Body Composition, Vascular Health, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Lung Function, Muscle Architecture, and Physical Activity in People with Young Onset Dementia: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Body composition, blood pressure, estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), lung function, physical activity, muscle architecture, and endothelial function had not previously been examined in people with young onset dementia. Therefore, the study measured these variables in a young onset dementia group, compared them to age-matched controls. METHODS: Estimated VO2max (via the Astrand-Rhyming test), body composition, blood pressure, lung function (via spirometry), muscle architecture (via ultrasonography) and endothelial function (via flow mediated dilation) were assessed. Physical activity was measured using ActiGraph accelerometers for 7 days. RESULTS: We recruited 33 participants (16 young onset dementia, 17 controls). The young onset dementia group had shorter fascicle lengths of the vastus lateralis, were sedentary for longer over a seven-day period, and completed less moderate-vigorous physical activity than controls (p=0.028, d=0.81; large effect, p=0.029, d=0.54; moderate effect, and p=0.014, d=0.97; large effect, respectively for pairwise comparisons). Pairwise comparisons suggest no differences at the p<0.05 level between young onset dementia and controls for estimated VO2max (despite a moderate effect size [d=0.66]), height, body mass, BMI, blood pressure, light physical activity, lung function, muscle thickness, pennation angle, or endothelial function. CONCLUSION: This study highlights differences between people with young onset dementia and controls, underscoring the need for multicomponent exercise interventions. Future interventions should target muscle architecture, increase moderate-vigorous physical activity, and reduce sedentariness, with the goal of improving quality of life and promoting functional independence.

Prevalence and risk factors of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) among veterans in the airborne hazards and open burn pit registry: a prospective, observational, nested study.

BACKGROUND: Veterans have unique military risk factors and exposures during deployment that may augment their risk of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC). The purpose of this study is to identify potential risk factors for PASC among Veterans in the national Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry (AHOBPR). METHODS: This prospective observational study consisted of a semi-structured interview conducted via phone or videoconference from November 2021 to December 2022 among a stratified random sample of deployed Veterans nested within the national AHOBPR with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. PASC was defined as persistent new-onset symptoms lasting more than 2 months after initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. Deployment history, airborne hazards exposure and symptoms were obtained from the AHOBPR self-assessment questionnaire completed prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection (past). Post-infection symptoms and health behaviors obtained at study interview (present) were used to test the hypothesis that deployment experience and exposure increases the risk for PASC. RESULTS: From a sample of 212 Veterans, 149 (70%) met criteria for PASC with a mean age of 47 ± 8.7 years; 73 (49%) were women and 76 (51%) were men, and 129 (82.6%) continued to experience persistent symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 (596.8 ± 160.4 days since initial infection). Neither exposure to airborne hazards (OR 0.97, CI 0.92-1.03) or to burn pits (OR 1.00, CI 0.99-1.00) augmented risk for PASC. CONCLUSIONS: PASC is highly common among Veterans enrolled in the AHOBPR, but we did not observe any unique military risk factors (e.g., airborne hazards exposure) that augmented the risk of PASC. Our findings may provide guidance to clinicians in the VHA network to administer appropriate care for Veterans experiencing PASC.

Mafic slab melt contributions to Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites.

Massif-type anorthosites, enormous and enigmatic plagioclase-rich cumulate intrusions emplaced into Earth's crust, formed in large numbers only between 1 and 2 billion years ago. Conflicting hypotheses for massif-type anorthosite formation, including melting of upwelling mantle, lower crustal melting, and arc magmatism above subduction zones, have stymied consensus on what parental magmas crystallized the anorthosites and why the rocks are temporally restricted. Using B, O, Nd, and Sr isotope analyses, bulk chemistry, and petrogenetic modeling, we demonstrate that the magmas parental to the Marcy and Morin anorthosites, classic examples from North America's Grenville orogen, require large input from mafic melts derived from slab-top altered oceanic crust. The anorthosites also record B isotopic signatures corresponding to other slab lithologies such as subducted abyssal serpentinite. We propose that anorthosite massifs formed underneath convergent continental margins wherein a subducted or subducting slab melted extensively and link massif-type anorthosite formation to Earth's thermal and tectonic evolution.

Characterising the genetic architecture of changes in adiposity during adulthood using electronic health records.

