Clinical Outcomes of Myocardial Bridging versus No Myocardial Bridging in Patients with Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and clinical effects of myocardial bridging (MB) in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCM). METHODS: Angiograms from 212 AHCM patients were reviewed to identify MB. The patients were classified into 2 groups: AHCM with and AHCM without MB. We reviewed patient records on cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, symptoms, CV events, and CV mortality. RESULTS: In all, 60 patients with MB and 100 without MB were included. Rates of angina (61.7 vs. 40%; p = 0.008), mimicking non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (15 vs. 3%, p = 0.013), and Canadian Cardiovascular Society class III/IV angina (18.3 vs. 4%; p = 0.003) were higher in patients with MB than in those without. Mean follow-up periods (65.5 ± 50.5 vs. 64.4 ± 43.6 months, p = 0.378) and CV mortality (3.3 vs. 1%; p = 0.652) were similar in the 2 groups. Kaplan-Meier estimates demonstrated that CV event-free survival rates were lower in patients with MB than in those without (71.7 vs. 88%; p = 0.022). MB, late gadolinium enhancement, and female sex were independent risk factors for CV events in a multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusted for other risk factors. CONCLUSION: More serious symptoms and a higher risk of CV events were observed in AHCM patients with MB than in those without MB. CV mortality was similar in these 2 groups.

Procedural complication and long term outcomes after alcohol septal ablation in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: data from China.

Data on procedural complications and long term survival after alcohol septal ablation (ASA) in Chinese patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM) are lacking. We aimed to investigate long-term survival of HOCM patients after ASA and compared to the non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(NOHCM). A total of 233 patients with HOCM and a peak pressure gradient of ≥50 mm Hg at rest or with provocation were consecutively enrolled from Fuwai Hospital in China between 2000 and 2012. Another 297 patients without left ventricular outflow tract obstruction were regarded as control group. Periprocedural mortality of ASA were low (0.89%). Periprocedural lethal ventricular arrhythmia occurred in 9 patients (4.0%). Alcohol volume (RR 1.44, 95% CI: 1.03-2.03, P = 0.034) and age ≤40 years old (RR 4.63, 95% CI: 1.07-20.0, P = 0.040) were independent predictors for periprocedural lethal ventricular arrhythmia. The 10- year overall survival was 94.6% in the ASA group, similar with 92.9% in the NOHCM group (P = 0.930). In conclusion, periprocedural mortality and complications were rare in ASA. Long term survival after ASA were satisfactory and comparable to NOHCM. Patients under 40 years old should be more cautious undergoing ASA, for these patients were more likely to endure lethal ventricular arrhythmia during periprocedural period of ASA.

Long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is associated with poor prognosis. It has been reported that there is no difference in in-hospital mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between patients with and without HCM. However, whether there is a difference in long-term survival after AMI between patients with and without HCM remains unclear. HYPOTHESIS: Long-term survival after AMI is worse in patients with vs without HCM. METHODS: The clinical profiles of 91 consecutive patients with HCM and AMI (HCM group) and 91 sex- and age-matched patients with AMI without HCM (non-HCM group) were analyzed. The study endpoint was all-cause mortality. RESULTS: During a follow-up period of 4.9 ± 3.6 years, all-cause mortality occurred in 25 patients (27.5%) in the HCM group and 13 patients (14.3%) in the non-HCM group. The survival of the HCM group was inferior to that of the non-HCM group (log-rank P = 0.039). During the first year of follow-up, 3 deaths (3.3%) occurred in the HCM group and 7 deaths (7.7%) occurred in the non-HCM group (log-rank P = 0.177). Among patients who survived beyond the first year of follow-up (172 patients), the annual mortality rates were 6.3% (95% confidence interval: 4.0%-9.3%) in the HCM group and 1.6% (95% confidence interval: 0.6%-3.5%) in the non-HCM group (log-rank P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: AMI patients with HCM exhibited worse long-term survival than did AMI patients without HCM.

