RÉSUMÉ
The single dose pharmacokinetics (PK) of marbofloxacin was compared with repeated intravenous (IV) administrations in six healthy goats at the dose rate of 2â¯mg/kg body weight at 24â¯h interval for 5â¯days. Blood samples were collected at times: 5, 15, 30â¯min and 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72â¯h post drug administration. Plasma drug concentrations were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and concentration-time data were subjected to non-compartment analysis. The MIC and MBC of marbofloxacin against Escherichia (E.) coli and Pasteurella (P.) multocida in Mueller Hinton Broth were determined by broth microdilution method. The t1/2elmâ¯=â¯4.37⯱â¯0.18â¯h and ClBâ¯=â¯0.29⯱â¯0.01 following single administration were not significantly different from t1/2elmâ¯=â¯5.11⯱â¯0.22â¯h and ClBâ¯=â¯0.26⯱â¯0.01â¯mL/kg/h after repeated administrations of marbofloxacin. Accumulation index (AIâ¯=â¯1.1) indicated no accumulation of marbofloxacin following repeated IV administrations up to 5â¯days. The respective MICs of marbofloxacin against E. coli and P. multocida were 0.03⯵g/mL and 0.4⯵g/mL. The AUC0-24h/MIC ratios were 226.64⯱â¯7.21â¯h for E. coli and 16.99⯱â¯0.541â¯h for P. multocida. PK/PD integration indicated that marbofloxacin daily dose of 2â¯mg/kg is appropriate for treating E. coli (MICâ¯≤â¯0.03⯵g/mL) infections. However, a higher dose of 6â¯mg/kg/day is suggested to obtain clinical cure against diseases caused by P. multocida having MIC90â¯=â¯0.12⯵g/mL in goat species.
Sujet(s)
Administration par voie intraveineuse/médecine vétérinaire , Antibactériens/pharmacocinétique , Fluoroquinolones/pharmacocinétique , Capra/métabolisme , Administration par voie intraveineuse/méthodes , Animaux , Antibactériens/pharmacologie , Aire sous la courbe , Chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance/médecine vétérinaire , Escherichia coli/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Femelle , Fluoroquinolones/pharmacologie , Tests de sensibilité microbienne/médecine vétérinaire , Pasteurella multocida/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiquesRÉSUMÉ
The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome following single intramuscular (IM) administration in six healthy male buffalo calves. Cefquinome was administered intramuscularly (2 mg/kg bodyweight) and blood samples were collected prior to drug administration and up to 24 hr after injection. No adverse effects or changes were observed after the IM injection of cefquinome. Plasma concentrations of cefquinome were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The disposition of plasma cefquinome is characterized by a mono-compartmental open model. The pharmacokinetic parameters after IM administration (mean ± SE) were Cmax 6.93 ± 0.58 µg/ml, Tmax 0.5 hr, t½kα 0.16 ± 0.05 hr, t½ß 3.73 ± 0.10 hr, and AUC 28.40 ± 1.30 µg hr/ml after IM administration. A dosage regimen of 2 mg/kg bodyweight at 24-hr interval following IM injection of cefquinome would maintain the plasma levels required to be effective against the bacterial pathogens with MIC values ≤0.39 µg/ml. The suggested dosage regimen of cefquinome has to be validated in the disease models before recommending for clinical use in buffalo calves.
Sujet(s)
Antibactériens/pharmacocinétique , Céphalosporines/pharmacocinétique , Animaux , Antibactériens/administration et posologie , Antibactériens/sang , Buffles , Céphalosporines/administration et posologie , Céphalosporines/sang , Injections musculaires/médecine vétérinaire , MâleRÉSUMÉ
Resistance status of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus against synthetic pyrethroids was assessed by larval packet test which revealed level I and II resistance against cypermethrin and deltamethrin, respectively. Adult immersion test was employed to study the acaricidal activity of leaf extracts of Dalbergia sissoo (sheesham) against these ticks. Mortality and fecundity of ticks exposed to sheesham leaf aqueous (SLA) and ethanolic (SLE) extracts were evaluated at concentrations of 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0% and controls (distilled water and 10% ethanol). Higher acaricidal activity was recorded in SLA with a lower LC50 (95% CL) value of 1.58% (0.92-2.71%) than SLE [5.25% (4.91-5.63%)]. A significant decrease in egg mass weight and reproductive index was recorded in treated ticks along with an increase in percent inhibition of oviposition. A complete inhibition of hatching was recorded in eggs laid by ticks treated with higher concentrations of SLA, whereas, SLE exhibited no effect on hatching percentage.
