Predonation Prescription Opioid Use: A Novel Risk Factor for Readmission After Living Kidney Donation.

Implications of opioid use in living kidney donors for key outcomes, including readmission rates after nephrectomy, are unknown. We integrated Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients data with records from a nationwide pharmacy claims warehouse and administrative records from an academic hospital consortium to quantify predonation prescription opioid use and postdonation readmission events. Associations of predonation opioid use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]) in the year before donation and other baseline clinical, procedural, and center factors with readmission within 90 days postdonation were examined by using multivariate logistic regression. Among 14 959 living donors, 11.3% filled one or more opioid prescriptions in the year before donation. Donors with the highest level of predonation opioid use (>305 mg/year) were more than twice as likely as nonusers to be readmitted (6.8% vs. 2.6%; aOR 2.49, 95% confidence interval 1.74-3.58). Adjusted readmission risk was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher for women (aOR = 1.25), African Americans (aOR = 1.45), spouses (aOR = 1.42), exchange participants (aOR = 1.46), uninsured donors (aOR = 1.40), donors with predonation estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (aOR = 2.68), donors with predonation pulmonary conditions (aOR = 1.54), and after robotic nephrectomy (aOR = 1.68). Predonation opioid use is independently associated with readmission after donor nephrectomy. Future research should examine underlying mechanisms and approaches to reducing risks of postdonation complications.

The Impact of Redistricting Proposals on Health Care Expenditures for Liver Transplant Candidates and Recipients.

Redistricting, which means sharing organs in novel districts developed through mathematical optimization, has been proposed to reduce pervasive geographic disparities in access to liver transplantation. The economic impact of redistricting was evaluated with two distinct data sources, Medicare claims and the University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC). We estimated total Medicare payments under (i) the current allocation system (Share 35), (ii) full regional sharing, (iii) an eight-district plan, and (iv) a four-district plan for a simulated population of patients listed for liver transplant over 5 years, using the liver simulated allocation model. The model predicted 5-year transplant volumes (Share 35, 29,267; regional sharing, 29,005; eight districts, 29,034; four districts, 28,265) and a reduction in overall mortality, including listed and posttransplant patients, of up to 676 lives. Compared with current allocation, the eight-district plan was estimated to reduce payments for pretransplant care ($1638 million to $1506 million, p < 0.001), transplant episode ($5607 million to $5569 million, p < 0.03) and posttransplant care ($479 million to $488 million, p < 0.001). The eight-district plan was estimated to increase per-patient transportation costs for organs ($8988 to $11,874 per patient, p < 0.001) and UHC estimated hospital costs ($4699 per case). In summary, redistricting appears to be potentially cost saving for the health care system but will increase the cost of performing liver transplants for some transplant centers.

Perioperative Complications After Living Kidney Donation: A National Study.

We integrated the US transplant registry with administrative records from an academic hospital consortium (97 centers, 2008-2012) to identify predonation comorbidity and perioperative complications captured in diagnostic, procedure, and registry sources. Correlates (adjusted odds ratio, aOR) of perioperative complications were examined with multivariate logistic regression. Among 14 964 living kidney donors, 11.6% were African American. Nephrectomies were predominantly laparoscopic (93.8%); 2.4% were robotic and 3.7% were planned open procedures. Overall, 16.8% of donors experienced a perioperative complication, most commonly gastrointestinal (4.4%), bleeding (3.0%), respiratory (2.5%), surgical/anesthesia-related injuries (2.4%), and "other" complications (6.6%). Major Clavien Classification of Surgical Complications grade IV or higher affected 2.5% of donors. After adjustment for demographic, clinical (including comorbidities), procedure, and center factors, African Americans had increased risk of any complication (aOR 1.26, p = 0.001) and of Clavien grade II or higher (aOR 1.39, p = 0.0002), grade III or higher (aOR 1.56, p < 0.0001), and grade IV or higher (aOR 1.56, p = 0.004) events. Other significant correlates of Clavien grade IV or higher events included obesity (aOR 1.55, p = 0.0005), predonation hematologic (aOR 2.78, p = 0.0002) and psychiatric (aOR 1.45, p = 0.04) conditions, and robotic nephrectomy (aOR 2.07, p = 0.002), while annual center volume >50 (aOR 0.55, p < 0.0001) was associated with lower risk. Complications after live donor nephrectomy vary with baseline demographic, clinical, procedure, and center factors, but the most serious complications are infrequent. Future work should examine underlying mechanisms and approaches to minimizing the risk of perioperative complications in all donors.

Variation in biliary complication rates following liver transplantation: implications for cost and outcome.

Although biliary complications (BCs) have a significant impact on the outcome of liver transplantation (LT), variation in BC rates among transplant centers has not been previously analyzed. BC rate, LT outcome and spending were assessed using linked Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients and Medicare claims (n = 16,286 LTs). Transplant centers were assigned to BC quartiles based upon risk-adjusted observed to expected (O:E) ratio of BC separately for donation after brain death (DBD) and donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors. The median incidence of BC was 300% greater in the highest versus lowest DBD quartiles (19.0% vs. 5.9%) and varied 250% between DCD quartiles (20.3%-8.4%). Donor and recipient characteristics suggest that high BC centers actually used lower donor risk index organs, fewer split livers and fewer imports (p < 0.001 for all). Transplant at a center in the highest O:E quartile was associated with increased posttransplant mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.53, p = 0.007) in DCD transplant and increased graft loss (aHR 1.21, p = 0.02) in DBD transplant. Medicare spending was $22,895 (p < 0.0001) higher at centers in highest versus lowest BC quartile. In summary, BC rates vary widely among transplant centers and higher rates are a marker for an increased risk of death, graft failure and health-care spending.

