Altered levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-5 depend on the TLR4 rs4986790 genotype in COPD smokers but not those exposed to biomass-burning smoke.

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with tobacco smoking and biomass-burning smoke exposure. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may contribute to its pathogenesis. The study aimed to assess the association of rs4986790 and rs4986791 in the TLR4 gene in a Mexican mestizo population with COPD secondary to tobacco smoking (COPD-TS) and biomass-burning smoke (COPD-BBS) and to evaluate whether the genotypes of risk affect cytokine serum levels. Materials and methods: We enrolled 2,092 participants and divided them into two comparisons according to their environmental exposure. SNPs were genotyped using TaqMan probes. Serum cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and INF-γ) were quantified by ELISA. Results: The rs4986790 AA genotype in COPD-TS was associated with a higher COPD risk (OR = 3.53). Haplotype analysis confirmed this association, identifying a block containing the rs4986790 allele (A-C, OR = 3.11). COPD-TS exhibited elevated IL-6, IL-4, and IL-5 levels compared with smokers without COPD (SWOC), whereas COPD-BBS displayed higher IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 levels. The AA carriers in the COPD-TS group had elevated IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-γ compared with carriers of AG or GG. Conclusion: The rs4986790 common allele and the A-C haplotype (rs4986790-rs4986791) were associated with a higher COPD risk in smokers; COPD patients carrying the AA genotype showed increased pro-inflammatory cytokines.

HLA-G 14-bp variant is associated with exercise-induced oxygen desaturation in the post-COVID-19 condition.

The HLA-G 14-bp indel (rs371194629) variant is associated with IMV requirement in COVID-19 and with exercise-induced desaturation in the post-COVID-19 condition https://bit.ly/3THdx1D.

Persistence of lung structural and functional alterations at one year post-COVID-19 is associated with increased serum PD-L2 levels and altered CD4/CD8 ratio.

BACKGROUND: Persistent respiratory symptoms and lung abnormalities post-COVID-19 are public health problems. This study evaluated biomarkers to stratify high-risk patients to the development or persistence of post-COVID-19 interstitial lung disease. METHODS: One hundred eighteen patients discharged with residual lung abnormalities compatible with interstitial lung disease (COVID-ILD patients) after a severe COVID-19 were followed for 1 year (post-COVID-ILD patients). Physical examination, pulmonary function tests, and chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) were performed. Soluble forms (s) of PD-L1, PD-L2, TIM-3, and GAL-9 were evaluated in serum and cell culture supernatant, as well as T-cells subsets and the transmembrane expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on the cell surface. RESULTS: Eighty percent of the post-COVID-ILD patients normalized their lung function at 1-year follow-up, 8% presented COVID-independent ILD, and 12% still showed functional and HRCT alterations. PD-L2 levels were heterogeneous during acute COVID-19 (aCOVID); patients who increased (at least 30%) their sPD-L2 levels at 1 year post-COVID-19 and exhibited altered CD4/CD8 ratio showed persistence of chest tomographic and functional alterations. By contrast, patients who decreased sPD-L2 displayed a complete lung recovery. sPD-L1, sTIM-3, and sGAL-9 increased significantly during aCOVID and decreased in all patients after 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: Increased sPD-L2 and an altered CD4/CD8 ratio after 12 months of aCOVID are associated with the persistence of lung lesions, suggesting that they may contribute to lung damage post-COVID-19.

The presence of cytotoxic CD4 and exhausted-like CD8+ T-cells is a signature of active tuberculosis.

Chronic infections induce CD4+ T-cells with cytotoxic functions (CD4 CTLs); at present, it is still unknown whether latent tuberculosis (LTB) and active tuberculosis (ATB) induce CD4 CTLs. Plasma and cells from four patient groups-uninfected contact (UC), LTB, and ATB (divided as sensitive [DS-TB]- or resistant [DR-TB]-drug)-were evaluated by flow cytometry, q-PCR, and proteomics. The data showed that ATB patients had an increased frequency of CD4+ T-cells and a decreased frequency of CD8+ T-cells. The latter displays an exhausted-like profile characterized by CD39, CD279, and TIM-3 expression. ATB had a high frequency of CD4 + perforin+ cells, suggesting a CD4 CTL profile. The expression (at the transcriptional level) of granzyme A, granzyme B, granulysin, and perforin, as well as the genes T-bet (Tbx21) and NKG2D (Klrk1), in enriched CD4+ T-cells, confirmed the cytotoxic signature of CD4+ T-cells during ATB (which was stronger in DS-TB than in DR-TB). Moreover, proteomic analysis revealed the presence of HSP70 (in DS-TB) and annexin A5 (in DR-TB), which are molecules that have been associated with favoring the CD4 CTL profile. Finally, we found that lipids from Mycobacterium tuberculosis increased the presence of CD4 CTLs in DR-TB patients. Our data suggest that ATB is characterized by exhausted-like CD8+ T-cells, which, together with a specific microenvironment, favor the presence of CD4 CTLs.