Obesity is a heritable disease, characterised by excess adiposity that is measured by body mass index (BMI). While over 1,000 genetic loci are associated with BMI, less is known about the genetic contribution to adiposity trajectories over adulthood. We derive adiposity-change phenotypes from 24.5 million primary-care health records in over 740,000 individuals in the UK Biobank, Million Veteran Program USA, and Estonian Biobank, to discover and validate the genetic architecture of adiposity trajectories. Using multiple BMI measurements over time increases power to identify genetic factors affecting baseline BMI by 14%. In the largest reported genome-wide study of adiposity-change in adulthood, we identify novel associations with BMI-change at six independent loci, including rs429358 (APOE missense variant). The SNP-based heritability of BMI-change (1.98%) is 9-fold lower than that of BMI. The modest genetic correlation between BMI-change and BMI (45.2%) indicates that genetic studies of longitudinal trajectories could uncover novel biology of quantitative traits in adulthood.

Building better habitats: Spatiotemporal signaling cues in 3D biointerfaces for tailored cellular functionality.

A promising research direction in the field of biological engineering is the design and functional programming of three-dimensional (3D) biointerfaces designed to support living cell functionality and growth in vitro, offering a route to precisely regulate cellular behaviors and phenotypes for addressing therapeutic challenges. While traditional two-dimensional (2D) biointerfaces have provided valuable insights, incorporating specific signaling cues into a 3D biointeractive microenvironment at the right locations and time is now recognized as crucial for accurately programming cellular decision-making and communication processes. This approach aims to engineer cell-centric microenvironments with the potential to recapitulate complex biological functions into a finite set of growing cellular organizations. Additionally, they provide insights into the hierarchical logic governing the relationship between molecular components and higher-order multicellular functionality. The functional live cell-based microenvironment engineered through such innovative biointerfaces has the potential to be used as an in vitro model system for expanding our understanding of cellular behaviors or as a therapeutic habitat where cellular functions can be reprogrammed.

Principled distillation of UK Biobank phenotype data reveals underlying structure in human variation.

Data within biobanks capture broad yet detailed indices of human variation, but biobank-wide insights can be difficult to extract due to complexity and scale. Here, using large-scale factor analysis, we distill hundreds of variables (diagnoses, assessments and survey items) into 35 latent constructs, using data from unrelated individuals with predominantly estimated European genetic ancestry in UK Biobank. These factors recapitulate known disease classifications, disentangle elements of socioeconomic status, highlight the relevance of psychiatric constructs to health and improve measurement of pro-health behaviours. We go on to demonstrate the power of this approach to clarify genetic signal, enhance discovery and identify associations between underlying phenotypic structure and health outcomes. In building a deeper understanding of ways in which constructs such as socioeconomic status, trauma, or physical activity are structured in the dataset, we emphasize the importance of considering the interwoven nature of the human phenome when evaluating public health patterns.

Versatile Nanoring Fabrication Assisted by Hole-mask Colloidal Lithography.

Nanomaterials shaped as rings are interesting nanostructures with control of the materials properties at the nanoscale. Nanoring plasmonic resonators provide tunable optical resonances in the near-infrared with application in sensing. Fabrication of nanorings can be carried out via top-down approaches based on electron beam lithography with high control of the ring size parameters but at high cost. Alternatively, fabrication via self-assembly approaches has a higher speed/lower cost but at the cost of control of ring parameters. Current colloidal lithography approaches can provide nanoring fabrication over large areas but only of specific materials and a select set of rings (large ring diameters or small rings with ultrathin walls). We extend Hole-mask Colloidal Lithography to use ring shaped holes, allow the deposition of arbitrary materials, and allow the independent tuning of ring-wall thickness over a large range of values. We present a generic approach for the fabrication of nanorings formed from a range of materials including low cost (e.g., Cu, Al) and nonplasmonic (e.g., W) materials and with control of ring wall thickness and diameter allowing tuning of ring parameters and materials for applications in nanooptics and beyond.