Effectiveness of Alcohol Septal Ablation Versus Transaortic Extended Myectomy in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Midventricular Obstruction.

OBJECTIVES: Investigate the effectiveness of alcohol septal ablation (ASA) and transaortic extended myectomy (TEM) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with midventricular obstruction (MVO). BACKGROUND: MVO is less common than subaortic obstruction. Data on the effectiveness of ASA and TEM in MVO are lacking. METHODS: The clinical profiles of 22 patients undergoing ASA and 37 patients undergoing TEM were compared. No patient had apical aneurysm, abnormal chordae, mitral valve replacement or repair. RESULTS: Baseline midventricular pressure gradient and symptoms were comparable between the ASA and TEM groups. During follow-up, both groups demonstrated substantial reduction in pressure gradient (the ASA group: 79.7 ± 21.2 mm Hg to 43.7 ± 28.9 mm Hg, P < 0.001; the TEM group: 69.0 ± 23.9 mm Hg to 15.0 ± 16.9 mm Hg, P < 0.001). The reduction in pressure gradient was greater (78.9 ± 18.6% vs. 46.4 ± 33.4%, P < 0.001) and the residual pressure gradient was lower after TEM versus ASA (P < 0.001). Patients with New York Heart Association class III/IV dyspnea decreased from 59.1 to 18.2% (P = 0.022) in the ASA group and from 56.8 to 5.6% (P < 0.001) in the TEM group. Patients with Canadian Cardiovascular Society class III/IV angina decreased from 40.9 to 9.1% (P = 0.016) in the ASA group and from 32.4 to 0% (P < 0.001) in the TEM group. CONCLUSIONS: While ASA and TEM both improve gradients and symptoms, TEM may provide a more reliable reduction in gradients compared to ASA.

Effectiveness of Alcohol Septal Ablation in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy With Versus Without Extreme Septal Hypertrophy.

AIMS: Data on the effectiveness of alcohol septal ablation (ASA) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and extreme septal hypertrophy (ESH) are lacking. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of ASA in patients with vs without ESH. METHODS: Clinical profiles of 17 patients with ESH and 256 patients without ESH were compared. RESULTS: Baseline pressure gradient and limiting symptoms were comparable between patients with and without ESH. At median 1.1 years of follow-up after ASA, pressure gradient was 48.5 ± 40.4 mm Hg in the ESH group and 40.9 ± 35.2 mm Hg in the non-ESH (N-ESH) group (P=.33). Patients with New York Heart Association class III/IV represented 5.9% of the ESH group and 16.9% of the N-ESH group (P=.39). Patients with Canadian Cardiovascular Society class III/IV represented 5.9% of the ESH group and 10.2% of the N-ESH group (P=.87). CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of ASA seems comparable between patients with and without ESH.

Incidence of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≤1 and without anticoagulant therapy.

Data on the risk of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism (iSSE) events in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), a CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≤1, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and without anticoagulant therapy are still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of iSSE events in these patients. We consecutively screened medical records of patients with HCM and NVAF referred to Fuwai Hospital between January 1994 and March 2014. The primary end point was iSSE events, defined as a composite of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. Follow-up was carried out to ascertain end point status. Medical records of 522 patients with NVAF and HCM were screened. A total of 108 patients (20.7 %) with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≤1 and without anticoagulant therapy were enrolled and constituted our study population. After a median follow-up of 2.4 years (range 0.6-14.1 years; 376.2 patient-years), ischemic stroke occurred in 2 patients, resulting in death of 1 patient in the first year and paralysis of the other patient in the fourth year. No other iSSE events occurred. The incidence of iSSE was 0.9 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.0-5.0 %] in the first year, and 0.5 % per 100 patient-years (95 % CI 0.1-1.9 %). The risk of iSSE events seems low in patients with NVAF, a CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≤1, HCM, and without anticoagulant therapy. Multicenter studies with sizeable study populations are needed to validate the risk of iSSE events in these patients.

