Chilean Botrytis cinerea Isolates with Reduced Sensitivity to Fludioxonil Exhibit Low to Null Fitness Penalties.

The main phytosanitary problem for table grape production in Chile is gray mold caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. To manage this issue, the primary method utilized is chemical control. Fludioxonil, a phenylpyrrole, is highly effective in controlling B. cinerea and other plant pathogens. Consistently, there have been no field reports of reduced efficacy of fludioxonil; however, subpopulations with reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil are on the rise globally, as per increasing reports. Our study involved a large-scale evaluation of B. cinerea's sensitivity to fludioxonil in the Central Valley of Chile's primary table grape production area during the growing seasons from 2015 to 2018. Out of 2,207 isolates, only 1.04% of the isolates (n = 23) exceeded the sensitivity threshold value of 1 µg/ml. Remarkably, 95.7% are concentrated in a geographic region (Valparaíso Region). Isolates with reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil showed growth comparable with sensitive isolates and even more robust growth under nutritional deficit, temperature, or osmotic stress, suggesting greater environmental adaptation. When table grape detached berries were stored at 0°C, isolates less sensitive to fludioxonil caused larger lesions than sensitive isolates (2.82 mm compared with 1.48 mm). However, the lesions generated by both types of isolates were equivalent at room temperature. This study found no cross-resistance between fludioxonil and fenhexamid, an essential fungicide integrated with fludioxonil in Chilean B. cinerea control programs. All the Chilean isolates with reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil were controlled by the fludioxonil/cyprodinil mixture, a commonly employed form of fludioxonil. The cyprodinil sensitivity in the isolates with reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil explains their low field frequency despite their null fitness penalties. However, the emergence of fludioxonil-resistant isolates inside the Chilean B. cinerea population demands a comprehensive analysis of their genetic bases, accompanied by monitoring tools that allow the permanence of field fludioxonil efficacy.

AAV-mediated inhibition of ULK1 promotes axonal regeneration in the central nervous system in vitro and in vivo.

Axonal damage is an early step in traumatic and neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Damaged axons are not able to regenerate sufficiently in the adult mammalian CNS, leading to permanent neurological deficits. Recently, we showed that inhibition of the autophagic protein ULK1 promotes neuroprotection in different models of neurodegeneration. Moreover, we demonstrated previously that axonal protection improves regeneration of lesioned axons. However, whether axonal protection mediated by ULK1 inhibition could also improve axonal regeneration is unknown. Here, we used an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector to express a dominant-negative form of ULK1 (AAV.ULK1.DN) and investigated its effects on axonal regeneration in the CNS. We show that AAV.ULK1.DN fosters axonal regeneration and enhances neurite outgrowth in vitro. In addition, AAV.ULK1.DN increases neuronal survival and enhances axonal regeneration after optic nerve lesion, and promotes long-term axonal protection after spinal cord injury (SCI) in vivo. Interestingly, AAV.ULK1.DN also increases serotonergic and dopaminergic axon sprouting after SCI. Mechanistically, AAV.ULK1.DN leads to increased ERK1 activation and reduced expression of RhoA and ROCK2. Our findings outline ULK1 as a key regulator of axonal degeneration and regeneration, and define ULK1 as a promising target to promote neuroprotection and regeneration in the CNS.

Botrytis prunorum Associated to Vitis vinifera Blossom Blight in Chile.

Table grapes are highly susceptible to Botrytis cinerea infections during the bloom period. After reaching the flower development stage, B. cinerea remains quiescent until berry ripening or gives rise to blossom blight under specific climate conditions. A research study was conducted on the Chilean Central Valley during the 2018-2019 growing season. Flowers of Vitis vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless were collected and B. cinerea was isolated together to a second and morphologically different species, characterized by white mycelium and low to no sporulation (11.4% of total isolates). Three randomly selected isolates within this population were genetically examined and identified as Botrytis prunorum based on a phylogenetic multilocus approach using partial regions of genes RPB2, HSP60, and G3PDH or NEP1 and NEP2. Pathogenicity tests showed that B. prunorum infects and causes wilting in healthy table grape flowers. B. prunorum isolates were able to infect Thompson Seedless berries, inducing lesions between 13.11 and 41.53% with respect to the lesion diameter generated by B. cinerea B05.10. The fungicide sensitivity was evaluated. The three genetically characterized isolates were sensitive to boscalid and to cyprodinil/fludioxonil mixture with a mean EC50 value of 5.5 µg/ml and 0.065 µg/ml, respectively. However, loss of sensitivity to fenhexamid was determined, with a mean EC50 value of 5.13 µg/ml. Our understanding about blossom blight in V. vinifera has been limited to B. cinerea. Here we associated B. prunorum as a second causal agent of this disease in Chile. This data represents a first approach to the epidemiological characteristics of B. prunorum associated with blossom blight in table grapes.

Autocuidado de las adultas mayores con diabetes mellitus inscritas en el programa de enfermedades crónicas en Temoaya, México / Self- care of the older adult with type 2 diabetes mellitus: new recruits to the chronic disease program in Temoaya, México

Los sujetos de estudio fueron un total de diez adultas mayores con un promedio de 63 años, en la unidad de Salud de San Pedro Arriba, Municipio de Temoaya. La unidad de salud constituye un escenario para la capacitación del usuario, sin embargo se presentan condicionantes en las adultas mayores para no aplicar lo aprendido. El objetivo de la investigación fue el describir las actividades de autocuidado en el adulto mayor con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, inscritos al programa de enfermedades crónicas degenerativas. Se presenta un reporte de investigación de corte cualitativo, se utilizo el método etnográfico, el cual aporta el punto de vista narrativo de la realidad, a partir de las diferentes formas de indagación etnográfica. Para acceder a la información se recurrió a la entrevista a profundidad. La información se registró haciendo énfasis en aquellos que describieron las rutinas y situaciones problemáticas que dio significado a su vida, en el Centro de Salud Rural Disperso. Las acciones que llevan a cabo los adultos mayores son: ejercicio, cuidado de la boca, dieta, monitoreo y cuidado de sus extremidades inferiores en un contexto propio donde existen un conjunto de valores, creencias, tradiciones, símbolos, lenguaje y organización social significativos para los miembros de un grupo, en este caso de los adultos mayores.

The subjects of study were ten older adults averaging 63 years of age from the San Pedro Arriba health Unit in the Municipality of Temoaya. The health Unit is the location for patient teaching however the reality is that the older adults do not to apply what they learned in the training. The objective of the study was to describe the self-care activities of older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus registered in the chronic disease program. A qualitative research methodology, ethnography with narrative analysis which differs from other types of ethnographic inquiry, was used. Data were gathered using in-depth interviews. The data were recorded with emphasis on descriptions of daily life and challenging situations that gave meaning to life of patients at the rural health center. The actions that the older adults carry out are: exercise, mouth care, diet, monitoring and care of their low extremities. Findings show that an important set of values, beliefs, traditions, symbols, language and social organization exist for members of this group of older adults.