Sujet(s)
Acaricides , Dalbergia/composition chimique , Extraits de plantes , Rhipicephalus , Animaux , Résistance aux substances , Femelle , Larve , Feuilles de plante/composition chimique , Pyréthrines/pharmacologie , Rhipicephalus/croissance et développementRÉSUMÉ
Larval packet test was used for detection of resistance status against cypermethrin and deltamethrin, the most commonly used synthetic pyrethroids in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from Faridkot district, Punjab (India). The slope of mortality, lethal concentration for 50 % (LC50) and resistance levels were determined from the regression graphs of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log values of increasing concentrations of cypermethrin and deltamethrin. Results indicated presence of resistance of levels I and II against cypermethrin (resistance factor (RF) = 2.82) and deltamethrin (RF = 8.44), respectively. Adult immersion test was used to assess the acaricidal activity of aqueous (MLAq), ethanol (MLE), chloroform (MLC), acetone (MLA) and hexane (MLH) extracts of leaves of Murraya koenigii against these synthetic pyrethroid (SP)-resistant engorged adult females of R. (B.) microplus by determination of per cent adult mortality, reproductive index (RI), per cent inhibition of oviposition (%IO) and hatching rate. The per cent mortality caused by various extracts at concentrations ranging from 0.625 to 10.0% varied from 0.0 to 100.0% with maximum per cent mortality of 10.0, 100.0, 70.0, 40.0 and 10.0 recorded against MLAq, MLE, MLC, MLA and MLH, respectively. Among all extracts, the highest acaricidal property against SP-resistant R. (B.) microplus was exhibited by the MLE as it showed the minimum LC50 [95% confidence limit (CL)] values of 2.97% (2.82-3.12%), followed by MLC as 10.26% (8.84-11.91 %) and MLA as 18.22% (16.18-20.52%). The average egg mass weight recorded in live ticks treated with various concentrations of different extracts was lower than the respective control group ticks and was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in ticks treated with MLH extract. However, no significant effect on hatchability of eggs of treated groups when compared to control was recorded. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the RI was recorded in MLH extract-treated ticks, and the %IO varied from 0.07 to 34.73% with various extracts and was recorded maximum with highest concentration of MLH. The results of the current study indicate that the extracts of M. koenigii can be used for control of SP-resistant ticks.
Sujet(s)
Acaricides/pharmacologie , Résistance aux substances , Murraya/composition chimique , Extraits de plantes/pharmacologie , Pyréthrines/pharmacologie , Rhipicephalus/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Animaux , Femelle , Inde , Larve/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Feuilles de plante/composition chimique , Reproduction/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiquesRÉSUMÉ
Larval packet test was used for detection of resistance levels against cypermethrin and deltamethrin, the most commonly used synthetic pyrethroids, in the multi-host tick Hyalomma anatolicum collected from district Moga, Punjab (India). Results indicated the presence of level I resistance against deltamethrin (RF = 2.81), whereas the tick isolate was susceptible to cypermethrin (RF = 0.2). The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves of Cymbopogon winterianus, Vitex negundo and Withania somnifera along with roots of Vitex negundo were assessed for their acaricidal activity against the larvae of deltamethrin resistant H. anatolicum. The efficacy was assessed by measuring per cent larval mortality and determination of LC50 values. The various ethanolic extracts produced a concentration dependent increase in larval tick mortality, whereas the aqueous extracts exhibited a much lower mortality. The highest mortality (93.7 ± 0.66 %) was observed at the 5.0 % concentration of ethanolic extract of leaves of C. winterianus and the lowest LC50 value (0.011 %) was recorded for ethanolic extracts of leaves of V. negundo. The results indicated that these plant extracts have potential to be developed as herbal acaricides.