Survival after alcohol septal ablation versus conservative therapy in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: The impact of alcohol septal ablation (ASA) on the survival of patients with drug-refractory obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remains unresolved. The aim of this study was to compare survival after ASA vs. conservative therapy. METHODS: We studied a consecutive cohort of 274 patients with severe drug-refractory obstructive HCM, 229 in ASA group and 45 in conservative group. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality and aborted cardiac arrest. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 4.3 years, primary endpoint occurred in 13 (5.7%) patients in the ASA group, and 8 (17.8%) patients in the conservative group. The 5- and 10-year survival free from primary endpoint of the ASA group (94.5% and 93.0%, respectively) was significantly better than that of the conservative group (78.3% and 72.2%, respectively, log-rank p = 0.009). Independent determinants of primary endpoint were ASA therapy (hazard ratio [HR] 0.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.08-0.60; p = 0.003) and maximal septal thickness (HR 1.14; 95% CI 1.03-1.27; p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with severe drug-refractory obstructive HCM, survival after ASA is favorable and better than that of conservative therapy. ASA seems to improve survival.

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of 60 patients with midventricular obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Midventricular obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (MVOHCM) is a rare form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Knowledge regarding the diagnosis, morbidity and cardiovascular mortality is limited. In this study, we aimed to describe the long-term outcomes of patients with MVOHCM followed in a tertiary referral centre.Methods A retrospective study of 60 patients with MVOHCM diagnosed at FuWai Hospital was performed. Clinical features, mortality and cardiovascular morbidity were analysed. RESULTS: The 60 patients with MVOHCM represented 2.9% of all the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cases (n = 2068). At diagnosis, the mean age was 40.2 ±â€Š15.0 years. During 7.1 ±â€Š6.3 years of follow-up after diagnosis, the cardiovascular mortality was 15.0%. The probability of survival at 10 years was 77.0 ±â€Š8.0%. The following two predictors of cardiovascular mortality were identified: severe ventricular septal hypertrophy at least 30  mm (hazard ratio, 3.19; P = 0.031) and unexplained syncope (hazard ratio, 4.59; P = 0.002) at baseline. Thirty patients (50.0%) had one or more morbid events, and the most frequent was nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Apical aneurysm formation was identified in 20% of patients, and the patients with apical aneurysms were more inclined to experience nonsustained ventricular tachycardia than patients without apical aneurysm (58.3 vs. 16.7%; P = 0.003). Peak pressure gradient at least 70  mm Hg (hazard ratio, 3.00; P = 0.01) at baseline was identified as the only predictor of apical aneurysm. CONCLUSION: In Chinese patients, MVOHCM is associated with an unfavourable prognosis of cardiovascular mortality. One-half of these patients experience major cardiovascular events, and 20% develop an apical aneurysm, which significantly increases arrhythmia events. These data warrant measures to ensure the early recognition of MVOHCM followed by appropriate therapeutic interventions.

Comparison of the prevalence, clinical features, and long-term outcomes of midventricular hypertrophy vs apical phenotype in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies on the association between the distribution of left ventricle hypertrophy and the clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have yielded unclear results. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in the prevalence, clinical features, management strategies, and long-term outcomes between patients with midventricular hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (MVHOCM) and patients with apical HCM (ApHCM). METHODS: A retrospective study of 60 patients with MVHOCM and 263 patients with ApHCM identified in a consecutive single-centre cohort consisting of 2068 patients with HCM was performed. The prevalence, clinical features, and natural history of the patients in these 2 groups were compared. RESULTS: Compared with ApHCM patients, patients with MVHOCM tended to be much younger and more symptomatic during their initial evaluation. Over a mean follow-up of 7 years, the probability of cardiovascular mortality and that of morbidity was significantly greater in MVHOCM patients compared with ApHCM patients (log-rank, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that, compared with ApHCM, MVHOCM represents an uncommon presentation of the clinical spectrum of HCM that is characterized by progressive clinical deterioration leading to increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Our results also underscore the importance of the timely recognition of MVHOCM for the prediction of prognosis and the early consideration of appropriate management strategies.