The Immune Response of OAS1, IRF9, and IFI6 Genes in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19.

COVID-19 is characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations, where aging, underlying diseases, and genetic background are related to worse outcomes. In the present study, the differential expression of seven genes related to immunity, IRF9, CCL5, IFI6, TGFB1, IL1B, OAS1, and TFRC, was analyzed in individuals with COVID-19 diagnoses of different disease severities. Two-step RT-qPCR was performed to determine the relative gene expression in whole-blood samples from 160 individuals. The expression of OAS1 (p < 0.05) and IFI6 (p < 0.05) was higher in moderate hospitalized cases than in severe ones. Increased gene expression of OAS1 (OR = 0.64, CI = 0.52-0.79; p = 0.001), IRF9 (OR = 0.581, CI = 0.43-0.79; p = 0.001), and IFI6 (OR = 0.544, CI = 0.39-0.69; p < 0.001) was associated with a lower risk of requiring IMV. Moreover, TGFB1 (OR = 0.646, CI = 0.50-0.83; p = 0.001), CCL5 (OR = 0.57, CI = 0.39-0.83; p = 0.003), IRF9 (OR = 0.80, CI = 0.653-0.979; p = 0.03), and IFI6 (OR = 0.827, CI = 0.69-0.991; p = 0.039) expression was associated with patient survival. In conclusion, the relevance of OAS1, IRF9, and IFI6 in controlling the viral infection was confirmed.

Association between anti-PL7 antibodies and increased fibrotic component in patients with antisynthetase syndrome and interstitial lung disease: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether anti-PL7 and anti-PL12 autoantibodies are associated with a greater extent of the fibrotic component of ILD in ASSD patients. METHODS: Patients with ILD-ASSD who were positive for one of the following autoantibodies: anti-Jo1, anti-PL7, anti-PL12, and anti-EJ were included. Clinical manifestations, CPK levels, pulmonary function tests, and HCRT assessments were prospectively collected according to the Goh index. The fibrotic, inflammatory, and overall extension of the Goh index and DLCO were assessed by multiple linear analyses and compared between ASSD antibody subgroups. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients were included; 17 were positive for anti-Jo1 (26%), 17 for anti-PL7 (26%), 20 for anti-PL12 (30%), and 9 (14%) for anti-EJ. Patients with anti-PL7 and anti-PL12 had a more extensive fibrotic component than anti-Jo1. Anti-PL7 patients had a 7.9% increase in the fibrotic extension (cß = 7.9; 95% CI 1.863, 13.918), and the strength of the association was not modified after controlling for sex, age, and time of disease evolution (aß = 7.9; 95% CI 0.677, 15.076) and also was associated with an increase in ILD severity after adjusting for the same variables, denoted by a lower DLCO (aß = - 4.47; 95% CI - 8.919 to - 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Anti-PL7-positive ASSD patients had more extensive fibrosis and severe ILD than the anti-Jo1 subgroup. This information is clinically useful and has significant implications for managing these patients, suggesting the need for early consideration of concurrent immunosuppressive and antifibrotic therapy.

sRAGE levels are decreased in plasma and sputum of COPD secondary to biomass-burning smoke and tobacco smoking: Differences according to the rs3134940 AGER variant.