Assessing variation in the costs of care among patients awaiting liver transplantation.

Previous economic analyses of liver transplantation have focused on the cost of the transplant and subsequent care. Accurate characterization of the pretransplant costs, indexed to severity of illness, is needed to assess the economic burden of liver disease. A novel data set linking Medicare claims with transplant registry data for 15,710 liver transplant recipients was used to determine average monthly waitlist spending (N = 249,434 waitlist months) using multivariable linear regression models to adjust for recipient characteristics including Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. Characteristics associated with higher spending included older age, female gender, hepatocellular carcinoma, diabetes, hypertension and increasing MELD score (p < 0.05 for all). Spending increased exponentially with severity of illness: expected monthly spending at a MELD score of 30 was 10 times higher than at MELD of 20 ($22,685 vs. $2030). Monthly spending within MELD strata also varied geographically. For candidates with a MELD score of 35, spending varied from $19,548 (region 10) to $36,099 (region 7). Regional variation in waitlist costs may reflect the impact of longer waiting times on greater pretransplant hospitalization rates among high MELD score patients. Reducing the number of high MELD waitlist patients through improved medical management and novel organ allocation systems could decrease total spending for end-stage liver care.

The economic implications of broader sharing of liver allografts.

Liver transplantation has evolved over the past four decades into the most effective method to treat end-stage liver failure and one of the most expensive medical technologies available. Accurate understanding of the financial implication of recipient severity of illness is crucial to assessing the economic impact of allocation policies. A novel database of linked clinical data from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network with cost accounting data from the University HealthSystem Consortium was used to analyze liver transplant costs for 15,813 liver transplants. This data was then utilized to consider the economic impact of alternative allocation systems designed to increase sharing of liver allografts using simulation results. Transplant costs were strongly associated with recipient severity of illness as assessed by the MELD score (p < 0.0001); however, this relationship was not linear. Simulation analysis of the reallocation of livers from low MELD patients to high MELD using a two-tiered regional sharing approach (MELD 15/25) resulted in 88 fewer deaths annually at estimated cost of $17,056 per quality-adjusted life-year saved. The results suggest that broader sharing of liver allografts offers a cost-effective strategy to reduce the mortality from end stage liver disease.

The clinical importance of flow cytometry crossmatch in the context of CDC crossmatch results.

BACKGROUND: The complement-dependent microcytotoxicity crossmatch (CDCXM) is a standard method for evaluating the presence of preformed antibodies before transplantation. The flow cytometry crossmatch (FCXM) is more sensitive, but there is controversy regarding translation of its increased sensitivity to clinically relevant graft outcomes. METHODS: We analyzed Organ Procurement and Transplant Network registry data for living and deceased donor kidney transplants performed in 1995 to 2009 after both CDCXM and FCXM testing. Transplants with negative CDCXM (CDCXM(-)) and with T-cell positive (T(+)), T-cell negative/B-cell positive (T(-)B(+)), or T- and B-cell negative (T(-)B(-)) FCXM results were included. Graft survival according to crossmatch results was compared by survival analysis. RESULTS: Among patients transplanted with negative CDCXM (CDCXM(-)), deceased and living donor graft recipients with T(+) FXCM experienced significant absolute reductions in 5-year graft survival of 11.5% and 8.8% compared to those with T(-) FCXM (P < .0001). Compared to patients with FCXM(-)/CDCXM(-) deceased and living donor recipients with T(-)B(+) FCXM/CDCXM(-) had absolute reductions in 5-year graft survival of 9.6% and 7.6%, respectively (P < .0001). Upon multivariate adjustment with Cox regression, T(+) FCXM/CDCXM(-) deceased donor transplantation was associated with 51% higher adjusted relative risk of 1-year graft loss than FCXM(-)/CDCXM(-). Relative risks were more marked at 1 year for the T(+) groups but stronger in the 1- to 5-year interval for the T(-)B(+) groups. CONCLUSION: Positive FCXM has important prognostic implications even when CDCXM is negative. Thus, positive FCXM should not routinely be dismissed as "overly sensitive" when CDCXM is negative.

Monozygotic transplantation: concerns and opportunities.

We describe the case of a 24-year-old female with end-stage renal disease from focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) diagnosed at age 16, who underwent monozygotic triplet transplantation at age 21 from her sister. Monozygosity was established by buccal smear DNA PCR amplification using short tandem repeat (1) profiling for 16 genetic alleles. All immunosuppression was discontinued by 1 month posttransplant. To evaluate the use of immunosuppression in HLA identical monozygotic transplantation, we interrogated the OPTN (Organ Procurement Transplant Network) database for all transplants conducted from 1987 to 2006. We identified 194 probable identical twin transplantations based on age, gender, race, ethnic category, blood type and HLA match. We evaluated the use of various immunosuppressive agents at discharge, 6 months and 1, 2 and 3 years after transplantation. Seventy-one percent of these patients at discharge and 34% at the end of 1 year were on immunosuppression. At discharge 61% received steroids and 30% received calcineurin inhibitors and 66% of these remained on calcineurin inhibitors at 1 year. Renal function was superior among those not maintained on immunosuppression. Thus, monozygotic transplantation confers an immunologic advantage that allows immunosuppression elimination despite a risk of recurrent glomerular disease such as FSGS with appropriate evaluation and management.