Comprehensive next-generation sequencing identifies novel putative pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline variants in patients with concurrent tubo-ovarian and endometrial serous and endometrioid carcinomas or precursors.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial serous carcinoma (ESC) and tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) are characterized by late-stage presentation and high mortality. Current guidelines for prevention recommend risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) in patients with hereditary mutations in cancer susceptibility genes. However, HGSC displays extensive genetic heterogeneity with alterations in 168 genes identified in TCGA study, but current germline testing panels are often limited to the handful of recurrently mutated genes, leaving families with rare hereditary gene mutations potentially at-risk. OBJECTIVE: To determine if there are rare germline mutations that may aid in early identification of more patients at-risk for ESC and/or HGSC by evaluating patients with concurrent ESC, HGSC or precursor lesions, and endometrial atypical hyperplasia (CAH) or low-grade endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma (LGEEA). METHODS: We performed targeted next-generation sequencing using TSO 500, a 523 gene panel, on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor and matched benign non-tumor tissue blocks from 5 patients with concurrent ESC, HGSC or precursor lesions, and CAH or LGEEA. RESULTS: We identified germline pathogenic, likely pathogenic or uncertain significance variants in cancer susceptibility genes in 4 of 5 patients - affected genes included GLI1, PIK3R1, FOXP1, FANCD2, INPP4B and H3F3C. Notably, none of these genes were included in the commercially available germline testing panels initially used to evaluate the patients at the time of their diagnoses. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive germline testing of patients with concurrent LGEEA or CAH and ESC, HGSC or precursor lesions may aid in early identification of relatives at-risk for cancer who may be candidates for RRSO with hysterectomy.

Exome-wide evidence of compound heterozygous effects across common phenotypes in the UK Biobank.

The phenotypic impact of compound heterozygous (CH) variation has not been investigated at the population scale. We phased rare variants (MAF ∼0.001%) in the UK Biobank (UKBB) exome-sequencing data to characterize recessive effects in 175,587 individuals across 311 common diseases. A total of 6.5% of individuals carry putatively damaging CH variants, 90% of which are only identifiable upon phasing rare variants (MAF < 0.38%). We identify six recessive gene-trait associations (p < 1.68 × 10-7) after accounting for relatedness, polygenicity, nearby common variants, and rare variant burden. Of these, just one is discovered when considering homozygosity alone. Using longitudinal health records, we additionally identify and replicate a novel association between bi-allelic variation in ATP2C2 and an earlier age at onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (p < 3.58 × 10-8). Genetic phase contributes to disease risk for gene-trait pairs: ATP2C2-COPD (p = 0.000238), FLG-asthma (p = 0.00205), and USH2A-visual impairment (p = 0.0084). We demonstrate the power of phasing large-scale genetic cohorts to discover phenome-wide consequences of compound heterozygosity.

Smart Biointerfaces via Click Chemistry-Enabled Nanopatterning of Multiple Bioligands and DNA Force Sensors.

Nanoscale biomolecular placement is crucial for advancing cellular signaling, sensor technology, and molecular interaction studies. Despite this, current methods fall short in enabling large-area nanopatterning of multiple biomolecules while minimizing nonspecific interactions. Using bioorthogonal tags at a submicron scale, we introduce a novel hole-mask colloidal lithography method for arranging up to three distinct proteins, DNA, or peptides on large, fully passivated surfaces. The surfaces are compatible with single-molecule fluorescence microscopy and microplate formats, facilitating versatile applications in cellular and single-molecule assays. We utilize fully passivated and transparent substrates devoid of metals and nanotopographical features to ensure accurate patterning and minimize nonspecific interactions. Surface patterning is achieved using bioorthogonal TCO-tetrazine (inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder, IEDDA) ligation, DBCO-azide (strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition, SPAAC) click chemistry, and biotin-avidin interactions. These are arranged on surfaces passivated with dense poly(ethylene glycol) PEG brushes crafted through the selective and stepwise removal of sacrificial metallic and polymeric layers, enabling the directed attachment of biospecific tags with nanometric precision. In a proof-of-concept experiment, DNA tension gauge tether (TGT) force sensors, conjugated to cRGD (arginylglycylaspartic acid) in nanoclusters, measured fibroblast integrin tension. This novel application enables the quantification of forces in the piconewton range, which is restricted within the nanopatterned clusters. A second demonstration of the platform to study integrin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) proximal signaling reveals clear mechanotransduction and changes in the cellular morphology. The findings illustrate the platform's potential as a powerful tool for probing complex biochemical pathways involving several molecules arranged with nanometer precision and cellular interactions at the nanoscale.

Correction: Bioenergetic function is decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of veterans with Gulf War Illness.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287412.].