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its gene (AGER) have been related to lung injury and inflammatory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed to evaluate the association of rs2071288, rs3134940, rs184003, and rs2070600 AGER single-nucleotide variants and the soluble-RAGE plasma and sputum levels with COPD secondary to biomass-burning smoke (BBS) and tobacco smoking. Four groups, including 2189 subjects, were analyzed: COPD secondary to BBS exposure (COPD-BBS, n = 342), BBS-exposed subjects without COPD (BBES, n = 774), tobacco smoking-induced COPD (COPD-TS, n = 434), and smokers without COPD (SWOC, n = 639). Allelic discrimination assays determined the AGER variants. The sRAGE was quantified in plasma (n = 240) and induced-sputum (n = 72) samples from a subgroup of patients using the ELISA technique. In addition, a meta-analysis was performed for the association of rs2070600 with COPD susceptibility. None of the studied genetic variants were found to be associated with COPD-BBS or COPD-TS. A marginal association was observed for the rs3134940 with COPD-BBS (p = 0.066). The results from the meta-analysis, including six case-control studies (n = 4149 subjects), showed a lack of association of rs2070600 with COPD susceptibility (p = 0.681), probably due to interethnic differences. The sRAGE plasma levels were lower in COPD-BBS compared to BBS and in COPD-TS compared to SWOC. The sRAGE levels were also lower in sputum samples from COPD-BBS than BBES. Subjects with rs3134940-TC genotypes exhibit lower sRAGE plasma levels than TT subjects, mainly from the COPD-BBS and SWOC groups. The AGER variants were not associated with COPD-BBS nor COPD-TS, but the sRAGE plasma and sputum levels are related to both COPD-BBS and COPD-TS and are influenced by the rs3134940 variant.

Genetic variants in ATP2B2 as risk factors for mortality in patients unrelated but not associated with families with severe COVID-19.

Introduction: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The disease has a wide range of clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic to severe. Ancestral contribution, sex, immune response, and genetic factors influence the presentation of the disease. The objective of the present study was to validate these genetic variants in patients with severe COVID-19 who died and in survivor patients. Methods: Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in six genes: ATPase plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting 2 (ATP2B2), transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2), (interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 2) IFNAR2, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A (TNFRSF1A), and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1B (TNFRSF1B), were explored in two groups: the first consisted of severe COVID-19-related patients (familial cases from 58 families, n = 130), and the second group of unrelated severe COVID-19 patients (n = 1045). In each study group, death was evaluated as the outcome. Results: In non-related patients with severe COVID-19, carriers of GG genotype (rs2289274) in the ATP2B2 gene showed a high-risk probability of non-surviving (OR = 1.43). Survival analysis to 75 days indicates that carriers of GG have a higher risk than GA or AA genotypes (p = 0.0059). The haplotype GG (rs2289273-rs2289274) in ATP2B2 was found to be associated with a high risk of death in severe non-related COVID-19 patients. No significant associations were found between severe COVID-19-related patients and SNVs in ATP2B2, TMPRSS2, DOCK2, IFNAR2, TNFRSF1A, or TNFRSF1B. Conclusions: Unrelated patients with severe COVID-19 that carry the GG genotype (rs2289274) in ATP2B2 showed a high death risk. Survival analysis to 75 days indicates that carriers of GG have a higher risk of non-survival compared to GA or AA genotypes.

Association of PADI2 and PADI4 polymorphisms in COVID-19 host severity and non-survival.

Background: Enzymes of the peptidylarginine deiminase family (PADs) play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. However, the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in their genes with COVID-19 severity and death is unknown. Methodology: We included 1045 patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 between October 2020 and December 2021. All subjects were genotyped for PADI2 (rs1005753 and rs2235926) and PADI4 (rs11203366, rs11203367, and rs874881) SNPs by TaqMan assays and their associations with disease severity, death, and inflammatory biomarkers were evaluated. Results: 291 patients presented had severe COVID-19 according to PaO2/FiO2, and 393 had a non-survival outcome. Carriers of the rs1005753 G/G genotype in the PADI2 gene presented susceptibility for severe COVID-19, while the heterozygous carriers in rs11203366, rs11203367, and rs874881 of the PADI4 gene showed risk of death. The GTACC haplotype in PADI2-PADI4 was associated with susceptibility to severe COVID-19, while the GCACC haplotype was a protective factor. The GCGTG haplotype was associated with severe COVID-19 but as a protective haplotype for death. Finally, the GTACC haplotype was associated with platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), the GCACC haplotype with neutrophil-to-hemoglobin and lymphocyte and the GCGTG haplotype as a protective factor for the elevation of procalcitonin, D-dimer, CRP, LCRP, NHL, SII, NLR, and PLR. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the haplotypic combination of GTACC and some individual genotypes of PADI2 and PADI4 contribute to the subjects' susceptibility for severity and death by COVID-19.