Chronic pretreatment of metformin is associated with the reduction of the no-reflow phenomenon in patients with diabetes mellitus after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction.

INTRODUCTION: Metformin is one of the most commonly prescribed antihyperglycemic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about the effect of metformin on no-reflow in diabetic patients. AIM: In this study, we investigated retrospectively whether chronic pretreatment with metformin was associated with no-reflow in diabetic patients who underwent primary coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). RESULTS: A total of 154 consecutive diabetic patients who underwent primary angioplasty for a first ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were studied. No-reflow was defined as a final TIMI flow of ≤2 or final TIMI flow of 3 with a myocardial blush grade of <2. The no-reflow phenomenon was found in 53 of 154 patients. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between the patients with and without metformin pretreatment. However, the 65 patients receiving chronic metformin treatment before admission had lower incidence of the no-reflow than those without it (4.2 and 14.6%, P < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that absence of metformin pretreatment was a significant predictor of the no-reflow along with high-burden thrombus, ejection fraction on admission and anterior AMI. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that chronic pretreatment with metformin may be associated with the reduction of the no-reflow phenomenon in patients with diabetes mellitus after primary angioplasty for AMI.

Efficacy and safety of aranidipine enteric-coated tablets compared with amlodipine in Chinese patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled clinical trial.

This is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled study, conducted in Chinese patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. After a 2-week washout period, 236 eligible patients were randomly to receive aranidipine 5-10 mg/d (n = 118) or amlodipine 5-10 mg/d (n = 118) for 10 weeks. The blood pressure and heart rate were evaluated in outpatient clinics, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed in 24 patients in each group. The blood pressure was significantly decreased in both groups. Compared with amlodipine, the patients who received aranidipine had less response in blood pressure (P < 0.01). The trough/peak ratios of diastolic blood pressure in aranidipine and amlodipine groups were 0.57 ± 0.20 and 0.68 ± 0.19, respectively (P = 0.119). Adverse events occurred at 11.86% and 7.63% in the aranidipine and amlodipine groups, respectively (P = 0.348). Headache was observed at an incidence of >3.0% in both groups, and the serum glucose and lipid profile had no significant change in the amlodipine group. In conclusion, once-daily administration of aranidipine (5-10 mg) effectively controlled blood pressure, and the short-term treatment might result in it being less effective than amlodipine. It had a stable action over 24-hour period, and the mechanism of that is not yet clear. Aranidipine had a good safety similar to that of amlodipine.

[Comparison of benazepril monotherapy to amlodipine plus benazepril in the treatment of patients with mild and moderate hypertension: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled study].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the fixed combination of amlodipine 5 mg/benazepril 10 mg once-daily therapy, compared with benazepril, 10 mg, monotherapy in patients with mild and moderate hypertension, and to evaluate the 24 h antihypertensive efficacy and the duration of action by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. METHODS: In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel controlled trial, 356 cases of hypertensive patients after 2 weeks wash-out, and then given 4 weeks of benazepril 10 mg monotherapy, 220 patients with mean seated diastolic blood pressure (SeDBP) remained ≥ 90 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) were randomly divided into benazepril 10 mg/amlodipine 5 mg (BZ10/AML5) fixed-dose combination therapy group (once a day, n = 113), and benazepril monotherapy group (daily 20 mg, n = 107). In the two groups the patients with SeDBP ≥ 90 mm Hg were doubled the dosage of the initial regimen at the end of 4-week treatment for additional 4 weeks, and the patients with SeDBP < 90 mm Hg remained the initial regimen for additional 4 weeks. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the improvement of SeDBP at the end of 8-week treatment. There were 74 patients (the combination therapy group n = 38, monotherapy therapy group n = 36) completed the 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring which was included in the final efficacy analysis. RESULTS: The randomized, double-blind treatment for 8 weeks, the mean value of SeDBP reduction, the reaching target blood pressure rate and total successful response rate to the treatment (a SeDBP < 90 mm Hg or a decrease of 10 mm Hg or more from baseline) were (11.7 ± 6.8) mm Hg, 65.7% and 88.5% in the combination therapy group, respectively, and were (7.7 ± 6.9) mm Hg, 35.5% and 65.5% in the monotherapy group, respectively. There were statistically significant difference between the combination therapy and the monotherapy groups in all the 3 indexs (P < 0.001). The fixed combination significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values throughout the 24 h. The trough to peak ratios of DBP/SBP in the fixed compound of benazepril/amlodipine (10 mg/5 mg) and benazepril (20 mg) alone were 83.1%/76.0% and 85.8%/79.5%, respectively. Adverse events rates were 16.8% in the combination therapy group and 35.5% in the monotherapy group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The combination therapy with benazepril/amlodipine was superior to benazepril monotherapy and was well tolerated in patients with essential hypertension and allowing a satisfactory BP control for 24 hours.