Genome-wide analyses identify 21 infertility loci and over 400 reproductive hormone loci across the allele frequency spectrum.

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) may help inform treatments for infertility, whose causes remain unknown in many cases. Here we present GWAS meta-analyses across six cohorts for male and female infertility in up to 41,200 cases and 687,005 controls. We identified 21 genetic risk loci for infertility (P≤5E-08), of which 12 have not been reported for any reproductive condition. We found positive genetic correlations between endometriosis and all-cause female infertility (rg=0.585, P=8.98E-14), and between polycystic ovary syndrome and anovulatory infertility (rg=0.403, P=2.16E-03). The evolutionary persistence of female infertility-risk alleles in EBAG9 may be explained by recent directional selection. We additionally identified up to 269 genetic loci associated with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone, oestradiol, and testosterone through sex-specific GWAS meta-analyses (N=6,095-246,862). While hormone-associated variants near FSHB and ARL14EP colocalised with signals for anovulatory infertility, we found no rg between female infertility and reproductive hormones (P>0.05). Exome sequencing analyses in the UK Biobank (N=197,340) revealed that women carrying testosterone-lowering rare variants in GPC2 were at higher risk of infertility (OR=2.63, P=1.25E-03). Taken together, our results suggest that while individual genes associated with hormone regulation may be relevant for fertility, there is limited genetic evidence for correlation between reproductive hormones and infertility at the population level. We provide the first comprehensive view of the genetic architecture of infertility across multiple diagnostic criteria in men and women, and characterise its relationship to other health conditions.

Validation of actigraphy sleep metrics in children aged 8 to 16 years: considerations for device type, placement and algorithms.

BACKGROUND: Actigraphy is often used to measure sleep in pediatric populations, despite little confirmatory evidence of the accuracy of existing sleep/wake algorithms. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of 11 sleep algorithms in relation to overnight polysomnography in children and adolescents. METHODS: One hundred thirty-seven participants aged 8-16 years wore two Actigraph wGT3X-BT (wrist, waist) and three Axivity AX3 (wrist, back, thigh) accelerometers over 24-h. Gold standard measures of sleep were obtained using polysomnography (PSG; Embletta MPRPG, ST + Proxy and TX Proxy) in the home environment, overnight. Epoch by epoch comparisons of the Sadeh (two algorithms), Cole-Kripke (three algorithms), Tudor-Locke (four algorithms), Count-Scaled (CS), and HDCZA algorithms were undertaken. Mean differences from PSG values were calculated for various sleep outcomes. RESULTS: Overall, sensitivities were high (mean ± SD: 91.8%, ± 5.6%) and specificities moderate (63.8% ± 13.8%), with the HDCZA algorithm performing the best overall in terms of specificity (87.5% ± 1.3%) and accuracy (86.4% ± 0.9%). Sleep outcome measures were more accurately measured by devices worn at the wrist than the hip, thigh or lower back, with the exception of sleep efficiency where the reverse was true. The CS algorithm provided consistently accurate measures of sleep onset: the mean (95%CI) difference at the wrist with Axivity was 2 min (-6; -14,) and the offset was 10 min (5, -19). Several algorithms provided accurate measures of sleep quantity at the wrist, showing differences with PSG of just 1-18 min a night for sleep period time and 5-22 min for total sleep time. Accuracy was generally higher for sleep efficiency than for frequency of night wakings or wake after sleep onset. The CS algorithm was more accurate at assessing sleep period time, with narrower 95% limits of agreement compared to the HDCZA (CS:-165 to 172 min; HDCZA: -212 to 250 min). CONCLUSION: Although the performance of existing count-based sleep algorithms varies markedly, wrist-worn devices provide more accurate measures of most sleep measures compared to other sites. Overall, the HDZCA algorithm showed the greatest accuracy, although the most appropriate algorithm depends on the sleep measure of focus.

Amyloid-ß aggregates activate peripheral monocytes in mild cognitive impairment.