The type 2 inflammatory response favors recognition of tumor antigens by IgE in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Several studies describe an inverse statistical relationship between the presence of an allergy and development of cancer. However, the immunological mechanism involved in the relationship between these two degenerative diseases has not been explored. AIMS: The main objective of this study was to explore the possibility that the lymphocyte T helper (Th) 2 response, a characteristic of allergy, induces recognition of tumor antigens. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with a clinical diagnosis of breast ductal carcinoma were included. Histopathological markers related to proliferation of tumor cells were determined (Her-2-neu, Ki-67, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor). IHC was performed using IgE antibodies purified from an allergy patient and from each biopsy donor patient. Serum concentrations of cytokines representative of Th1 and Th2 inflammatory responses were determined. A total of 14 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of breast ductal carcinoma were included. IHC performed on biopsies showed a weak response when using purified IgE antibodies from an allergy patient; however, IHC using the IgE of each patient as the primary antibody showed an intense and highly specific signal. Serum concentrations of cytokines of the Th2 response, that is, IL-4 (130.5 pg/mL (116-135 pg/mL)), IL-5 (202 pg/mL (191-213 pg/mL)), and IL-13 (105.5 pg/mL (98-117 pg/mL)), were significantly higher than those of the Th1 response, that is, IL-6 (86 pg/mL (79-90 pg/mL)) and INF-γ (93 pg/mL (79-99 pg/mL)). CONCLUSION: Purified IgE antibodies specifically recognize tumor cells in breast ductal carcinoma.

Changes in lifestyle and physical and mental health related to long-confinement due COVID-19: a study during the first and second pandemic waves in Mexico and Chile.

We investigate changes in lifestyle, physical, and mental health during the confinement period of the first and second waves of COVID-19, as well as their relation to sociodemographic parameters and confinement status. Sociodemographic data and information regarding changes in their lifestyle behavior and changes in body weight and physical activity (PA) were collected. The SF-36 questionnaire was implemented for measuring the domains related to physical health (PH) and mental health (MH). The growth frequency of weight gain in the Mexican (4.8%) and Chilean (10.9%) populations was observed during the second wave. The MH component decreased in the Mexican and the Chilean population (p < 0.05). Moreover, the MH decreased significantly according to the degree of confinement (p < 0.01). Although some sociodemographic factors were related to the presence of a very low score (<50 scores) for the MH component during the first wave, it is perceived as a higher relative risk during the second wave in both populations. The long confinement due to COVID-19 is associated to negative changes in nutritional and physical lifestyle behavior, affecting mainly the MH component.

Variant rs4986790 of toll-like receptor 4 affects the signaling and induces cell dysfunction in patients with severe COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 on the cell surface of innate and adaptive cells from patients with COVID-19 carrying the rs4986790 GG genotype in the TLR4 gene and the functional profile of these cells. METHODS: We included 1169 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The rs4986790 in TLR4 was identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and cultured to evaluate TLR-4 expression on immune cells. Supernatants recovered culture assays were stored, and we measured cytokines and cytotoxic molecules. RESULTS: We showed that the rs4986790 (GG) was significantly associated (P = 0.0310) with severe COVID-19. Cells of patients with COVID-19 carrying the GG genotype have increased the frequency of monocytes and activated naïve and non-switched B cells positive to TLR-4 when cells are stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and with spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Also, cells from patients with GG COVID-19 cannot produce pro-inflammatory cytokines after lipopolysaccharide stimulus, but they are high producers of cytotoxic molecules at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The rs4986790 GG genotype of the TLR4 is associated with the risk of COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients carrying the rs4986790 (TLR4) GG genotype had a limited delivery of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to the AA and AG genotypes in which TLR-4 stimulation induces IL-10, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and Fas ligand production.

Clinical risk factors in patients with interstitial lung disease associated with anti-MDA5 autoantibodies / Factores de riesgo clínicos en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar intersticial con anticuerpos anti-MDA5