Sujet(s)
Acaricides/toxicité , Cymbopogon/composition chimique , Résistance aux substances , Ixodidae/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Nitriles , Extraits de plantes/toxicité , Pyréthrines , Vitex/composition chimique , Withania/composition chimique , Animaux , Larve/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Dose létale 50 , Lutte contre les nuisibles/méthodes , Extraits de plantes/isolement et purificationRÉSUMÉ
Detection of resistance levels against cypermethrin and deltamethrin, the most commonly used synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from Moga, Punjab (India) was carried out using larval packet test. Results indicated the presence of resistance of level I and III against cypermethrin (resistance factors (RF) = 4.67) and deltamethrin (RF = 34.2), respectively. Adult immersion test was used to assess the acaricidal activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves of Cymbopogon winterianus, Vitex negundo, and Withania somnifera along with roots of V. negundo against the SP resistant engorged females of R. (B.) microplus. The efficacy of various extracts was assessed by estimation of percent adult mortality, reproductive index (RI), percent inhibition of oviposition (%IO), and hatching rate. A concentration dependent increase in tick mortality was recorded which was more marked with various ethanolic extracts, and highest mortality was recorded in ticks treated with ethanolic extract of leaves of C. winterianus. The LC50 values were determined by applying regression equation analysis to the probit transformed data of mortality for various aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Acaricidal property was recorded to be higher in ethanolic extracts, and high activity was found with the ethanolic extract of leaves of C. winterianus with LC50 (95% CL) values of 0.46% (0.35-0.59%), followed by W. somnifera as 5.21% (4.45-6.09%) and V. negundo as 7.02% (4.58-10.74%). The egg mass weight of the live ticks treated with different concentrations of the various extract was significantly (p < 0.01) lower than that of control ticks; consequently, the RI and the %IO value of the treated ticks were reduced. Further, complete inhibition of hatching was recorded in eggs laid by ticks treated with ethanolic extracts of leaves of V. negundo and aqueous extracts of leaves of W. somnifera. The results of the current study indicate that extracts of C. winterianus, V. negundo, and W. somnifera can be used for the control of SP resistant ticks.
Sujet(s)
Acaricides/pharmacologie , Cymbopogon/composition chimique , Extraits de plantes/pharmacologie , Rhipicephalus/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Vitex/composition chimique , Withania/composition chimique , Animaux , Résistance aux substances , Femelle , Inde , Larve/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Nitriles/pharmacologie , Feuilles de plante/composition chimique , Pyréthrines/pharmacologie , Reproduction/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Lutte contre les tiquesSujet(s)
Anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens/pharmacocinétique , Buffles/métabolisme , ortho-Aminobenzoates/pharmacocinétique , Administration par voie orale , Animaux , Anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens/administration et posologie , Anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens/sang , Études croisées , Relation dose-effet des médicaments , Mâle , ortho-Aminobenzoates/administration et posologie , ortho-Aminobenzoates/sangRÉSUMÉ
Distribution of orientations of myosin was examined in ex-vivo myofibrils from hearts of transgenic (Tg) mice expressing Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (FHC) troponin T (TnT) mutations I79N, F110I and R278C. Humans are heterozygous for sarcomeric FHC mutations and so hypertrophic myocardium contains a mixture of the wild-type (WT) and mutated (MUT) TnT. If mutations are expressed at a low level there may not be a significant change in the global properties of heart muscle. In contrast, measurements from a few molecules avoid averaging inherent in the global measurements. It is thus important to examine the properties of only a few molecules of muscle. To this end, the lever arm of one out of every 60,000 myosin molecules was labeled with a fluorescent dye and a small volume within the A-band (~1 fL) was observed by confocal microscopy. This volume contained on average 5 fluorescent myosin molecules. The lever arm assumes different orientations reflecting different stages of acto-myosin enzymatic cycle. We measured the distribution of these orientations by recording polarization of fluorescent light emitted by myosin-bound fluorophore during rigor and contraction. The distribution of orientations of rigor WT and MUT myofibrils was significantly different. There was a large difference in the width and of skewness and kurtosis of rigor distributions. These findings suggest that the hypertrophic phenotype associated with the TnT mutations can be characterized by a significant increase in disorder of rigor cross-bridges.