The peripheral immune system is important in neurodegenerative diseases, both in protecting and inflaming the brain, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Alzheimer's Disease is commonly preceded by a prodromal period. Here, we report the presence of large Aß aggregates in plasma from patients with mild cognitive impairment (n = 38). The aggregates are associated with low level Alzheimer's Disease-like brain pathology as observed by 11C-PiB PET and 18F-FTP PET and lowered CD18-rich monocytes. We characterize complement receptor 4 as a strong binder of amyloids and show Aß aggregates are preferentially phagocytosed and stimulate lysosomal activity through this receptor in stem cell-derived microglia. KIM127 integrin activation in monocytes promotes size selective phagocytosis of Aß. Hydrodynamic calculations suggest Aß aggregates associate with vessel walls of the cortical capillaries. In turn, we hypothesize aggregates may provide an adhesion substrate for recruiting CD18-rich monocytes into the cortex. Our results support a role for complement receptor 4 in regulating amyloid homeostasis.

Accelerometer-derived sleep metrics in mild and difficult-to-treat asthma.

INTRODUCTION: Poor sleep health is associated with increased asthma morbidity and mortality. Accelerometers have been validated to assess sleep parameters though studies using this method in patients with asthma are sparse and none have compared mild to difficult-to-treat asthma populations. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis from two recent in-house trials comparing sleep metrics between patients with mild and difficult-to-treat asthma. Participants wore accelerometers for 24-hours/day for seven days. RESULTS: Of 124 participants (44 mild, 80 difficult-to-treat), no between-group differences were observed in sleep-window, sleep-time, sleep efficiency or wake time. Sleep-onset time was ~ 40 min later in the difficult-to-treat group (p = 0.019). DISCUSSION: Broadly, we observed no difference in accelerometer-derived sleep-metrics between mild and difficult-to-treat asthma. This is the largest analysis of accelerometer-derived sleep parameters in asthma and the first comparing groups by asthma severity. Sleep-onset initiation may be delayed in difficult-to-treat asthma but a dedicated study is needed to confirm.

Exploring the Effect of Head-Worn Displays on Prehospital Teamwork Using Online Simulation: A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Prehospital teamwork occurs in dynamic environments where paramedics work together using technologies to care for patients. Despite increasing interest in using head-worn displays (HWDs) to support prehospital workers, little is known about how HWDs affect teamwork. METHODS: We tested the effect of HWDs on the team processes and patient care of paramedic trainee teams in a laboratory study using an online prehospital simulation environment, SPECTRa. In a randomized crossover design, 20 two-person teams worked in the SPECTRa laptop environment from separate physical rooms to assess and treat 2 simulated patients in 3 prehospital patient care scenarios. In each scenario, each trainee used either an HWD, a tablet computer (TAB), or no mobile device (CON) to help them monitor the vital signs of both patients. We measured team processes based around 3 themes of mutual understanding, team performance, and administered an 18-item questionnaire about teamwork and use of the devices. RESULTS: The mean number (HWD = 11; TAB = 7; P = 0.061) and duration (HWD = 1746 milliseconds; TAB = 1563 milliseconds; P = 0.504) of attention switches that teams made toward the mobile device did not differ with HWDs or TABs. However, teams switched attention between patients less with HWDs than with TABs (P = 0.026) or CON (P = 0.007) (medians: HWD = 5; TAB = 8; CON = 8). Teams communicated less when using HWDs than TABs (P = 0.017) (medians: HWD = 76; TAB = 96; CON = 83), but there were other mixed effects on communication. Team performance did not differ across device conditions on the timeliness to notice critical patient changes (P = 0.387) (medians: HWD = 244 seconds; TAB = 246 seconds; CON = 168 seconds) or to complete the scenarios (P = 0.212) (medians: HWD = 800 seconds; TAB = 913 seconds; CON = 835 seconds). Questionnaire results revealed some perceived benefits of the HWD. CONCLUSIONS: Head-worn displays may let prehospital teams monitor each other's performance more efficiently than TABs or CON, requiring less communication to maintain patient care performance with lower workload than with TABs. However, improvements in mutual understanding with HWDs compared with CON were more evident in teams' preferences than in actual behavior. Further research is needed to confirm and extend these results.

Correlation between computed tomography and histological evaluation of nodal metastasis in dogs with mast cell tumours.