Introduction The anti-MDA5-associated autoimmune disease represents a poorly understood entity. The study's objectives were to describe a cohort of interstitial lung disease (ILD) patients who were positive for anti-MDA5 autoantibody and identify clinical risk factors associated with survival. Methods This single-center cohort study included ILD patients positive for anti-MDA5 autoantibody. Baseline clinical features were registered, and survival analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with worse survival. Results Fifty-three ILD-MDA5 positive patients were included; twelve died during follow-up due to rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD). Dermatological signs of anti-MDA5 (Gottron papules, Gottron sign, palmar papules, V-neck sign, facial dermatomyositis rashes, and skin ulcers) were strongly associated with death secondary to RP-ILD (HR: 3.7, 95% CI: 1.02–13.35). Patients with dermatological signs were younger, had higher anti-MDA5 autoantibodies titers, more frequent inflammatory patterns in HRCT evaluation, and less fibrosis extent in HRCT. Conclusion Dermatological manifestation in ILD patients to anti-MDA5 autoantibodies are associated with RP-ILD and short-term fatal outcomes. Dermatological signs may identify a subgroup of ILD-positive to anti-MDA5 patients with a high risk of RP-ILD (AU)

Introducción La enfermedad autoinmune asociada a los anticuerpos anti-MDA5 es una entidad poco estudiada. Los objetivos de este estudio son describir una cohorte de sujetos con enfermedad pulmonar intersticial (EPI) positivos al anticuerpo anti-MDA5 e identificar los factores clínicos de riesgo asociados con la supervivencia. Métodos Estudio de cohorte de un solo centro de pacientes con EPI y positivos al anticuerpo anti-MDA5. Se registraron las características clínicas basales y se realizó un análisis de supervivencia para identificar los factores de riesgo asociados con la supervivencia. Resultados Se incluyeron 53 pacientes con EPI y positivos a anti-MDA5; 12 pacientes fallecieron por una enfermedad intersticial rápidamente progresiva (EPI-RP). Los signos dermatológicos asociados a anti-MDA5 (pápulas de Gottron, signo de Gottron, pápulas palmares, signo de la V del escote, eritema facial de dermatomiositis y úlceras cutáneas) se asociaron fuertemente con la EPI-RP (HR: 3,7, IC 95%: 1,02-13,35). Los pacientes con manifestaciones dermatológicas eran más jóvenes, tenían mayores títulos de anticuerpos anti-MDA5, tenían mayor frecuencia de patrones inflamatorios en la tomografía de tórax de alta resolución y menor extensión de la fibrosis en la TCAR. Conclusión Las manifestaciones dermatológicas en los pacientes con EPI positivos a anticuerpos anti-MDA5 están asociados a EPI-RP y a desenlaces fatales al corto plazo. Los signos dermatológicos pueden identificar un subgrupo de pacientes positivos a anti-MDA5 con mayor riesgo de EPI-RP (AU)

Lung microbiome alterations in patients with anti-Jo1 antisynthetase syndrome and interstitial lung disease.

Aim: To characterize the lung microbiome in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with Antisynthetase Syndrome (ASSD) according to anti-Jo1 autoantibody positivity and evaluate the correlation with differential cell count and other bacterial genera in BALF. Methods: We sequenced the 16S ribosomal RNA gene in the BALF of anti-Jo1-positive (JoP, n=6) and non-Jo1-positive (NJo, n=17) patients, and the differential cell count in BALF was evaluated. The Spearman's correlation was calculated for the quantitative variables and abundance of bacterial species. Results: The Veillonella genus showed a significant decrease (p<0.01) in JoP (2.2%) in comparison to NJo (4.1%) patients. The correlation analysis showed several high (rho ≥ ± 0.7) and significant (p < 0.05) correlations. We analyzed the results obtained for the Veillonella genera and other study variables. The JoP group showed that the abundance of Veillonella had a high negative correlation with macrophages (rho = - 0.77) and a positive correlation with eosinophils (rho = 0.77), lymphocytes (rho = 0.77), and Prevotella (rho = 1). Conclusions: The lung microbiome in ASSD patients differs and may affect cell composition, contributing to lung damage mechanisms. The presence of anti-Jo1 autoantibodies showed a low abundance of Veillonella. This genus had a strong and positive correlation with Prevotella abundance and levels of eosinophils and lymphocytes, and it showed a strong negative correlation with the percentage of macrophages.

Peptidyl Arginine Deiminases in Chronic Diseases: A Focus on Rheumatoid Arthritis and Interstitial Lung Disease.