Sujet(s)
Cardiomyopathie hypertrophique familiale/génétique , Mutation/génétique , Myocarde/métabolisme , Myocarde/anatomopathologie , Myosines/métabolisme , Troponine T/génétique , Animaux , Cardiomyopathie hypertrophique familiale/anatomopathologie , Cardiomyopathie hypertrophique familiale/physiopathologie , Humains , Souris , Souris transgéniques , Tonus musculaire/génétique , Myofibrilles/génétique , Myofibrilles/métabolisme , Myofibrilles/anatomopathologieRÉSUMÉ
We examined the orientational fluctuations of a small number of myosin molecules (approximately three) in working skeletal muscle myofibrils. Myosin light chain 1 (LC1) was labeled with a fluorescent dye and exchanged with the native LC1 of skeletal muscle myofibrils cross-linked with 1-ethyl-3-[3(dimethylamino) propyl] carbodiimide to prevent shortening. We observed a small volume within the A-band (â¼10(-15) L) by confocal microscopy, and measured cyclic fluctuations in the orientation of the myosin neck (containing LC1) by recording the parallel and perpendicular components of fluorescent light emitted by the fluorescently labeled myosin LC1. Histograms of orientational fluctuations from fluorescent molecules in rigor were represented by a single Gaussian distribution. In contrast, histograms from contracting muscles were best fit by at least two Gaussians. These results provide direct evidence that cross-bridges in working skeletal muscle assume two distinct conformations, presumably corresponding to the pre- and post-power-stroke states.
Sujet(s)
Contraction musculaire/physiologie , Muscles squelettiques/physiologie , Myofibrilles/physiologie , Animaux , Anisotropie , Polarisation de fluorescence , Imagerie tridimensionnelle , Contraction musculaire/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Relâchement musculaire/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Relâchement musculaire/physiologie , Muscles squelettiques/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Myofibrilles/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Chaînes légères de myosine/métabolisme , Loi normale , Lapins , Rhodamines/pharmacologie , Sarcomères/physiologie , Facteurs tempsRÉSUMÉ
Pharmacokinetics and milk levels of ceftriaxone were studied in healthy and endometritic cows following single intravenous administration. The drug was detected up to 8 h of dosing in plasma of healthy and endometritic cows and the drug disposition followed three-compartment open model. The values of Vd(area), AUC, t(1/2beta), Cl(B), MRT and P/C ratio were 0.50 +/- 0.19 L.kg(-1), 62.2 +/- 23.3 microg.ml(-1).h, 1.02 +/- 0.07 h, 0.30 +/- 0.09 L.kg(-1).h(-1), 1.55 +/- 0.25 h and 0.52 +/- 0.27, respectively, in healthy and 1.55 +/- 0.52 L.kg(-1), 37.0 +/- 17.1 microg.ml(-1).h, 1.56 +/- 0.25 h, 0.56 +/- 0.14 L.kg(-1).h(-1), 2.14 +/- 0.34 h and 1.44 +/- 0.60, respectively, in endometritic cows. The drug was detected in milk for 36 h after administration. For MIC(90) of 0.5 microg.ml(-1) the most appropriate dosage for ceftriaxone, would be 9.0 mg.kg(-1) repeated at 6 h intervals for the treatment of endometritis in cows.
