Stellate ganglion block for visceral pain in elderly patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic lung cancer surgery: a randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Visceral pain occurs commonly following thoracic surgery, but an effective method to relieve visceral pain in thoracic surgery remains controversial. We test the effect of stellate ganglion blocks (SGB) on perioperative visceral pain following video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). METHODS: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial enrolled 77 elderly patients undergoing VATS. Patients were randomized to SGB followed by modified intercostal nerve block (Group S, n=37); or modified intercostal nerve block only (Group C, n=40). Remifentanil 0.02-0.2 µg·kg-1·min-1 was titrated to keep pain threshold index values between 40-65 and maintain mean arterial pressure or heart rate values around 20% of baseline values. Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with sufentanil was used in the postoperative period. The co-primary outcomes were the perioperative cumulative opioid consumption and pain scores on movement at 24 h after surgery. RESULTS: Compared with control group, SGB greatly reduced the intraoperative remifentanil consumption[300.00(235.00-450.00)µg versus 710.00(500.00-915.00)µg; P<0.01], with no difference in cumulative sufentanil consumption to 48h post-surgery. There was a statistically significant difference in pain scores on movement at 24h between groups [4.00(3.00-4.00) versus 4.00(3.25-5.00); P=0.01]. Further exploratory analyses showed significant difference for intra-chest pain on movement at 24h [3.00(2.00-3.00) versus 3.00(2.25-4.00); P=0.01]. No significant difference was observed in nausea/vomiting, time to pass flatus and postoperative length of stay. CONCLUSION: Preoperative stellate ganglion blocks for elderly patients could effectively blunt intraoperative visceral stress and reduce postoperative visceral pain extending 24 h after VATS. This initial finding deserve further investigation.

Efficient and Stable Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells Enabled by Contact-Resistance-Tunable Indium Tin Oxide Interlayer.

The imperfect charge behavior at the interfaces of perovskite/electron-transport layer (ETL)/transparent conducting oxide (TCO) limits the further performance improvement of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Herein, an indium tin oxide interlayer is deposited between ETL and TCO to address this issue. Specifically, the interlayer is prepared using an all-physical and H2O-free method, electron-beam evaporation, which can avoid any potential damage to the underlying perovskite and ETL layers. Moreover, the interlayer's composition can be readily tuned by changing the evaporator component, enabling authors to regulate the contact resistance and energy-level alignment of the ETL/TCO interface. Consequently, the resultant perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells exhibit an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 30.8% (certified 30.3%). Moreover, the device retains 98% of its initial PCE after continuous operation under ambient conditions for 1078 h, representing one of the most stable and efficient perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.

Observation-Based Diagnostics of Reactive Nitrogen Recycling through HONO Heterogenous Production: Divergent Implications for Ozone Production and Emission Control.

Understanding of nitrous acid (HONO) production is crucial to photochemical studies, especially in polluted environments like eastern China. In-situ measurements of gaseous and particulate compositions were conducted at a rural coastal site during the 2018 spring Ozone Photochemistry and Export from China Experiment (OPECE). This data set was applied to investigate the recycling of reactive nitrogen through daytime heterogeneous HONO production. Although HONO levels increase during agricultural burning, analysis of the observation data does not indicate more efficient HONO production by agricultural burning aerosols than other anthropogenic aerosols. Box and 1-D modeling analyses reveal the intrinsic relationships between nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate nitrate (pNO3), and nitric acid (HNO3), resulting in comparable agreement between observed and simulated HONO concentrations with any one of the three heterogeneous HONO production mechanisms, photosensitized NO2 conversion on aerosols, photolysis of pNO3, and conversion from HNO3. This finding underscores the uncertainties in the mechanistic understanding and quantitative parametrizations of daytime heterogeneous HONO production pathways. Furthermore, the implications for reactive nitrogen recycling, ozone (O3) production, and O3 control strategies vary greatly depending on the HONO production mechanism. On a regional scale, the conversion of HONO from pNO3 can drastically enhance O3 production, while the conversion from NO2 can reduce O3 sensitivity to NOx changes in polluted eastern China.

Mitoxantrone ameliorates ineffective erythropoiesis in a ß-thalassemia intermedia mouse model.

