyethylenimine (PEI) and dendrimers, graphene-based carriers, and chitosan nanoparticles offer alternatives to virus-mediated gene transfer. The potential of magnetic nanoparticles in gene therapy is explored, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma. Overall, nanoparticles have transformative potential in cardiovascular disease management, with ongoing research poised to enhance clinical outcomes.