Sujet(s)
Maladies des bovins/traitement médicamenteux , Ceftriaxone/administration et posologie , Ceftriaxone/pharmacocinétique , Endométriose/médecine vétérinaire , Lait/composition chimique , Animaux , Antibactériens/administration et posologie , Antibactériens/analyse , Antibactériens/pharmacocinétique , Antibactériens/usage thérapeutique , Aire sous la courbe , Bovins , Ceftriaxone/analyse , Ceftriaxone/usage thérapeutique , Endométriose/traitement médicamenteux , Femelle , Période , Injections veineuses , Tests de sensibilité microbienneSujet(s)
Antibactériens/pharmacocinétique , Bovins/métabolisme , Lévofloxacine , Ofloxacine/pharmacocinétique , Animaux , Antibactériens/administration et posologie , Antibactériens/urine , Calendrier d'administration des médicaments/médecine vétérinaire , Injections veineuses/médecine vétérinaire , Mâle , Taux de clairance métabolique , Ofloxacine/administration et posologie , Ofloxacine/urine , Facteurs tempsRÉSUMÉ
The pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of gatifloxacin were investigated after a single intravenous injection of 4 mg/kg body weight in buffalo calves. The therapeutic plasma drug concentration was maintained for up to 12 h. Gatifloxacin rapidly distributed from blood to tissue compartments, which was evident from the high values of the distribution rate constant, alpha1 (11.1 +/- 1.06 h(-1)) and the rate constant of transfer of drug from central to peripheral compartment, k12 (6.29 +/- 0.46 h(-1)). The area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve and apparent volume of distribution were 17.1 +/- 0.63 (microg.h)/ml and 3.56 +/- 0.95 L/kg, respectively. The elimination half-life (t (1/2 beta)), total body clearance (ClB) and the ratio of drug present in tissues and plasma (T/P) were 10.4 +/- 2.47 h, 235.1 +/- 8.47 ml/(kg.h) and 10.1 +/- 2.25, respectively. About 19.7% of the administered drug was excreted in urine within 24 h. A satisfactory intravenous dosage regimen for gatifloxacin in buffalo calves would be 5.3 mg/kg at 24 h intervals.
Sujet(s)
Antibactériens/pharmacocinétique , Buffles/métabolisme , Fluoroquinolones/pharmacocinétique , Animaux , Antibactériens/administration et posologie , Antibactériens/sang , Antibactériens/urine , Aire sous la courbe , Buffles/sang , Buffles/urine , Fluoroquinolones/administration et posologie , Fluoroquinolones/sang , Fluoroquinolones/urine , Période , Injections veineuses/médecine vétérinaire , MâleRÉSUMÉ
The disposition kinetics and urinary excretion of pefloxacin after a single intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg were investigated in crossbred calves and an appropriate dosage regimen was calculated. At 1 min after injection, the concentration of pefloxacin in the plasma was 18.95 +/- 0.892 microg/ml, which declined to 0.13 +/- 0.02 microg/ml at 10 h. The pefloxacin was rapidly distributed from the blood to the tissue compartment as shown by the high values for the initial distribution coefficient, alpha (12.1 +/- 1.21 h-1) and the constant for the rate of transfer of drug from the central to the peripheral compartment, K12 (8.49 +/- 0.99 h ). The elimination half-life and volume of distribution were 2.21+/- 0.111 h and 1.44 +/- 0.084 L/kg, respectively. The total body clearance (ClB) and the ratio of the drug present in the peripheral to that in the central compartment (P/C ratio) were 0.454 +/- 0.026 L/kg h) and 5.52 +/- 0.519, respectively. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained in the present study, an appropriate intravenous dosage regimen for pefloxacin in cattle for most of the bacteria sensitive to it would be 6.4 mg/kg repeated at 12 h intervals.
Sujet(s)
Bovins/métabolisme , Péfloxacine/pharmacocinétique , Animaux , Bovins/urine , Chimère , Calendrier d'administration des médicaments , Injections veineuses , Mâle , Péfloxacine/administration et posologie , Péfloxacine/urineRÉSUMÉ
Possible central modulation of acute peripheral inflammation by putative amino acid neurotransmitters was investigated in rats by adopting formalin induced pedal inflammation as an experimental model. Out of five amino acids (GABA, glycine, DL-alanine, L-glutamic acid and L-aspartic acid) tested, intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of GABA and L-aspartic acid produced significant alteration in acute inflammation. GABA showed a significant attenuation of paw oedema and nociception whereas, L-aspartic acid produced significant increase in oedema volume along with marked hyperalgesia. In conclusion, the study confirms that CNS is capable of modulating peripheral inflammation.