ß-thalassemia is a condition characterized by reduced or absent synthesis of ß-globin resulting from genetic mutations, leading to expanded and ineffective erythropoiesis. Mitoxantrone has been widely used clinically as an antitumor agent in light of its ability to inhibit cell proliferation. However, its therapeutic effect on expanded and ineffective erythropoiesis in ß-thalassemia is untested. We found that mitoxantrone decreased α-globin precipitates and ameliorated anemia, splenomegaly and ineffective erythropoiesis in the HbbTh3/+ mouse model of ß-thalassemia intermedia. The partially reversed ineffective erythropoiesis is a consequence of effects on autophagy as mitochondrial retention and protein levels of mTOR, P62 and LC3 in reticulocytes decreased in mitoxantrone-treated HbbTh3/+ mice. These data provide significant pre-clinical evidence for targeting autophagy as a novel therapeutic approach for ß-thalassemia.

Molecular composition of fresh and aged aerosols from residential wood combustion and gasoline car with modern emission mitigation technology.

Emissions from road traffic and residential heating contribute to urban air pollution. Advances in emission reduction technologies may alter the composition of emissions and affect their fate during atmospheric processing. Here, emissions of a gasoline car and a wood stove, both equipped with modern emission mitigation technology, were photochemically aged in an oxidation flow reactor to the equivalent of one to five days of photochemical aging. Fresh and aged exhausts were analyzed by ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. The gasoline car equipped with a three-way catalyst and a gasoline particle filter emitted minor primary fine particulate matter (PM2.5), but aging led to formation of particulate low-volatile, oxygenated and highly nitrogen-containing compounds, formed from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and gases incl. NOx, SO2, and NH3. Reduction of the particle concentration was also observed for the application of an electrostatic precipitator with residential wood combustion but with no significant effect on the chemical composition of PM2.5. Comparing the effect of short and medium photochemical exposures on PM2.5 of both emission sources indicates a similar trend for formation of new organic compounds with increased carbon oxidation state and nitrogen content. The overall bulk compositions of the studied emission exhausts became more similar by aging, with many newly formed elemental compositions being shared. However, the presence of particulate matter in wood combustion results in differences in the molecular properties of secondary particles, as some compounds were preserved during aging.

Does lifelong learning matter for the subjective wellbeing of the elderly? A machine learning analysis on Singapore data.

Our study explores whether lifelong learning is associated with the subjective wellbeing among the elderly in Singapore. Through a primary survey of 300 individuals aged 65 and above, we develop a novel index to capture three different aspects of subjective wellbeing, which we term "Quality of Life", "Satisfaction with Life" and "Psychological Wellbeing". Utilizing both supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques, our findings reveal that attitudes towards lifelong learning are positively associated with quality of life, while participation in class activities is positively associated with all three measures of wellbeing. Although the study does not establish causality, it highlights a connection between lifelong learning and the perceived wellbeing of the elderly, offering support for policies that encourage lifelong learning among this population.

Prognostic value of the Naples prognostic score in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after hepatectomy.

BACKGROUND: The Naples Prognostic Score (NPS), integrating inflammatory and nutritional biomarkers, has been reported to be associated with the prognosis of various malignancies, but there is no report on intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). This study aimed to explore the prognostic value of NPS in patients with ICC. METHODS: Patients with ICC after hepatectomy were collected, and divided into three groups. The prognosis factors were determined by Cox regression analysis. Predictive efficacy was evaluated by the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: A total of 174 patients were included (Group 1: 33 (19.0%) patients; Group 2: 83 (47.7%) patients; and Group 3: 58 (33.3%) patients). The baseline characteristics showed the higher the NPS, the higher the proportion of patients with cirrhosis and Child-Pugh B, and more advanced tumors. The Kaplan-Meier curves reflect higher NPS were associated with poor survival. Multivariable analysis showed NPS was an independent risk factor of overall survival (NPS group 2 vs. 1: HR = 1.671, 95% CI: 1.022-3.027, p = 0.009; NPS group 3 vs. 1: HR = 2.208, 95% CI: 1.259-4.780, p = 0.007) and recurrence-free survival (NPS group 2 vs. 1: HR = 1.506, 95% CI: 1.184-3.498, p = 0.010; NPS group 3 vs. 1: HR = 2.141, 95% CI: 2.519-4.087, P = 0.001). The time ROC indicated NPS was superior to other models in predicting prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: NPS is a simple and effective tool for predicting the long-term survival of patients with ICC after hepatectomy. Patients with high NPS require close follow-up, and improving NPS may prolong the survival time.