Early diagnosis of nodal metastasis has been shown to impact prognosis for dogs with mast cell tumours (MCT). The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the correlation between computed tomographic characteristics of lymph nodes and histologic nodal metastasis using the HN classification system, in dogs with cutaneous or subcutaneous MCT and regional lymph node(s) removal. Dogs that had removal of MCT and regional lymphadenectomy within 31 days of the initial staging computed tomography (CT) were enrolled. Subjective lymph node characteristics used included margination, loss of fat at hilus, shape of margin, perinodal fat pattern, increase in number of nodes, and pre- and post-contrast heterogeneity. Enhancement, heterogeneity, and short-long axis ratio were calculated. Seventy-one lymph nodes from 37 dogs were included. Generalised linear mixed model of assessment of lymph node was performed twice, with binary outcome [non-metastatic (HN0/1) versus metastatic (HN2/3)] and 4-point scales (HN0-HN3). After blind assessment of 7 characteristics described above, a final subjective interpretation of each lymph node as non-metastatic or metastatic was assigned. A significant correlation was found between final interpretation and prediction of metastasis. Higher HN classification was also significantly correlated with the increased number of nodes and pre- and post-contrast heterogeneity. No correlation was found in short-long axis ratio, calculated heterogeneity, or degree of enhancement. Sensitivity of CT was 35.7%, specificity was 96.6%, and accuracy was 60.5% for nodal metastasis. CT alone cannot be recommended for assessment of metastasis. The use of multiple computed tomographic characteristics may increase accuracy of nodal metastasis detection.

Bioenergetic function is decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of veterans with Gulf War Illness.

Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a major health problem for approximately 250,000 Gulf War (GW) veterans, but the etiology of GWI is unclear. We hypothesized that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important contributor to GWI, based on the similarity of some GWI symptoms to those occurring in some mitochondrial diseases; the plausibility that certain pollutants to which GW veterans were exposed affect mitochondria; mitochondrial effects observed in studies in laboratory models of GWI; and previous evidence of mitochondrial outcomes in studies in GW veterans. A primary role of mitochondria is generation of energy via oxidative phosphorylation. However, direct assessment of mitochondrial respiration, reflecting oxidative phosphorylation, has not been carried out in veterans with GWI. In this case-control observational study, we tested multiple measures of mitochondrial function and integrity in a cohort of 114 GW veterans, 80 with and 34 without GWI as assessed by the Kansas definition. In circulating white blood cells, we analyzed multiple measures of mitochondrial respiration and extracellular acidification, a proxy for non-aerobic energy generation; mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number; mtDNA damage; and nuclear DNA damage. We also collected detailed survey data on demographics; deployment; self-reported exposure to pesticides, pyridostigmine bromide, and chemical and biological warfare agents; and current biometrics, health and activity levels. We observed a 9% increase in mtDNA content in blood in veterans with GWI, but did not detect differences in DNA damage. Basal and ATP-linked oxygen consumption were respectively 42% and 47% higher in veterans without GWI, after adjustment for mtDNA amount. We did not find evidence for a compensatory increase in anaerobic energy generation: extracellular acidification was also lower in GWI (12% lower at baseline). A subset of 27 and 26 veterans returned for second and third visits, allowing us to measure stability of mitochondrial parameters over time. mtDNA CN, mtDNA damage, ATP-linked OCR, and spare respiratory capacity were moderately replicable over time, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.43, 0.44, 0.50, and 0.57, respectively. Other measures showed higher visit-to-visit variability. Many measurements showed lower replicability over time among veterans with GWI compared to veterans without GWI. Finally, we found a strong association between recalled exposure to pesticides, pyridostigmine bromide, and chemical and biological warfare agents and GWI (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.0001, respectively). Our results demonstrate decreased mitochondrial respiratory function as well as decreased glycolytic activity, both of which are consistent with decreased energy availability, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in veterans with GWI.

Drosophila immune priming to Enterococcus faecalis relies on immune tolerance rather than resistance.

Innate immune priming increases an organism's survival of a second infection after an initial, non-lethal infection. We used Drosophila melanogaster and an insect-derived strain of Enterococcus faecalis to study transcriptional control of priming. In contrast to other pathogens, the enhanced survival in primed animals does not correlate with decreased E. faecalis load. Further analysis shows that primed organisms tolerate, rather than resist infection. Using RNA-seq of immune tissues, we found many genes were upregulated in only primed flies, suggesting a distinct transcriptional program in response to initial and secondary infections. In contrast, few genes continuously express throughout the experiment or more efficiently re-activate upon reinfection. Priming experiments in immune deficient mutants revealed Imd is largely dispensable for responding to a single infection but needed to fully prime. Together, this indicates the fly's innate immune response is plastic-differing in immune strategy, transcriptional program, and pathway use depending on infection history.