Sujet(s)
Acides aminés/pharmacologie , Encéphale/physiologie , Inflammation/physiopathologie , Agents neuromédiateurs/pharmacologie , Seuil nociceptif/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Maladie aigüe , Animaux , Acide aspartique/pharmacologie , Formaldéhyde , Mâle , Rats , Rat Sprague-Dawley , Acide gamma-amino-butyrique/pharmacologieRÉSUMÉ
The possibility of central noradrenergic and dopaminergic modulation of Brewer's yeast-induced peripheral inflammation was investigated in rats. Centrally administered noradrenaline (NA), amphetamine, which liberates NA and dopamine in the central nervous system and L-dopa, the precursor of dopamine significantly suppressed paw oedema. Conversely, the beta-adrenoceptor blocker, propranolol, catecholaminergic neuron degenerator, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), dopaminergic antagonist, haloperidol and dopamine synthesis inhibitor, alpha-methyl para tyrosine (AMPT) augmented paw oedema. In addition, 6-OHDA and haloperidol produced significant reduction in pain threshold. The results of this study indicate that central NA and dopamine exert inhibitory effects on Brewer's yeast-induced peripheral inflammation.
Sujet(s)
Amfétamine/administration et posologie , Dopamine/physiologie , Inflammation/physiopathologie , Norépinéphrine/administration et posologie , Douleur/physiopathologie , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Sympathomimétiques/administration et posologie , Animaux , Mâle , Rats , Rat Sprague-DawleyRÉSUMÉ
Possible central serotonergic and histaminergic modulation of acute peripheral inflammation was investigated in rats, adopting the formaldehyde-induced acute pedal inflammation as an experimental model. Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of central inhibitory neurotransmitter, serotonin and its precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) attenuated the oedema volume and exudate protein content alongwith augmentation in pain threshold. On the contrary, cyproheptadine, a 5-HT-receptor antagonist and selective serotonin synthesis inhibitor, parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) produced oedema augmenting and pro-nociceptive effects besides elevating the protein content of the exudate. Centrally administered histamine attenuated pedal oedema, nociception as well as protein concentration in oedema fluid. Cimetidine, an H2 histaminergic receptor blocker did not produce any significant effect on inflammation.
Sujet(s)
Histamine/physiologie , Inflammation/physiopathologie , Nocicepteurs/physiologie , Sérotonine/physiologie , Animaux , Pied/anatomopathologie , Formaldéhyde , Histamine/administration et posologie , Histamine/pharmacologie , Agonistes histaminergiques/pharmacologie , Antihistaminiques/pharmacologie , Inflammation/induit chimiquement , Inflammation/anatomopathologie , Injections ventriculaires , Mâle , Douleur/induit chimiquement , Douleur/physiopathologie , Seuil nociceptif/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Seuil nociceptif/physiologie , Rats , Rat Sprague-Dawley , Sérotonine/administration et posologie , Sérotonine/pharmacologie , Antisérotonines/pharmacologie , Agonistes des récepteurs de la sérotonine/pharmacologie , Facteurs tempsRÉSUMÉ
Possible central noradrenergic and cholinergic modulation of acute peripheral inflammation was investigated in rats, adopting the formaldehyde-induced pedal inflammation as the experimental model. Intracerebroventricularly (icv) administered noradrenaline (NA), alpha-adrenoceptor agonist, L-phenylephrine, alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine and non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker, propranolol, suppressed formaldehyde-induced inflammation producing a decrease in oedema volume and increase in pain threshold. Conversely, both noradrenergic neuron degenerator, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and non-selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, phenoxybenzamine produced an increase in paw oedema along with an augmentation of pain. Significant oedema augmenting effects were also produced by central excitatory neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh) on icv administration. ACh also produced pro-nociceptive action. An ACh antagonist, scopolamine and ACh synthesis inhibitor, hemicholinium-3 (HC) reduced pedal oedema and produced analgesia. The results of this study indicate that central NA exerts an inhibitory effect on peripheral oedema and pain whereas, ACh has an augmenting effect on formaldehyde-induced peripheral inflammation.