Zigzag boron nitride nanoribbon doped with carbon atom for giant magnetoresistance and rectification behavior based nanodevices.

Using the principles of density functional theory (DFT) and nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF), We thoroughly researched carbon-doped zigzag boron nitride nanoribbons (ZBNNRs) to understand their electronic behavior and transport properties. Intriguingly, we discovered that careful doping can transform carbon-doped ZBNNRs into a spintronic nanodevice with distinct transport features. Our model showed a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) up to a whopping 10 5 under mild bias conditions. Plus, we spotted a spin rectifier having a significant rectification ratio (RR) of 10 4 . Our calculated transmission spectra have nicely explained why there's a GMR up to 10 5 for spin-up current at biases of - 1.2 V, - 1.1 V, and - 1.0 V, and also accounted for a GMR up to 10 3 -10 5 for spin-down current at biases of 1.0 V, 1.1 V, and 1.2 V. Similarly, the transmission spectra elucidate that at biases of 1.0 V, 1.1 V, and 1.2 V for spin-up, and at biases of 1.1 V and 1.2 V for spin-down in APMO, the RRs reach 10 4 . Our research shines a light on a promising route to push forward the high-performance spintronics technology of ZBNNRs using carbon atom doping. These insights hint that our models could be game-changers in the sphere of nanoscale spintronic devices.

Identification of a conserved B-cell epitope on the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 4.

Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4), a recently identified circovirus, is prevalent in numerous provinces in China, as well as in South Korea, Thailand, and Europe. PCV4 virus rescued from an infectious clone showed pathogenicity, suggesting the economic impact of PCV4. However, there remains a lack of understanding regarding the immunogenicity and epitopes of PCV4. This study generated a monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1D8 by immunizing mice with PCV4 virus-like particles (VLPs). Subsequently, the epitope recognized by the MAb 1D8 was identified by truncated protein expression and alanine scanning mutagenesis analysis. Results showed that the 225PKQG228 located at the C-terminus of the PCV4 Cap protein is the minimal motif binding to the MAb. Homology modeling analysis and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the epitope extends beyond the outer surface of the PCV4 VLP. Moreover, the epitope is highly conserved among PCV4 strains and does not react with other PCVs. Together, the MAb 1D8 recognized epitope shows potential for detecting PCV4. These findings significantly contribute to the design of antigens for PCV4 detection and control strategies. IMPORTANCE: Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) is a novel circovirus. Although PCV4 has been identified in several countries, including China, Korea, Thailand, and Spain, no vaccine is available. Given the potential pathogenic effects of PCV4 on pigs, PCV4 could threaten the global pig farming industry, highlighting the urgency for further investigation. Thus, epitopes of PCV4 remain to be determined. Our finding of a conserved epitope significantly advances vaccine development and pathogen detection.

Quantitative Characterization of Protein N-Linked Core-Fucosylation by an Efficient Glycan Truncation Strategy.

Dysregulation of protein core-fucosylation plays a pivotal role in the onset, progression, and immunosuppression of cancer. However, analyzing core-fucosylation, especially the accurate determination of the core-fucosylation (CF) site occupancy ratio, remains challenging. To address these problems, we developed a truncation strategy that efficiently converts intact glycopeptides with hundreds of different glycans into two truncated forms, i.e., a monosaccharide HexNAc and a disaccharide HexNAc+core-fucose. Further combination with data-independent analysis to form an integrated platform allowed the measurement of site-specific core-fucosylation abundances and the determination of the CF occupancy ratio with high reproducibility. Notably, three times CF sites were identified using this strategy compared to conventional methods based on intact glycopeptides. Application of this platform to characterize protein core-fucosylation in two breast cancer cell lines, i.e., MDA-MB-231 and MCF7, yields a total of 1615 unique glycosites and about 900 CF sites from one single LC-MS/MS analysis. Differential analysis unraveled the distinct glycosylation pattern for over 201 cell surface drug targets between breast cancer subtypes and provides insights into developing new therapeutic strategies to aid precision medicine. Given the robust performance of this platform, it would have broad application in discovering novel biomarkers based on the CF glycosylation pattern, investigating cancer mechanisms, as well as detecting new intervention targets.

Preparation of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata Polysaccharide Iron(III) Complex and Evaluation of Its Biological Activity.