[Clinical features and prognosis of 188 Chinese patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of Chinese patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHCM). METHODS: A total of 188 patients with AHCM diagnosed at Fuwai Hospital were included in this retrospective study. Clinical characteristics, mortality and cardiovascular morbidity were analyzed. A multiple logistic regression was performed to adjust for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Males predominated with a number of 139 (73.9%) in this cohort. Patient's age ranged from 15 to 81 (51.9 ± 12.6) years. There were 120 patients (63.8%) with "pure" type and 68 patients (36.2%) with "mixed" type of AHCM, 171 patients were followed up for (5.0 ± 3.0) years, cardiovascular mortality was 1.2%, 28 patients (16.4%) experienced one or more cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of AHCM is high in Chinese HCM patients, pure type AHCM is more common, and AHCM patients have a benign clinical course.

Effect of arotinolol on left ventricular function in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with arotinolol in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM). METHODS: Sixty-three patients with IDCM were evaluated at baseline and after 12-month therapy with arotinolol. The conventional therapy for congestive heart failure was continued throughout the study with arotinolol as the only beta-blocker. Left ventricular function was assessed with the New York Heart Association functional class and two-dimensional echocardiography. RESULTS: After 12-month arotinolol treatment, there was a significant improvement in left ventricular systolic function. Left ventricular end-systolic dimension significantly decreased from 59.52 +/- 8.83 mm to 50.89 +/- 8.17 mm (P < 0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction significantly increased from 27.39% +/- 7.94% to 41.13% +/- 9.45% ( P < 0.001). Left ventricular mass index decreased from 150.47 +/- 42.42 g/m2 to 141.58 +/- 34.36 g/m2 (P < 0.01). No adverse events leading to premature discontinuation of study drug occurred. CONCLUSION: In this preliminary study, 12-month arotinolol treatment has a favorable effect on left ventricular function in patients with IDCM, and it is safe and well tolerated.

Prediction of Homograft Aortic Valve Size by Transthoracic and Transesophageal Two-Dimensional Echocardiography.

To avoid the problem of patient valve mismatch we assessed the reliability of echocardiographic measurements in selecting an appropriate-sized homograft aortic valve. Preoperative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed in 26 consecutive patients undergoing aortic valve replacement with a cryopreserved human homograft; 19 of the patients also had intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TTE). The diameters of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), aortic annulus, sinuses of Valsalva, and ascending aorta were measured by the same technique in all patients. There was a strong correlation between LVOT diameter measured by intraoperative TEE and homograft aortic valve size selected by the surgeon (r = 0.91, P < 0.001). A good correlation was also found between LVOT measured by preoperative TTE and the homograft valve size (r = 0.82, P = 0.001). The correlation between the homograft aortic valve size and the diameter of aortic annulus was less optimal; the correlation was poor for the diameter of aorta measured at the level of the sinuses of Valsalva and ascending aorta. Measurement of the LVOT diameter by intraoperative TEE and preoperative TTE is reliable and clinically useful for the preparation of homograft aortic valves and selection of proper size, particularly in those patients undergoing repeat aortic valve replacement, with heavily calcified aortic valve or with ascending aortic aneurysm.