Protein citrullination is accomplished by a broad enzyme family named Peptidyl Arginine Deiminases (PADs), which makes this post-translational modification in many proteins that perform physiological and pathologic mechanisms in the body. Due to these modifications, citrullination has become a significant topic in the study of pathological processes. It has been related to some chronic and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), interstitial lung diseases (ILD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and certain types of cancer, among others. Antibody production against different targets, including filaggrin, vimentin, and collagen, results in an immune response if they are citrullinated, which triggers a continuous inflammatory process characteristic of autoimmune and certain chronic diseases. PAD coding genes (PADI1 to PADI4 and PADI6) harbor variations that can be important in these enzymes' folding, activity, function, and half-life. However, few studies have considered these genetic factors in the context of chronic diseases. Exploring PAD pathways and their role in autoimmune and chronic diseases is a major topic in developing new pharmacological targets and valuable biomarkers to improve diagnosis and prevention. The present review addresses and highlights genetic, molecular, biochemical, and physiopathological factors where PAD enzymes perform a major role in autoimmune and chronic diseases.

Participation of Single-Nucleotide Variants in IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 in the Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review.

Host genetic factors significantly influence susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. Among these genetic factors are single-nucleotide variants (SNVs). IFNAR2 and IFNAR1 genes have been associated with severe COVID-19 in populations from the United Kingdom, Africa, and Latin America. IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 are subunits forming the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR). SNVs in the IFNAR genes impact protein function, affecting antiviral response and disease phenotypes. This systematic review aimed to describe IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 variants associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Accordingly, the current review focused on IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 studies published between January 2021 and February 2023, utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol. The electronic search was conducted in PubMed databases using Boolean operators and inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the 170 literature pieces, 11 studies were included. We include case reports of rare SNVs, defined by minor allele frequency (MAF) < 1%, and genome-wide associated studies (GWAS). Variants in IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 could potentially be new targets for therapies that limit the infection and the resulting inflammation by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Lack of association of the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (FTO) gene polymorphisms with pulmonary tuberculosis risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: Our meta-analysis aims to explore the association of two single nucleotide variants; rs9939609 and rs8050136, within the FTO gene with risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Methods: The association of two single nucleotide variants with PTB in three genetic models was evaluated using pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs. Results: No significant association was observed between the rs9939609 polymorphism and PTB when assuming an allelic model (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.85-1.41; P=0.47; I2 = 64.98%), a recessive model (OR: 2.04; 95% CI: 0.87-4.77; P=0.10; I2 = 67.18%), or a dominant model (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.83-1.11; P=0.56; I2 = 27.45%). Likewise, no association was observed between rs8050136 polymorphism and PTB when assuming allelic model (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.87-1.58; P=0.31; I2 = 64.20%) or recessive model (OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.32-3.38; P=0.95; I2 = 68.82%) or dominant model (OR: 1.22; 95% CI: 0.87-1.71; P=0.26; I2 = 58.69%). Conclusion: There might be no association between the rs9939609 and rs8050136 variants in the FTO gene, and the risk of PTB.

Molecular Factors in PAD2 (PADI2) and PAD4 (PADI4) Are Associated with Interstitial Lung Disease Susceptibility in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients.

Around 50% of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients show some extra-articular manifestation, with the lung a usually affected organ; in addition, the presence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) is a common feature, which is caused by protein citrullination modifications, catalyzed by the peptidyl arginine deiminases (PAD) enzymes. We aimed to identify single nucleotide variants (SNV) in PADI2 and PADI4 genes (PAD2 and PAD4 proteins, respectively) associated with susceptibility to interstitial lung disease (ILD) in RA patients and the PAD2 and PAD4 levels. Material and methods: 867 subjects were included: 118 RA-ILD patients, 133 RA patients, and 616 clinically healthy subjects (CHS). Allelic discrimination was performed in eight SNVs using qPCR, four in PADI2 and four in PADI4. The ELISA technique determined PAD2 and PAD4 levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples, and the population structure was evaluated using 14 informative ancestry markers. Results: The rs1005753-GG (OR = 4.9) in PADI2 and rs11203366-AA (OR = 3.08), rs11203367-GG (OR = 2.4) in PADI4 are associated with genetic susceptibility to RA-ILD as well as the ACTC haplotype (OR = 2.64). In addition, the PAD4 protein is increased in RA-ILD individuals harboring the minor allele homozygous genotype in PADI4 SNVs. Moreover, rs1748033 in PADI4, rs2057094, and rs2076615 in PADI2 are associated with RA susceptibility. In conclusion, in RA patients, single nucleotide variants in PADI4 and PADI2 are associated with ILD susceptibility. The rs1748033 in PADI4 and two different SNVs in PADI2 are associated with RA development but not ILD. PAD4 serum levels are increased in RA-ILD patients.