This study extracted and purified a polysaccharide from Rehmanniae radix praeparata (RGP) with an average molecular weight. The structural characteristics of RGP and its iron (III) complex, RGP-Fe(III), were examined for their antioxidant properties and potential in treating iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Analysis revealed that RGP comprised Man, Rha, Gal, and Xyl, with a sugar residue skeleton featuring 1→3; 1→2, 3; and 1→2, 3, 4 linkages, among others. RGP-Fe(III) had a molecular weight of 4.39×104 Da. Notably, RGP-Fe(III) exhibited superior antioxidant activity compared to RGP alone. In IDA rat models, treatment with RGP-Fe(III) led to increased weight gain, restoration of key blood parameters including hemoglobin, red blood cells, and mean hemoglobin content, elevated serum iron levels, and decreased total iron-binding capacity. Histological examination revealed no observable toxic effects of RGP-Fe(III) on the liver and spleen. These findings suggest the potential of RGP-Fe(III) as a therapeutic agent for managing IDA and highlight its promising antioxidant properties.

Genome analysis and classification of Xanthomonas bacteriophage AhaSv, a new member of the genus Salvovirus.

Xanthomonas phage AhaSv was isolated from lake water. Genome sequencing showed that its genome is a linear dsDNA molecule with a length of 55,576 bp and a G+C content of 63.23%. Seventy-one open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted, and no tRNAs were found in the genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AhaSv is closely related to members of the genus Salvovirus of the family Casjensviridae. Intergenomic similarity values between phage AhaSv and homologous phages were up to 90.6%, suggesting that phage AhaSv should be considered a member of a new species in the genus Salvovirus.

Adrenomedullin improved endothelial dysfunction via receptor-Akt pathway in rats with obesity-related hypertension.

Obesity-related hypertension (OH) is accompanied by obvious endothelial dysfunction, which contributes to increased peripheral vascular resistance and hypertension. Adrenomedullin (ADM), a multifunctional active peptide, is elevated in obese humans. The OH rats induced by high fat diet (HFD) for 28 weeks and the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)-treated by palmitic acid (PA) were used to investigate the effects of ADM on endothelial dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms. Vascular reactivity was assessed using mesenteric arteriole rings, and the protein expression levels were examined by Western blot analysis. Compared with the control rats, OH rats exhibited hypertension and endothelial dysfunction, along with reduced eNOS protein expression and Akt activation, and increased protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines and ROS levels. Four-week ADM administration improved hypertension and endothelial function, increased eNOS protein expression and Akt activation, and attenuated endothelial inflammation and oxidative stress in OH rats. In vitro experiment, the antagonism of ADM receptors with ADM22-52 and the suppression of Akt signaling with A6730 significantly blocked ADM-caused increase of NO content and activation of eNOS and Akt, and inhibited the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect of ADM in PA-stimulated HUVECs. These data indicate that endothelial dysfunction in OH rats is partially attributable to the decreased NO level, and the increased inflammation and oxidative stress. ADM improves endothelial function and exerts hypotensive effect depending on the increase of NO, and its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect via receptor-Akt pathway.

Gene redundancy and gene compensation of insulin-like peptides in the oocyte development of bean beetle.

Bean beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus) exhibits clear phenotypic plasticity depending on population density; However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. Compared to low-density individuals, high-density individuals showed a faster terminal oocyte maturity rate. Four insulin-like peptide (ILP) genes were identified in the bean beetle, which had higher expression levels in the head than in the thorax and abdomen. The population density could regulate the expression levels of CmILP1-3, CmILP2-3, and CmILP1 as well as CmILP3 in the head, thorax, and abdomen, respectively. RNA interference results showed that each CmILP could regulate terminal oocyte maturity rate, indicating that there was functional redundancy among CmILPs. Silencing each CmILP could lead to down-regulation of some other CmILPs, however, CmILP3 was up-regulated in the abdomen after silencing CmILP1 or CmILP2. Compared to single gene silencing, silencing CmILP3 with CmILP1 or CmILP2 at the same time led to more serious retardation in oocyte development, suggesting CmILP3 could be up-regulated to functionally compensate for the down-regulation of CmILP1 and CmILP2. In conclusion, population density-dependent plasticity in terminal oocyte maturity rate of bean beetle was regulated by CmILPs, which exhibited gene redundancy and gene compensation.

Partial Alleviation of Homologous Superinfection Exclusion of SeMNPV Latently Infected Cells by G1 Phase Infection and G2/M Phase Arrest.

Viral infection can regulate the cell cycle, thereby promoting viral replication. Hijacking and altering the cell cycle are important for the virus to establish and maintain a latent infection. Previously, Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV)-latently infected P8-Se301-C1 cells, which grew more slowly than Se301 cells and interfered with homologous SeMNNPV superinfection, were established. However, the effects of latent and superinfection with baculoviruses on cell cycle progression remain unknown. In this study, the cell cycle profiles of P8-Se301-C1 cells and SeMNPV or Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV)-infected P8-Se301-C1 cells were characterized by flow cytometry. The results showed that replication-related genes MCM4, PCNA, and BAF were down-regulated (p < 0.05) in P8-Se301-C1 cells, and the S phase of P8-Se301-C1 cells was longer than that of Se301 cells. P8-Se301-C1 cells infected with SeMNPV did not arrest in the G2/M phase or affect the expression of Cyclin B and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Furthermore, when P8-Se301-C1 cells were infected with SeMNPV after synchronized treatment with hydroxyurea and nocodazole, light microscopy and qRT-PCR analysis showed that, compared with unsynchronized cells and S and G2/M phase cells, SeMNPV-infected P8-Se301-C1 cells in G1 phase induced G2/M phase arrest, and the amount of virus adsorption and intracellular viral DNA replication were significantly increased (p < 0.05). In addition, budded virus (BV) production and occlusion body (OB)-containing cells were both increased at 120 h post-infection (p < 0.05). The expression of Cyclin B and CDK1 was significantly down-regulated at 48 h post-infection (p < 0.05). Finally, the arrest of SeMNPV-infected G1 phase cells in the G2/M phase increased BV production (p < 0.05) and the number of OB-containing cells. In conclusion, G1 phase infection and G2/M arrest are favorable to SeMNPV proliferation in P8-Se301-C1 cells, thereby alleviating the homologous superinfection exclusion. The results contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between baculoviruses and insect cell cycle progression and regulation.

Analysis of common differential gene expression in synovial cells of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate potential molecular mechanisms differentiating osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through a bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in patient synovial cells, aiming to provide new insights for clinical treatment strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Gene expression datasets GSE1919, GSE82107, and GSE77298 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to serve as the training groups, with GSE55235 being used as the validation dataset. The OA and RA data from the GSE1919 dataset were merged with the standardized data from GSE82107 and GSE77298, followed by batch effect removal to obtain the merged datasets of differential expressed genes (DEGs) for OA and RA. Intersection analysis was conducted on the DEGs between the two conditions to identify commonly upregulated and downregulated DEGs. Enrichment analysis was then performed on these common co-expressed DEGs, and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify hub genes. These hub genes were further analyzed using the GENEMANIA online platform and subjected to enrichment analysis. Subsequent validation analysis was conducted using the GSE55235 dataset. RESULTS: The analysis of differentially expressed genes in the synovial cells from patients with Osteoarthritis (OA) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), compared to a control group (individuals without OA or RA), revealed significant changes in gene expression patterns. Specifically, the genes APOD, FASN, and SCD were observed to have lower expression levels in the synovial cells of both OA and RA patients, indicating downregulation within the pathological context of these diseases. In contrast, the SDC1 gene was found to be upregulated, displaying higher expression levels in the synovial cells of OA and RA patients compared to normal controls.Additionally, a noteworthy observation was the downregulation of the transcription factor PPARG in the synovial cells of patients with OA and RA. The decrease in expression levels of PPARG further validates the alteration in lipid metabolism and inflammatory processes associated with the pathogenesis of OA and RA. These findings underscore the significance of these genes and the transcription factor not only as biomarkers for differential diagnosis between OA and RA but also as potential targets for therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating their expression to counteract disease progression. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of this investigation reveal the existence of potentially shared molecular mechanisms within Osteoarthritis (OA) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). The identification of APOD, FASN, SDC1, TNFSF11 as key target genes, along with their downstream transcription factor PPARG, highlights common potential factors implicated in both diseases. A deeper examination and exploration of these findings could pave the way for new candidate targets and directions in therapeutic research aimed at treating both OA and RA. This study underscores the significance of leveraging bioinformatics approaches to unravel complex disease mechanisms, offering a promising avenue for the development of more effective and targeted treatments.

TSG6-Exo@CS/GP Attenuates Endometrium Fibrosis by Inhibiting Macrophage Activation in a Murine IUA Model.

Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) is characterized by the formation of fibrous scar tissue within the uterine cavity, which significantly impacts female reproductive health and even leads to infertility. Unfortunately, severe cases of IUA currently lack effective treatments. This study presents a novel approach that utilizes tumor necrosis factor-(TNF) stimulated gene 6 (TSG6)-modified exosomes (Exos) in conjunction with an injectable thermosensitive hydrogel (CS/GP) to mitigate the occurrence of IUA by reducing endometrium fibrosis in a mouse IUA model. This study demonstrate that TSG6-modified Exos effectively inhibits the activation of inflammatory M1-like macrophages during the initial stages of inflammation and maintains the balance of macrophage phenotypes (M1/M2) during the repair phase. Moreover, TSG6 inhibits the interaction between macrophages and endometrial stromal fibroblasts, thereby preventing the activation of stromal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Furthermore, this research indicates that CS/GP facilitates the sustained release of TSG6-modified Exos, leading to a significant reduction in both the manifestations of IUA and the extent of endometrium fibrosis. Collectively, through the successful construction of CS/GP loaded with TSG6-modified Exos, a reduction in the occurrence and progression of IUA is achieved by mitigating endometrium fibrosis. Consequently, this approach holds promise for the treatment of IUA.

Secondary Organic Aerosol Generated from Biomass Burning Emitted Phenolic Compounds: Oxidative Potential, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Cytotoxicity.

Phenolic compounds are largely emitted from biomass burning (BB) and have a significant potential to form SOA (Phc-SOA). However, the toxicological properties of Phc-SOA remain unclear. In this study, phenol and guaiacol were chosen as two representative phenolic gases in BB plumes, and the toxicological properties of water-soluble components of their SOA generated under different photochemical ages and NOx levels were investigated. Phenolic compounds contribute greatly to the oxidative potential (OP) of biomass-burning SOA. OH-adducts of guaiacol (e.g., 2-methoxyhydroquinone) were identified as components of guaiacol SOA (GSOA) with high OP. The addition of nitro groups to 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone, a surrogate quinone compound in Phc-SOA, increased its OP. The toxicity of both phenol SOA (PSOA) and GSOA in vitro in human alveolar epithelial cells decreased with aging in terms of both cell death and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), possibly due to more ring-opening products with relatively low toxicity. The influence of NOx was consistent between cell death and cellular ROS for GSOA but not for PSOA, indicating that cellular ROS production does not necessarily represent all processes contributing to cell death caused by PSOA. Combining different acellular and cellular assays can provide a comprehensive understanding of aerosol toxicological properties.

Tibial tubercle avulsion fracture following preexisting Osgood-Schlatter disease in an adolescent: a case report.

Tibial tubercle avulsion fractures (TTAFs) are rare but typical in children and adolescents and Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) may be involved in their pathogenesis. However, few publications have reported the relationship between OSD and TTAF. A 16-year-old healthy male adolescent presented with pain, swelling and limited range of motion of the right knee following sudden acceleration while running. Based on the radiographic evidence, the patient was diagnosed with an avulsion fracture of the right tibial tubercle and OSD. Open reduction and internal fixation were performed using two cannulated screws and two Kirschner wires. The patient returned to preinjury activity levels at the 12-month follow-up postoperatively. This case report aimed to highlight this unique injury pattern. For patients with TTAFs, not only should the fracture be treated, but the cause of the fracture, such as OSD, should also be given appropriate treatment.

Application of cold-adapted microbial agents in soil contaminate remediation: biodegradation mechanisms, case studies, and safety assessments.

The microbial agent technology has made significant progress in remediating nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs), such as p-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, in farmland soil over the past decade. However, there are still gaps in our understanding of the bioavailability and degradation mechanisms of these compounds in low-temperature environments. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the strategies employed by cold-adapted microorganisms and elucidate the degradation pathways of NACs pollutants. To further analyze their metabolic mechanisms, we propose using mass balance to improve our understanding of biochemical processes and refine the degradation pathways through stoichiometry analysis. Additionally, we suggest employing 13C-metabolic flux analysis to track enzyme activity and intermediate products during bio-degradation processes with the aim of accelerating the remediation of nitro-aromatic compounds, particularly in cold regions. Through a comprehensive analysis of pollutant metabolic activities and a commitment to the 'One Health' approach, with an emphasis on selecting non-pathogenic strains, the environmental management strategies for soil remediation could be positioned to develop and implement safe and effective measure.